A Curious Peril

This dual biography takes on the daring task of examining how two women, who didn’t feel like women, survived as a couple, raising an illegitimate child during a period when such arrangements were frowned upon, if even recognized. When they met in 1918, H.D. (born Hilda Doolittle in 1886), had already achieved recognition as an Imagist poet, engaged in a lesbian affair, was married to a shell-shocked adulterous poet, and was pregnant by another. She fell in love with Bryher (born Annie Winifred Ellerman in 1894), who was trapped both in a female body and in the shadow of her father, Sir John Ellerman, a wealthy shipping magnate. They felt a telepathic and electric connection, bonding over Greek poetry, geography, ancient history, and a shared bodily dysphoria. Bryher introduced H.D. to cinema, psychoanalysis, and politics, herself rescuing refugees from Nazis throughout the 1930s. Bryher engaged in legal strategies to protect H.D., marrying Kenneth Macpherson, who adopted H.D.’s child and collaborated with the couple in filmmaking. Both H.D. and Bryher were on vision quests, and their cerebral eroticism led them to otherworldly experiences. During World War II, they held séances in London. After V-J Day was announced, H.D. had a severe breakdown, which Bryher, taking great pains, ensured she survived. As a love story born out of war and modernism, the book speaks to their struggles to escape binary gender and homophobic and white supremacist agendas, while celebrating their creative triumphs and courageous aspirations.

Women’s poetry poses a number of additional challenges to the teacher and the student on top of the already demanding job of bringing modernism into the lecture or seminar room. When asked which modernist poets they know, two names will usually be forthcoming (certainly from British students), that of T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound. It is remarkable that this is still the case, particularly as poets such as H.D. (Hilda Doolittle) and Gertrude Stein shared the international modernist stage in their time. They, like Pound and Eliot, travelled from America to Europe before the First World War where Stein settled in Paris, surrounded by her renowned salon of modernist painters, while H.D., in London, became a key figure in the formation of Imagism (arguably the mother of Anglo-American poetry). Meanwhile British-born Mina Loy moved between the modernist centres of activity (Paris, Florence, and New York) while Marianne Moore, after a brief flurry of travel, remained resolutely at home in New York. These four women are the key first-generation Anglo-American women poets on whom I shall concentrate in this chapter.1 Many students do not know that experimentation in poetry has continued unceasingly to this day; this essay ends with a discussion of contemporary women poets in the modernist tradition.

Thinking about the genesis of ”Imagism” in London before World War I, William Pratt also traces the origins of this dimension of Pound’s work to his student experience at Penn, especially in his early relationships with Hilda Doolittle (H.D.) and William Carlos Williams. Although Pound coined the term “Imagism,” and wrote its doctrine in London, Pratt locates its true beginnings in Pound’s early poem, “The Tree.” He further links the movement and its spirit historically to another Philadelphia document, Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence. Pratt concedes, “Pound’s short poem was no match for Jefferson’s historic document, but it was historic in its own way,” giving rise later to Imagism as a kind of Literary Declaration of Independence.” That movement would launch Modernism itself as a “broader movement that would incorporate the self-critical interior monologue and deeply pessimistic views of modern urban civilization.” Pound’s Imagism appealed to a variety of talented writers who did not live in Philadelphia or London. But his Philadelphia contemporaries, H.D., Williams and Marianne Moore, would, like Pound, attain international acclaim for shaping modernist poetry. Pratt concludes, “Everyone knows Philadelphia as America’s first political capital; it should also be known as one of America’s poetic capitals.”

A new era began for Turkey and Russia after World War I. The relations between the Ottoman Empire and Russia, which had been severed following the Armistice of Mudros, were re-established with the emergence of the Turkish National Movement. After the opening of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, relations officially commenced. In fact, both the newly forming Soviet Russia and the government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey made it a principle to act together due to their diplomatic isolation. In other words, the imperialist world was unwilling to recognize either the government of the Grand National Assembly or the Soviet Russian state. Deprived of the support of the Allied Powers, Soviet Russia developed diplomatic relations by supporting the government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Thus, the two governments entered into a friendly relationship. This situation was in the interest of both states. The diplomatic relations established by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey with Soviet Russia not only conveyed the message that Turkey is not alone against the Allied Powers but also boosted the morale of the resistance in Turkey. Soviet Russia, on the other hand, believed that if the Turkish Nation succeeds in this struggle against the Allied Powers, it will greatly undermine the prestige of the Allied Powers in world politics and reduce the pressure directed towards themselves. However, Soviet Russia was also secretly planning to Sovietize the Turkish Nation.

