A Data Sharing and Integration Technology for Heterogeneous Databases

A heterogeneous database management system combines multiple dissimilar models of data within a single integrated system. The objective is to allow a user to access data independently of how it is actually organized. For example, a user may access a database as though it were stored relationally (i.e., in tables) [CODD70], even though it is actually stored as a CODASYL/DBTG or network database [CODA71]. In addition, different subpieces of the database may be organized under different data models. The heterogeneous database system must present these to the user as an integrated whole. The user's model of his data may be different from any of the models chosen to implement it.Rather than construct a new database system from scratch, we are interested in constructing a heterogeneous system out of existing systems. The key difficulties with this approach are: (1) the formulation of database design methods that are applicable to a variety of different data models, and (2) the development of techniques to translate programs and data between dissimilar data models. In this paper, we briefly describe how high level abstraction has been applied to these problems. The use of abstraction in database systems is related to the application of abstraction techniques in programming languages and artificial intelligence research.

In this paper, the features of HTML and XML were compared, and expounds the necessity of transition from HTML to XML, and finally introduces document conversion, XHTML conversion and intelligent instead of three kinds of HTML to XML conversion method. Keyword: HTML;XML;conversion method;XHTML Characteristics of HTML HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a universal language for creating Webpage and to release information, it is YISHION text stored in the form of organization, to label definition document. Provided the cross plat form file sharing. In the HTML document, can be embedded in other objects, such as electronic forms, video, audio and various applications and so on, through the uniform resource locator can realize the hypertext links between Web nodes. HTML has the following features, format and grammar is relatively simple, easy to learn, will the data with some control markers, even if no programming experience can easily use HTML to design Webpage; and all of the control tag HTML is fixed [1], the number is limited, provides functions and related properties the setting is fixed, easy to remember; rules more flexible, such as the control of English marker size marker to write in no difference. In addition, the control flag must have the end tag corresponding to no strict requirements. Need the simplicity of HTML is more suitable for low cost information publishing; HTML as Web common information description method of strong universality, can realize different platform document sharing; to create more flexible, HTML document is a plain text file, can use a variety of editing tools for creating. The major disadvantage of HTML is: (1) Performance is too simple. (2) Link easily broken, chain destination address changes, chain source cannot automatically correct. (3) The flowers during the retrieval time are longer, the retrieved content targeted poor, and many returned results. (4) Poor scalability, HTML tag set is fixed, not to allow users to define their International Symposium on Computers & Informatics (ISCI 2015) © 2015. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 64 own identity. (5) The lack of semantics, HTML is a marker, it will not reveal the nature of the information content, and the computer cannot know the exact meaning of each section of text. HTML and XML are used for the network information organization and communication, are in the form of texts written in storage, and are structured information based on international standards [2]. But HTML only shows data seems to be what kind of, and the XML is that data is what mean. Using XML can create their own tags, these tags can more accurately describe the user what they want, but HTML can not be used to define a new application, and this is the biggest difference between XML and HTML. XML has overcome some limitations of the HTML, has the broad application prospect. The necessity of transformation Most of the current Webpage still is mainly composed of HTML. HTML of the inherent shortcomings of the original network information organization mode can't meet the requirements of the development of the new. Because the relevant development of the XML technology continues to mature, more and more websites gradually in XML design. In this process, not only will the new content is stored in XML format and transmission, but also consider compatible with the original data, so it is necessary to convert existing HTML Webpage into XML data form more flexible processing and application. At the same time, to the previous accumulated HTML documents continue to play a role in the new environment, the XML conversion is undoubtedly a solution. HTML to XML conversion is helpful for Webpage information integration, extraction, retrieval, filtering or mining analysis. (1) Facilitate the information integration of heterogeneous system under Network Environment In the network environment, because of the existence of the system platform and database operation of heterogeneous, leading to the exchange of information and work with difficulty. One of the data exchange between heterogeneous systems is to adopt a unified information exchange format. XML because of its custom and scalability advantages [3], which is convenient for expressing various types of data between heterogeneous databases, and can be used as middleware, unify the data interface, convenient for the exchange of information between different databases and colleagues. XML can be used to construct the data layer integration, will transform the source data into the data integration, simplification of integration system query translation, query mechanisms provide unified multi data source for the user, in a unified way using a variety of data from different sources of data, different shielding each data source in the structure, running environment on the. (2) The organization and management for network information

