A Cybersecurity Framework for IoBNT: Inception and a Comprehensive Review

Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer LettersVolume 24, Issue 6 p. 273-281 Article Dynamics of polystyrene sulfonate ionomers in solution. A neutron spin-echo study B. Nyström, Corresponding Author B. Nyström Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo 3, NorwayDepartment of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo 3, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorJ. Roots, J. Roots Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo 3, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorJ. S. Higgins, J. S. Higgins Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College, London SW 7 2 BY, EnglandSearch for more papers by this authorB. Gabrys, B. Gabrys Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College, London SW 7 2 BY, EnglandSearch for more papers by this authorD. G. Peiffer, D. G. Peiffer Corporate Research Science Laboratories, Exxon Research and Engineering Company, Clinton Township-Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801Search for more papers by this authorF. Mezei, F. Mezei Institut Laue-Langevin, 156X, 38042 Grenoble Cédex, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorB. Sarkissian, B. Sarkissian Institut Laue-Langevin, 156X, 38042 Grenoble Cédex, FranceSearch for more papers by this author B. Nyström, Corresponding Author B. Nyström Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo 3, NorwayDepartment of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo 3, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorJ. Roots, J. Roots Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo 3, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorJ. S. Higgins, J. S. Higgins Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College, London SW 7 2 BY, EnglandSearch for more papers by this authorB. Gabrys, B. Gabrys Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College, London SW 7 2 BY, EnglandSearch for more papers by this authorD. G. Peiffer, D. G. Peiffer Corporate Research Science Laboratories, Exxon Research and Engineering Company, Clinton Township-Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801Search for more papers by this authorF. Mezei, F. Mezei Institut Laue-Langevin, 156X, 38042 Grenoble Cédex, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorB. Sarkissian, B. Sarkissian Institut Laue-Langevin, 156X, 38042 Grenoble Cédex, FranceSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1986 https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1986.140240607Citations: 11AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume24, Issue6June 1986Pages 273-281 RelatedInformation

This report reviews the seminal features and characteristics of free-standing polymeric ultrathin films (nanosheets), including fabrication methods, mechanical properties and biomedical and health-care applications (for example, wound dressings, tissue engineering materials and bioelectronic devices). ‘Nanosheet technology’ is a promising approach for the development of advanced medical applications and health-care practices in surgery and regenerative medicine, as well as for connecting the human body to electronic interfaces for future medical applications.

Blockchain has many applications in healthcare and can improve mobile health applications, monitoring devices, electronic media record sharing and storage, clinical trial data, and insurance information storage. In this study, the aim was to investigate the application areas of blockchain and its impact in telemedicine. This study considers articles use blockchain for telemedicine. PubMed, Science direct, and Web of Science databases are considered as searchable databases. Information on authors' names, year of publication, country, application, privacy mechanism, blockchain platform, and encryption techniques are used. 249 studies were retrieved after the initial search. Finally, 16 cases had the necessary criteria to enter this study. The JBI checklist was applied to all 16 studies. China with 5 studies and Italy with 3 studies are the most important countries about blockchain in telemedicine that electronic health records are more used than others. Blockchain platforms are Ethereum, Internet of thing, cloud-service provider, and GPS. Encryption techniques are Attribute-based encryption: Decentralized identity: Order-preserving encryption- hashcode- Double blockchain. Blockchain plays an important role in creating security for telemedicine technology. In the future, the use of technology will have a significant and important leap, which will attract the attention of many researchers.

Direct-ink-writing 3D-printed bioelectronics

In the current era of technology, the internet of things (IoT) plays a vital role in smart drug delivery systems. It is an emerging field that offers promising solutions for improving the efficacy, safety, and patient compliance of drug therapies. IoT-based drug delivery systems leverage advanced devices, sophisticated sensors, and smart tools to monitor and analyse the health matrices of the patient in real-time, allowing for personalised and targeted drug delivery. This technology is implemented through various types of devices, including wearable and implantable devices such as infusion pumps, smart pens, inhalers, and auto-injectors. However, the development and implementation of IoT-based drug delivery systems pose several challenges, such as ensuring data security and privacy, regulatory compliance, compatibility, and reliability. In this paper, the latest research on smart wearable devices and its analysis are addressed. It also focuses on the challenges of ensuring the safe and efficient use of this technology in healthcare applications.

