A cross decision feedback gsc-based capon multiuser receiver for space-time block coded CDMA systems

이 논문에서는 시변 레일리 페이딩 채널에서 STBC(Space Time Block Code)의 신호 검출 방법을 연구한다. 하나의 블록 내의 두 심볼 구간 동안 채널 환경이 변하는 경우, 채널 행렬의 직교성이 성립하지 않고 두 심볼간에 간섭이 발생한다. 이러한 채널에서 수신 성능을 개선하기 위해서 joint ML 검출 방식이 제안되었으나, 계산복잡도가 증가한다. 이를 줄이기 위해서 판정 궤환(decision feedback) 방식이 제안되었으나, joint ML 방식에 비해 수신 성능이 떨어진다. 이에 이 논문에서는 joint ML 검출 방법을 사용하는 경우에 비해 수신기의 복잡도를 줄이는 동시에 기존의 판정 궤환 방식에 비해 성능이 개선된 이중 판정 궤환 방식을 이용한 새로운 STBC 검출 알고리즘을 제안한다. In this paper, we study STBC(Space Time Block Code) detection scheme in time varying Rayleigh fading channel. When the channel is varying during the time duration of STBC, the channel matrix of orthogonal STBC is not orthogonal. To get the optimum reception performance in this channel, joint ML detection scheme may be used, however this scheme requires high computation complexity. Decision feedback scheme is proposed to reduce the computation complexity with less reception performance. In this paper, we propose a novel STBC detection algorithm using double decision feedback which is less complex than the joint ML scheme and outperforms the conventional decision feedback scheme.

We investigate the equalization and channel identification for space-time block coded signals over a frequency-selective multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) channels. The equalization is considered by taking into account the cyclostationarity of space-time block coded signals. The minimum mean square error (MMSE) solutions are derived for linear and decision feedback (DF) equalizers. Due to the redundancy induced by space-time block coding, a blind estimation for MIMO channels is investigated by using the subspace method. Together with pilot symbols, the semi-blind channel estimation can be used and it can result in less (bit error rate) performance degradation of the MMSE linear and DF equalizers.

In code division multiple access (CDMA) systems transmitting over time-varying multipath channels, both intersymbol interference (ISI) and multiple access interference (MAI) arise. The conventional suboptimum receiver consisting of a bank of matched filters is often inefficient because interference is treated as noise. The optimum multi-user detector is too complex to be implemented at present. Four suboptimum detection techniques based on zero forcing (ZF) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization with and without decision feedback (DF) are presented and compared. They combat both ISI and MAI. The computational complexity of all four equalizers is essentially the same and they are independent of the size of the data symbol alphabet. It is shown that all four equalizers considerably outperform the conventional receiver. The MMSE equalizers are superior to the corresponding ZF equalizers. Furthermore, the equalizers with DF perform better than the corresponding equalizers without DF. An algorithm termed channel sorting is introduced to reduce the impairing effect of error propagation on the equalizers with DF. >

Performance analysis of multicell multiuser MIMO MC DS/CDMA system with MMSE user-ordered SIC technique

The space-time coding can provide a diversity gain for the multiple-antenna system while spatial multiplexing provides higher data rates. In this paper we are combining space-time block code (STBC) with spatial multiplexing technique over space to take advantages of both schemes. The transmit antennas are divided into groups, with one of the groups transmitting STBC code given by Alamouti and other transmits spatial multiplexing data. At the receiver, a minimum mean square error (MMSE) detector with interference cancelation (IC) is integrated with the space-time decoder to reconstruct the desired signal effectively. MMSE decoder is used for compared to only MMSE method. STBC coded symbols (estimation of interfering terms and then space-time decoder is applied. 4×1 system gives slightly higher diversity gain with rate=3 as s1s2) are giving 8 dB gain as compared to purely orthogonal code (2×1 MMSE-SIC). Rate of 3×1 system is less but it is performing better in terms of reliability as compared to 4×1 system.