Dealing with the Devil: Anglo-Soviet Intelligence Cooperation during the Second World War. By Donal O'Sullivan. Studies in Modern European History, no. 63. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2010. xi, 337 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Glossary. Index. Illustrations. Maps. $86.95, hard bound. - Volume 71 Issue 2

Reviews of Book

Abstract:The essay analyses the role of NATO in the post-Cold War period by conducting a comparison of the cases of NATO's operations in Kosovo and Libya. The article reveals the enhanced weight of the Alliance member states and the European countries' active role in protecting their regional interests and also show how the state interests of the USA and Russia played a significant role in the two cases. This analysis of the behavioral patterns of the former Cold War adversaries could provide a useful interpretation and perhaps an explanation of the current events in Ukraine. The pursuit of power continues to dominate the international relations arena as the confrontation between the USA and Russia is far from over.Keywords: European security, power politics, geopolitical influence, national interest.IntroductionEuropean security has a rich history of violent and destructive conflicts. It has gone through countless state-to-state wars, two World Wars, the ideological confrontation of the two superpowers during the Cold War period, and the new threats of terrorism and ethnic violence in the modem era. In the twenty-first century, Europeans face a number of new security challenges, such as regional conflicts and genocide, terrorism, economic, technological and energy issues, all of which affect European security.With the end of the Cold War, NATO experienced a major transformation. The Alliance's decision-makers acknowledged that, with the disappearance of the Soviet Union, new threats had emerged. It was essential for European security that NATO should develop a strategy for tackling future security threats. This strategy engaged NATO in numerous assignments that would ensure the protection of western-projected democracy.In other words, NATO remains the main factor for European and regional security. The Alliance's recent missions and expansion could lead the organization even to a global role in the future. NATO stands as a pillar of European security and defends western values and interests.As international security is the most important global issue there are several political theories that emphasize the importance of providing better comprehension. The understanding of global security matters has been best explained by the international relations theory of realism.1 According to this theory, which has long dominated the study of international relations:Despite the end of the cold war, the basic structure of the international system remains largely unchanged. States are still the key actors in world politics, and they continue to operate in an anarchic system.2Its explanations of security competition among great powers remain applicable and provide a logical explanation to the events in the international arena nowadays. The traditional security focus on nation-states and power remain central for international relations regardless of all the changes in the global order in the last 60 years.3 Despite being strongly criticized after the end of the Cold War, realism should not be underestimated or neglected for international relations. Realism can offer a lot to political analysts because the major powers will continue to compete for supremacy and wars will continue to occur.This essay analyzes the role of NATO in the post-Cold War period and the importance of how powerful states' interests are concerned, mainly the USA and Russia. Within this framework, the cases of the Kosovo crisis and the Libya uprising will be compared. European security was threatened in similar ways during these two conflicts. Although violations of human rights and crimes against humanity were the official reasons for the military interventions of NATO, the present article will also show how these conflicts affected the interests of the major NATO members and of Russia.It will be argued that state interests and competition between the major powers in the global arena remained essential and that the USA and Russia took similar approaches to resolve the European security crisis without disregarding their national interests. …

*Corresponding author. Email: twukong@yahoo.com Tang Shiping is Professor at the School of International Relations and Public Affairs (SIRPA), Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Prior to his current appointment, Shiping was Senior Fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, where this article was finished. He also thanks Taylor Fravel, Evan Montgomery, and Jack Snyder for helpful comments on an earlier draft. Beatrice Bieger provided outstanding research assistance. The usual disclaimer applies. 1 George H. Quester, Offense and Defense in the International System (New York, N.Y.: John Wiley and Sons, 1977); Robert Jervis ‘‘Cooperation under the security dilemma,’’ World Politics, Vol. 30, No. 2 (1978), pp. 167–214; Jack Snyder, ‘‘Civil-Military Relations and the Cult of the Offensive, 1914 and 1984,’’ International Security, Vol. 9, No. 1 (1984), pp. 108–146; Stephen Van Evera, ‘‘The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War,’’ International Security, Vol. 9, No. 1 (1984), pp. 58–107; Stephen Van Evera, Causes of War: Power and the Roots of Conflict (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999); and Charles L. Glaser and Chaim Kaufmann, ‘‘What Is the Offense-Defense Balance and How Can We Measure It?’’ International Security, Vol. 22, No. 4 (1998), pp. 44–82. In this article, ODT means orthodox or standard ODT (defined in section 1 below). In the literature, the works of Jervis, Quester, and Van Evera are usually accepted as the foundational works of orthodox ODT. 2 See, for example, Thomas J. Christensen and Jack Snyder, ‘Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks: Predicting Alliance Patterns in Multipolarity’, International Organization, Vol. 44, No. 2 (1990), pp. 137–68; James D. Fearon, ‘Rationalist Explanations for War’, International Organization, Vol. 49, No. 3 (1995), pp. 401–404; Robert Gilpin, War and Changes in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), pp. 59–63; Charles L. Glaser, ‘Realists as Optimists: Cooperation as Self-help’, International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1994), pp. 50–90; Charles L. Glaser, ‘When Are Arms Races Dangerous?’ International Security, Vol. 28, No. 4 (2004), pp. 44–84; Ted Hopf, ‘Polarity, The Offense Defense Balance, and War’, American Political Science Review, Vol. 85, No. 2 (1991), pp. 475–493; Andrew Kydd, Trust and Mistrust in International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), pp. 31–33; Peter Liberman, ‘The Offense-defense Balance, Interdependence, and War’, Security Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1 & 2, 1999–2000, pp. 59–91; Evan Braden Montgomery, ‘Breaking out of the Security Dilemma: Realism, Reassurance, and the Problem of Uncertainty’, International Security, Vol. 31, No. 2 (2006), pp. 151–185; Barry Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrines: France, Britain, and Germany between the World Wars (Ithaca: Cornell The Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 3, 2010, 213–260 doi:10.1093/cjip/poq004