Exchanging and integration of patient data across heterogeneous databases and institutional boundaries offers many problems. We focused on two issues: (1) how to identify identical patients between different systems and institutions while lacking universal patient identifiers; and (2) how to link patient data across heterogeneous databases and institutional boundaries. To solve these problems, we created a patient identification (ID) translation model and a dynamic linking method in the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) environment. The algorithm for the patient ID translation is based on patient attribute matching plus computer-based human checking; the method for dynamic linking is temporal mapping. By implementing these methods into computer systems with help of the distributed object computing technology, we built a prototype of a CORBA-based object framework in which the patient ID translation and dynamic linking methods were embedded. Our experiments with a Web-based user interface using the object framework and dynamic linking-through the object framework were successful. These methods are important for exchanging and integrating patient data across heterogeneous databases and institutional boundaries.

In a previous JDM issue, one of the Associate Editors issued a challenge to database researchers to “...encourage us to think about innovation and point out areas that ... are not only important but also open to innovation.†(Pirkul, 1995, p.33). In this editorial, I address one area that Pirkul explicitly identified as a topic for innovation, namely, Heterogeneous Databases. Below I present a novel framework for understanding Heterogeneous Databases and Database Systems. This framework identifies three dimensions of heterogeneity: the “Why†?, “How†?, and “What?†of heterogeneous database systems. I claim that exploring answers to these three questions will help practitioners (1) identify heterogeneous application requirements and map them to appropriate database capabilities, (2) evaluate heterogeneous application techniques that fulfill these necessary requirements, and (3) select products that support the required techniques.

Ciphertext retrieval under heterogeneous data sets is a critical concern in the cloud-assisted Internet of Things (IoT). Previous ciphertext retrieval schemes eliminate computation burden and security concerns to some extent, but cannot support the encrypted heterogeneous data sets. To solve this problem, in this article we propose a transparent ciphertext retrieval system regardless of programming language, accessible platforms, and heterogeneity of data sets. The retrieval system is a novel combination of the proposed access and integration middleware with a current encrypted cloud database system. The middleware enables cross-language and cross-platform queries over various database systems, besides, it schedules the designed data integration method in heterogeneous databases to realize cross-database queries over the encrypted cloud data sets. The proposed ciphertext retrieval system achieves efficient data sharing among different IoT applications with various database systems. We prove that the system guarantees data security by avoiding malicious hackers. Extensive experiments show that our design is efficient and feasible in practice.

The response phase in a disaster case is often considered to be the most critical in terms of saving lives and dealing with irreversible damage. The timely provision of geospatial information is crucial in the decision-making process. Thus, there is a need for the integration of heterogeneous spatial databases which are inherently distributed and created under different projects by various organizations. The integration of all relevant data for timely decision making is a challenging task due to syntactic, schematic and semantic heterogeneity. This paper aims to propose a framework for the integration of heterogeneous spatial databases using novel approaches, such as web services and ontologies. We focus on providing solutions for the three levels of heterogeneity, in order to be able to interrogate the content of the different databases conveniently. Based on the proposed framework, we implemented a use case using heterogeneous data belonging to La Rochelle city in France.

BackgroundIn patient care, data are historically generated and stored in heterogeneous databases that are domain specific and often noninteroperable or isolated. As the amount of health data increases, the number of isolated data silos is also expected to grow, limiting the accessibility of the collected data. Medical informatics is developing ways to move from siloed data to a more harmonized arrangement in information architectures. This paradigm shift will allow future research to integrate medical data at various levels and from various sources. Currently, comprehensive requirements engineering is working on data integration projects in both patient care– and research-oriented contexts, and it is significantly contributing to the success of such projects. In addition to various stakeholder-based methods, document-based requirement elicitation is a valid method for improving the scope and quality of requirements.ObjectiveOur main objective was to provide a general catalog of functional requirements for integrating medical data into knowledge management environments. We aimed to identify where integration projects intersect to derive consistent and representative functional requirements from the literature. On the basis of these findings, we identified which functional requirements for data integration exist in the literature and thus provide a general catalog of requirements.MethodsThis work began by conducting a literature-based requirement elicitation based on a broad requirement engineering approach. Thus, in the first step, we performed a web-based systematic literature review to identify published articles that dealt with the requirements for medical data integration. We identified and analyzed the available literature by applying the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. In the second step, we screened the results for functional requirements using the requirements engineering method of document analysis and derived the requirements into a uniform requirement syntax. Finally, we classified the elicited requirements into a category scheme that represents the data life cycle.ResultsOur 2-step requirements elicitation approach yielded 821 articles, of which 61 (7.4%) were included in the requirement elicitation process. There, we identified 220 requirements, which were covered by 314 references. We assigned the requirements to different data life cycle categories as follows: 25% (55/220) to data acquisition, 35.9% (79/220) to data processing, 12.7% (28/220) to data storage, 9.1% (20/220) to data analysis, 6.4% (14/220) to metadata management, 2.3% (5/220) to data lineage, 3.2% (7/220) to data traceability, and 5.5% (12/220) to data security.ConclusionsThe aim of this study was to present a cross-section of functional data integration–related requirements defined in the literature by other researchers. The aim was achieved with 220 distinct requirements from 61 publications. We concluded that scientific publications are, in principle, a reliable source of information for functional requirements with respect to medical data integration. Finally, we provide a broad catalog to support other scientists in the requirement elicitation phase.