In most of the existing space-time code designs, achieving full diversity is based on maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding at the receiver that is usually computationally expensive and may not have soft outputs. Recently, Zhang-Liu-Wong introduced Toeplitz codes and showed that Toeplitz codes achieve full diversity when a linear receiver, zero-forcing (ZF) or minimum mean square error (MMSE) receiver, is used. Motivated from Zhang-Liu-Wong's results on Toeplitz codes, in this paper, we propose a design criterion for space-time block codes (STBC), in which information symbols and their complex conjugates are linearly embedded, to achieve full diversity when ZF or MMSE receiver is used. Subsequently, we propose a novel family of STBC that satisfy the criterion and thus achieve full diversity with ZF or MMSE receiver. Our newly proposed STBC are constructed by overlapping the 2times2 Alamouti code and hence named overlapped Alamouti codes in this paper. The new codes are close to orthogonal while their symbol rates can approach 1 for any number of transmit antennas. Simulation results show that overlapped Alamouti codes significantly outperform Toeplitz codes for all numbers of transmit antennas and also outperform orthogonal STBC (OSTBC) when the number of transmit antennas is above 4.

This paper investigates the performance and capacity of space time block coded (STBC) multi-user CDMA system over Rayleigh fading channel condition using multiple transmit antennas. Using simulation and analytical approach, we show that STBC CDMA system has increased performance in cellular networks. We also compare the performance of this system with the typical CDMA system and show that STBC and multiple transmit antennas for multi-user CDMA system provide performance gain without any need of extra processing or bandwidth.

Enhanced genetic algorithms (GA) applied in space-time block coded (STBC) multiuser detection (MUD) systems in Rayleigh flat-fading channels are reported in this paper. Firstly, an improved objective function, which is designed to help speed up the search for the optimal solution, is introduced. Secondly, a decorrelating detector (DD) and a minimum mean square error (MMSE) detector have been added to the GA STBC MUD receiver to create the seed chromosome in the initial population. This operation has improved the receiver performance further because some signal information has been intentionally embedded in the initial population. Simulation results show that the receiver employing the improved objective function and the DD or MMSE detector can converge faster with the same bit error rate (BER) performance than the receiver with the initial population chosen randomly. The total signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement contributed by these two modifications can reach 4 dB. Hence the proposed GA receiver is a promising solution of the STBC MUD problem.

A blind two-stage multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) receiver is proposed for code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems utilizing space-time block coding (STBC) over a multipath fading channel. Specifically, in the first stage, a signal-blocked (SB) interference-blocked (IB) detector is first constructed for collection of the desired signals and suppression of multiple access interference (MAI). In the second-stage, a decision-directed scheme is developed to alleviate desired signal cancellation. Computer simulations demonstrate that the proposed blind receiver can achieve a reliable output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) performance approximating that of the optimal minimum mean squared error (MMSE) receiver and can exhibit the robustness against the finite data sample effect.

We propose and compare two receiver structures that combine optimum receive beamforming, respectively, with the conventional Alamouti space-time block code (STBC) decoder and the minimum mean squared error (MMSE) decoder. The beamforming process suppresses co-channel interference (CCI) by maximizing the uplink signal to noise plus interference ratio (SINR). Co-antenna interference (CAI) is suppressed at the Alamouti STBC decoders. Simulation results show that both receivers significantly improve the bit error rate (BER) performance and increase the achieved channel capacities. The comparison of the two receivers indicates that, in the presence of beamforming, the conventional Alamouti decoder outperforms the MMSE decoder when there are sufficient degrees of freedom (DOF) at the receiver antenna array.

In this paper, we propose a design scheme for a family of space-time block codes (STBCs) that achieve full diversity when linear receivers, such as zero-forcing (ZF) or minimum mean square error (MMSE) receivers, are used. New STBCs obtained based on this design scheme are characterized by their special structure that combines/overlays orthogonal STBCs (OSTBCs) and Toeplitz codes together, which are called Group Orthogonal-Toeplitz Codes (GOTCs). By choosing different parameters, codes with different symbol rates and orthogonality can be obtained. It is indicated that the existing STBCs achieving full diversity with linear receivers, such as the Toeplitz codes and overlapped Alamouti codes (OACs) recently proposed in the literature and the OSTBCs are three members of the GOTCs with different parameters. It is also shown that the time-reversal space-time block codes (TR-STBCs) and delay diversity codes (DDCs) for frequency selective channels are equivalent to OACs and Toeplitz codes, respectively, and thus they both can achieve full space-frequency diversity with only linear receivers. Furthermore, simulations show that with linear receivers, GOTCs outperforming the above mentioned three codes can be obtained from the proposed design scheme.