<i>Midcentury Suspension: Literature and Feeling in the Wake of World War II</i>by Claire Seiler

The article draws artistic parallels between the Second World War and the Russian-Ukrainian wars, where the influence of Shevchenko's word, embodied with the help of kobzar art, is especially relevant. It has been proven that T. Shevchenko's words are organically woven into modern military folklore, forming an inseparable synthesized unity. During the war period, there is an active appeal to folk origins, so were the most popular during the Second World War such dumas: "About the Bandurist Cossack", "About Marusya Bohuslavka", "The Escape of Three Brothers from the City of Azov, from Turkish Captivity" etc. The poetry of T. Shevchenko was also very popular at that time. During World War II, folk singers took part in hostilities, were part of partisan units, traveled through the occupied territory. People's kobzars professed the Shevchenko ideals of struggle and freedom, thus raising the fighting spirit of the soldiers. Shevchenko's words inspire on the battlefield even today. In the last period, the art of kobzar became quite developed. Here, first of all, it is worth mentioning T. Kompanichenko, a soldier of the territorial defense, a kobzar, the leader of the Khoreya Kozatsky band, the author of "Duma about the Savur-grave", "Duma about the Holodomor", modern war songs ("Armored ranks", "We will boldly go into battle", "Bayraktars and Javelins", "Carmina belli" and others). In the repertoire of modern kobzars, as in the period of the Second World War, Shevchenko motifs are prominent. Illustrative in this respect is the work of the bandur player Yu. Gerasimenko. His song "Gen in the Steppe" depicts the death throes of an old kobzar who worries about the future of his state. His work "Save the Song" expresses Shevchenko's opinion about the immortality of the Ukrainian duma and song. In the song repertoire of this bandurist, the Shevchenko motive of thinking about the future fate of Ukraine is also felt. The work also focuses on the fact that during the war period, the folklore genre of duma became especially widespread and appeared as a historical document that reflects the social changes of the era. The article also examines the functioning of the duma genre in modern military literature using the example of O. Ptashchenko's poetry.

Preface vii Chapter I. Circumnavigating a Term 1 A Diagnosis of the Present and a Term for a Historical Process 1 The Core Concept and the Controversies 5 Chapter II. The Dimensions of Globalization 13 World System--Imperialism--Global History 14 Networks and Interaction Spheres 21 Historical Periods 27 Chapter III. The Development and Establishment of Worldwide Connections Until 1750 31 Long-distance Trade, Empires, Ecumenes 31 Gunpowder Empires and Maritime Domains 42 Holes in the Net 49 Chapter IV. 1750-1880: Imperialism, Industrialization, and Free Trade 57 Early World Politics and Atlantic Revolutions 57 The Far-reaching Impact of the Industrial Revolution 62 Empires and Nation-States 69 The Emergence of a World Economy 76 Chapter V. 1880-1945: Global Capitalism and Global Crises 81 The Experience of Globality, Global Economy, and World Politics at the Turn of the 81 Imperialism and World War 90 1918-1945: Global Crises and Conflicts 99 The American Century 107 Chapter VI. 1945 to the Mid-1970s: Globalization Split in Two 113 Political Spaces: Power Blocs, Nation-States, and Transnational Movements 113 The Institutions of the Global Economy 121 Sociocultural Globalization? 130 Chapter VII. Conclusion 141 A New Millennium 141 On the Road to a Global Age? 145 Globalization: Putting the Concept into Perspective 150 Notes 153 Recommended Literature 171 Index 181