Silver nanomaterials (AgNMs) have gained attention for their potential applications in the field of healthcare due to their unique physicochemical properties. These properties include a high surface area to volume ratio, catalytic activity, and strong antimicrobial abilities. Research has shown that AgNMs have the potential to be used as an effective antimicrobial agent against a broad range of pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant strains. Moreover, AgNMs have shown great potential in wound healing due to their ability to enhance cell proliferation and skin regeneration. Another potential application of silver nanomaterials in healthcare is drug delivery. Due to small size and high surface area, they have been used as effective carriers of therapeutics in targeted drug delivery. However, it is important to note that more research is needed to fully understand the potential risks and benefits of utilizing silver nanomaterials in healthcare. Researchers should investigate the potential toxicity of silver nanomaterials and their impact on the environment. Moreover, standardized protocols for the synthesis and characterization of AgNMs should be developed to ensure their reproducibility, stability, and effectiveness. In conclusion, AgNMs have shown immense potential in the field of healthcare due to their unique properties. However, more research and careful evaluation are essential to fully comprehend the potential advantages and risks of utilizing AgNMs in healthcare. The plausible toxicity of AgNPs in healthcare applications is also discussed.

The design of low-power, energy-efficient communication modules was a pivotal challenge in the development of wearable health monitoring devices, where prolonged battery life and reliable data transmission are critical for continuous, real-time monitoring. This chapter explores the latest advancements in communication technologies, power management strategies, and energy-efficient hardware aimed at optimizing wearable devices for healthcare applications. Key topics discussed include AI-based power management techniques, hybrid communication architectures, energy-efficient antennas, and lightweight security mechanisms. Special focus was given to the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for dynamic power optimization and adaptive data transmission, enhancing both performance and battery longevity. The impact of hybrid communication systems and seamless handoff protocols was also analyzed, highlighting their potential in reducing energy consumption while ensuring uninterrupted service.the challenges posed by security protocols and their trade-offs in energy efficiency are examined, with an emphasis on achieving a balance between safety and power usage. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current research and future directions in low-power communication systems, with a view to enabling more efficient, secure, and sustainable wearable health monitoring technologies.

Providing a mechanism to authenticate users in healthcare applications is an essential security requirement to prevent both external and internal attackers from penetrating patients’ identities and revealing their health data. Many schemes have been developed to provide authentication mechanisms to ensure that only legitimate users are authorised to connect, but these schemes still suffer from vulnerable security. Various attacks expose patients’ data for malicious tampering or destruction. Transferring health-related data and information between users and the health centre makes them exposed to penetration by adversaries as they may move through an insecure channel. In addition, previous mechanisms have suffered from the poor protection of users’ authentication information. To ensure the protection of patients’ information and data, we propose a scheme that authenticates users based on the information of both the device and the legitimate user. In this paper, we propose a Robust Authentication Model for Healthcare Users (RAMHU) that provides mutual authentication between the server and clients. This model utilizes an Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES) and PHOTON to achieve strong security and good overall performance. RAMHU relies on multiple-pseudonym, physical address, and one-time password mechanisms to authenticate legitimate users. Moreover, extensive informal and formal security analysis with the automated validation of Internet security protocols and applications (AVISPA) tool demonstrate that our model offers a high level of security in repelling a wide variety of possible attacks.