In most of the existing space-time code designs, achieving full diversity is based on maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding at the receiver that is usually computationally expensive and may not have soft outputs. Recently, Zhang-Liu-Wong introduced Toeplitz codes and showed that Toeplitz codes achieve full diversity when a linear receiver, zero-forcing (ZF) or minimum mean square error (MMSE) receiver, is used. Motivated from Zhang-Liu-Wong's results on Toeplitz codes, in this paper, we propose a design criterion for space-time block codes (STBC), in which information symbols and their complex conjugates are linearly embedded, to achieve full diversity when ZF or MMSE receiver is used. The (complex) orthogonal STBC (OSTBC) satisfy the criterion as one may expect. We also show that the symbol rates of STBC under this criterion are upper bounded by 1. Subsequently, we propose a novel family of STBC that satisfy the criterion and thus achieve full diversity with ZF or MMSE receiver. Our newly proposed STBC are constructed by overlapping the 2times2 Alamouti code and hence named overlapped Alamouti codes in this paper. The new codes are close to orthogonal and their symbol rates can approach 1 for any number of transmit antennas. Simulation results show that overlapped Alamouti codes significantly outperform Toeplitz codes for all numbers of transmit antennas and also outperform OSTBC when the number of transmit antennas is above 4.

This paper compares a number of decision feedback schemes that improve the initial channel estimates provided by the pilot symbols alone. The decision feedback scheme that feeds back the systematic bits achieves about the same performance as feeding back both the systematic and parity bits at the low fading rate. Its performance is slightly degraded at the higher fading rate. The advantage of this scheme is its lower complexity as the LLRs of the systematic bits are readily available in the turbo decoding process. Soft decision feedback does not always provide large improvement in performance. Noticeable gain in performance using soft decision feedback is seen only when the bits to be fed back are not reliable during the first few iterations.

In this paper, we explored the potential of using linear receivers for one of the best existing space-time block codes (STBCs) namely Quasi-orthogonal STBCs (QOSTBCs). This family of QOSTBCs are known as one of the best, because of their good performance, systematic construction for any number of transmit and receive antennas and appropriate symbol rate. The only disadvantage of these codes could be the complexity of their maximum likelihood (ML) decoder. In this paper, we used linear receivers to reduce the complexity of the receiver. In both well-known linear receivers namely minimum mean square error (MMSE) decoder and Zero-forcing (ZF) decoder, the receiver needs to compute the inverse of the equivalent channel matrix which adds the burden of calculating the high computational complexity operation of matrix inverse. In this work, more importantly, we could formulate the general form of the inverse of the equivalent channel matrix which extremely decreases the computational complexity of the receiver.

This paper discusses a cyclic prefixed single carrier frequency-domain equalization (SC-FDE) scheme with two types of transmit diversity. Firstly, we propose a SC-FDE system with space-frequency block coding (SFBC). The transmit sequence of the proposed system is designed to have spatial and frequency diversities, which is equivalent to the SFBC. The corresponding combining receiver is derived under a minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion. It is shown that the proposed system significantly outperforms the SC-FDE system with space-time block coding (STBC) over fast fading channels, while providing lower computational complexity than orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) combined with SFBC. We verify the performance of two-branch transmit diversity systems including the proposed one through bit error rate (BER) analysis. Secondly, as a scheme that combines STBC and SFBC, a space-time-frequency block code (STFBC) SC-FDE system is presented. Computer simulation results show that the proposed STFBC SC-FDE system has better immunity to the distortion caused by both fast fading and severe frequency selective fading, compared to the SC-FDE system with the STBC or the SFBC scheme. Complexity analysis is also conducted to compare their computational loads of the transceiver. It is shown that the proposed STFBC SC-FDE system has lower computational complexity than the STFBC OFDM system.