This document was originally published as a broadsheet by the Central Committee of the Social- Democratic Party of Germany in mid-August 1911, on the occasion of the Second Moroccan conflict, also known as the Agadir crisis (1 July-4 November 1911). It should be read together with the next item in this anthology, a sharply critical response from Rosa Luxemburg. The paragraphs that provoked Rosa Luxemburg's condemnation were those suggesting that imperialism (or world policy, as Kautsky called it, following the old nomenclature) was not in the interest of most sections of the German bourgeoisie. Kautsky thought arms-expenditures were actually detrimental to large numbers of the possessing classes. Keywords:Germany; Social Democracy; World Politics; World War

Reviewed by: Singing in the Age of Anxiety: Lieder Performances in New York and London between the World Wars by Laura Tunbridge Natasha Loges Singing in the Age of Anxiety: Lieder Performances in New York and London between the World Wars. By Laura Tunbridge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. [viii, 168 p. ISBN 978-0-226-56357-2. $55] There seems to be no end to what the history of performance can teach us about ourselves, musicians and music, and the social, cultural and political world in which we live. This is beautifully demonstrated in Tunbridge's recent study of Lieder performance from the 1920s to the 1950s in two Anglophone urban centres: New York and London, both regular stopping points in international singers' careers. Tunbridge's highly readable and well-paced study is divided into an introduction and four chapters which are loosely chronologically organised: 'Transatlantic Arrivals', which recounts the reintroduction of German music and musicians to New York and London after World War I; 'Languages of Listening', which considers issues of translation and listening practice in concerts, recordings, broadcasting, and film; 'Lieder Society', which explores the social groups which emerged around Lieder and art music; and finally, 'Saving Music', which closes with changing attitudes to German music and musicians from the 1930s until the aftermath of World War II. 'Anxiety' and 'civilization' are the dual underpinning themes (p. 2). The focus is mainly, but not exclusively, on how the songs of Schubert, Schumann, Brahms, Wolf, and Strauss were used, in live and mediated performances, to construct national, social, and cultural identities. Art song is a particularly astute choice of genre because of its protean qualities. It is at once democratic and exclusive, quickly politicised and de-politicised through language, immensely portable, speedily learned, and seamlessly slotted into new contexts like recording and film. The study embraces a huge range of Austro-German, British, and American musicians (as well as a few from elsewhere). These range from the extremely famous (Richard Strauss, but as performer rather than composer) to the lesser known but no less remarkable (such as the dashing Louis Graveure, who was born as the Englishman Wilfrid Douthitt, but invented a more marketable Belgian identity). We learn how different groups in London, New York, and other British and American groups received and regarded Austro-German art song and musicians, but equally, how artists adapted aspects of their personae to maximise their professional chances. For example, Tunbridge's account of the Czech-born German-American contralto Ernestine Schumann-Heink reveals an impressively resilient and determined figure who performed despite experiencing extraordinary personal and political conflict—her sons fought and died on both sides of the war. On the one hand, Tunbridge traces a detaching of 'work' from 'nation'—is a Schubert Lied, sung on an American film in English, a 'German lied'? Is the [End Page 228] phenomenally popular Christmas carol 'Stille Nacht' the same when it is sung by Ernestine Schumann-Heink on one hand as when it is crooned by Bing Crosby in 1935? On the other hand, she captures details which reveal the explicit hardening of national categories, even when these tip into the absurd, for example renaming German measles 'liberty measles' (p. 19)! Nationality is anything but homogenous; instead, the cultural allegiances encoded within hearing the Lied are constructed around varying, sometimes conflicting, parameters of income and class; so, for example, Schubert was associated with the 'middlebrow', which functioned 'as a nexus for prejudice towards the lower middle classes, the feminine and domestic' (p. 66). The Lied emerges as a musical refugee, and one learns—movingly—about the precarious world of immigrants and exiles. A particular richness of the study is Tunbridge's determination to grapple with the impact of new media, including recording, radio, and film in order to make a deeper point about the changing nature of listening, particularly 'serious' listening and its association with the Austro-German canon. Each mode of listening—to recordings, broadcasts, concerts, and private performances—entails a different type of agency and intensity of experience ranging from immersive to desultory, and indeed, a single listener may experience the full range over the course of an evening...

Modern European History brings together a unique selection of documents covering the period from 1871 to 2000. The collection is organised by topic, and a clear historical context and chronological chart provide background for each section. This second edition brings the book up to date and includes such key themes in European history as: * Bismarck and Imperial Germany* the Russian Revolution* the origins and aftermath of the First and Second World Wars* Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany* The Spanish Civil War* The Cold War* European Integration 1945-1999Containing documents such as extracts from diaries, speeches, treaties, poetry, radio broadcasts, photographs, cartoons, political posters and propaganda, this is an essential resource for students of modern British and European history.

Notes on Contributors