BackgroundSeveral studies highlight the effects of artificial intelligence (AI) systems on healthcare delivery. AI-based tools may improve prognosis, diagnostics, and care planning. It is believed that AI will be an integral part of healthcare services in the near future and will be incorporated into several aspects of clinical care. Thus, many technology companies and governmental projects have invested in producing AI-based clinical tools and medical applications. Patients can be one of the most important beneficiaries and users of AI-based applications whose perceptions may affect the widespread use of AI-based tools. Patients should be ensured that they will not be harmed by AI-based devices, and instead, they will be benefited by using AI technology for healthcare purposes. Although AI can enhance healthcare outcomes, possible dimensions of concerns and risks should be addressed before its integration with routine clinical care.MethodsWe develop a model mainly based on value perceptions due to the specificity of the healthcare field. This study aims at examining the perceived benefits and risks of AI medical devices with clinical decision support (CDS) features from consumers’ perspectives. We use an online survey to collect data from 307 individuals in the United States.ResultsThe proposed model identifies the sources of motivation and pressure for patients in the development of AI-based devices. The results show that technological, ethical (trust factors), and regulatory concerns significantly contribute to the perceived risks of using AI applications in healthcare. Of the three categories, technological concerns (i.e., performance and communication feature) are found to be the most significant predictors of risk beliefs.ConclusionsThis study sheds more light on factors affecting perceived risks and proposes some recommendations on how to practically reduce these concerns. The findings of this study provide implications for research and practice in the area of AI-based CDS. Regulatory agencies, in cooperation with healthcare institutions, should establish normative standard and evaluation guidelines for the implementation and use of AI in healthcare. Regular audits and ongoing monitoring and reporting systems can be used to continuously evaluate the safety, quality, transparency, and ethical factors of AI-based services.

A robust authentication scheme for remote diagnosis and maintenance in 5G V2N

Due to the rapid growth in sensor technology and embedded technology, wireless body area network WBANs plays a vital role in monitoring the human body system and the surrounding environment. It supports many healthcare applications on the one hand and are very much help full in pandemic scenarios. It has become the most innovative health care area, which is intriguing to many researchers because of its vast future prospective and potential. Data collected by different wireless sensors or nodes is very personal, critical, and important because of human life involvement. WBANs can minimize human to human contact, which helps stop the spread of severe infectious diseases. The biggest concern is the maintenance of privacy and accuracy of data is still a hot area of research due to nature of attacks, which are changing day by day and increasing, as well as for the sake of better performance. A suitable security mechanism is a way to address above issues, for achieving data security, it is expedient to propose a mechanism. It is essential to update the patient’s regular data. WBANs help to deliver truthful reports related to the patient’s health regularly and individually. This paper proposes an algorithm that shows a better result than the existing algorithm in their previous works. This work is all about proposing a mechanism which needs comparatively less resource. Only authentic entities can interact with the server, which has become obligatory for both sides, keeping data safe. Several authentication schemes have been proposed or discussed by different researchers. This paper has proposed a Secure and Efficient WBANs Authentication Mechanism (SEAM). This security framework will take care of the authentication and the security of transmitted data.

Implantable medical devices (IMDs) are man-made devices, which can be implanted in the human body to improve the functioning of various organs. The IMDs monitor and treat physiological condition of the human being (for example, monitoring of blood glucose level by insulin pump). The advancement of information and communication technology enhances the communication capabilities of IMDs. In healthcare applications, after mutual authentication, a user (for example, doctor) can access the health data from the IMDs implanted in a patient's body. However, in this kind of communication environment, there are always security and privacy issues, such as leakage of health data and malfunctioning of IMDs by an unauthorized access. To mitigate these issues, in this paper, we propose a new secure remote user authentication scheme for IMDs communication environment to overcome security and privacy issues in existing schemes. We provide the formal security verification using the widely accepted Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications tool. We also provide the informal security analysis of the proposed scheme. The formal security verification and informal security analysis prove that the proposed scheme is secure against known attacks. The practical demonstration of the proposed scheme is performed using the broadly accepted NS2 simulation tool. The computation and communication costs of the proposed scheme are also comparable with the existing schemes. Moreover, the scheme provides additional functionality features, such as anonymity, untraceability, and dynamic implantable medical device addition.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly growing technology that is transforming the healthcare industry. IoT devices and applications are enabling the collection and analysis of patient data, facilitating remote monitoring and diagnosis, and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery. This abstract explores the impact of IoT adoption and application for smart healthcare. The study highlights the various applications of IoT in healthcare, such as remote patient monitoring, real-time patient tracking, and medication management. The study reviews the benefits of IoT in healthcare, such as improved patient outcomes, reduced costs, and increased efficiency. The study also examines the challenges of implementing IoT in healthcare, such as data privacy and security concerns, interoperability issues, and regulatory compliance. The study concludes that IoT is transforming the healthcare industry, enabling a new era of smart healthcare delivery. The adoption of IoT in healthcare has the potential to improve patient outcomes, reduce costs, and increase the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery. However, the challenges of implementing IoT in healthcare cannot be ignored, and the industry must work to address these challenges while harnessing the benefits of this emerging technology. Overall, the potential impact of IoT adoption and application for smart healthcare is significant and holds great promise for the future of healthcare delivery.

The study aimed to develop new materials with potential for use in various healthcare applications, especially in medical devices and tissue regeneration systems. The research started with the synthesis of versatile polymers capable of having their properties adjusted according to specific needs, allowing the creation of safer and more efficient materials for the human body. The focus was on understanding how the structural characteristics of these materials influence their performance in biological environments. The investigations included testing the mechanical properties of the biomaterials to ensure that they offer adequate strength, elasticity, and flexibility to meet the demands of the biological environment in which they will be applied. Additionally, biocompatibility studies were conducted to verify that the materials do not induce adverse reactions such as inflammation or rejection. So far, the results have been very promising, as the developed polyphosphazenes have shown excellent potential for tailoring their properties, as well as demonstrating good interaction with cells and tissues. This combination of characteristics paves the way for the use of these biomaterials in various biomedical applications, such as the development of prostheses, scaffolds for tissue regeneration, and intelligent systems for controlled drug delivery. The work highlights the importance of investing in innovative and adaptable materials that can improve quality of life and offer new solutions in the field of regenerative medicine and advanced therapy.

Click chemistry has become one of the most innovative methods in modern chemical research, largely due to its unparalleled efficiency, modularity, and ease of use. It enables the rapid synthesis of complex molecules and functional materials under mild conditions, is environmentally friendly, and offers high yields and excellent functional group tolerance. Over the past two decades, click chemistry has evolved from classic copper(I)-catalyzed azido-yne cycloaddition reactions to a range of bioorthogonal, ultrafast, metal-free reactions, as well as strain-induced cycloaddition reactions, tetrazine-based reverse Diels-Alder linkages, and sulfur-fluorine exchange reactions. These advances have enabled precise molecular manipulation in biological systems and supported advanced applications in areas such as real-time imaging, targeted drug delivery, metabolic labeling, and pre-targeted radiochemistry. …Beyond the fields of chemistry and biology, click chemistry is now also fundamental to the work of materials scientists, polymer engineers, and especially nanoparticle experts. Its modular and predictable nature allows for easy transformation into gels, smart materials capable of detecting stimulus-induced shape or functional changes, surface coatings with on-demand integrated electronics, and controllable nanocarriers with diverse structures. Advances in catalyst design optimization, ligand acceleration, and computer technology have not only improved reaction rates but also enhanced stability and biocompatibility. This has enabled the widespread application of this powerful new chemical synthesis tool in industrial and clinical fields. For example, flow chemistry and fluidized bed catalysis have shortened reaction times, significantly increased product yields, and reduced the amount of toxic waste flowing into rivers. Despite the numerous successes of click chemistry, it still faces challenges such as reagent stability, side reactions, cost, and the development of more environmentally friendly and sustainable processes. Machine learning, computer modeling, and reaction design promise to help address these issues in the future. Therefore, researchers can expect the emergence of next-generation click reagents with customizable reactivity, selectivity for planar structures and spatial orientation, and compatibility in complex biological or material environments. This will make click chemistry a versatile, reliable, and powerful method for molecular construction, opening up unprecedented possibilities for the future of synthetic chemistry, biomedical research, and materials design—a truly new era.