The issues and solutions for the interoperability of a class of heterogeneous databases and their database systems are expounded in two parts. Part I presented the data-sharing issues in federated databases and systems (Hsiao, 1992). The present article explores resource-consolidation issues. Interoperability in this context refers to data sharing among heterogeneous databases, and to resource consolidation of computer hardware, system software, and support personnel. Resource consolidation requires the presence of a database system architecture which supports the heterogeneous system software, thereby eliminating the need for various computer hardware and support personnel. The class of heterogeneous databases and database systems expounded herein is termed federated, meaning that they are joined in order to meet certain organizational requirements and because they require their respective application specificities, integrity constraints, and security requirements to be upheld. Federated databases and systems are new. While there are no technological solutions, there has been considerable research towards their development. This tutorial is aimed at exposing the need for such solutions. A taxonomy is introduced in our review of existing research undertakings and exploratory developments. With this taxonomy, we contrast and compare various approaches to federating databases and systems.

The issues and solutions for the interoperability of a class of heterogeneous databases and their database systems are expounded in two parts. Part I presents the data-sharing issues in federated databases and systems. Part II, which will appear in a future issue, explores resource-consolidation issues. Interoperability in this context refers to data sharing among heterogeneous databases, and to resource consolidation of computer hardware, system software, and support personnel. Resource consolidation requires the presence of a database system architecture which supports the heterogeneous system software, thereby eliminating the need for various computer hardware and support personnel. The class of heterogeneous databases and database systems expounded herein is termed federated, meaning that they are joined in order to meet certain organizational requirements and because they require their respective application specificities, integrity constraints, and security requirements to be upheld. Federated databases and systems are new. While there are no technological solutions, there has been considerable research towards their development. This tutorial is aimed at exposing the need for such solutions. A taxonomy is introduced in our review of existing research undertakings and exploratory developments. With this taxonomy, we contrast and compare various approaches to federating databases and systems.

A multidatabase system (MDBS) is a collection of databases interconnected to share data. It provides integrated access to heterogeneous and distributed databases along with a single layer to facilitate end user by a set of different database systems. One of the major tasks in building a multidatabase system, is determining and integrating the data from the different database systems into a coherent global view. The current development of multidatabase systems undergoes many obstacles, one of these obstacles is the requirement of central or distributed schema that aids in integration of logical data relationships. This paper addresses the need for integration of multidatabase system by using NDBC protocol and proposes the algorithm for the implementation of xDB system components.

In order to operate the distributed heterogeneous database with several different physical, the basic problem must be solved was system integration of the various heterogeneous database system. This paper describes the system integration schemes using S2SH(struts2 spring hibernate) and EJB (Enterprise Java Bean)components based on the B/S architecture of distributed heterogeneous database , the core content analysis for its data management, user data table information query and data table unification.

The distributed heterogeneous databases have many different physical positions, if all kinds of operation were done, the basic problems must be to solve was the system integration in various heterogeneous database. In this paper, it describes the system integration schemes on the Hibernate technology of B/S structure of the distributed heterogeneous database, and analyzed the core content of the data source management, the user data table query and data table information for the reunification and etc.

The emergence of the Semantic Web has given rise to researches on semantic integration of heterogeneous relational databases using ontology. Semantic-based heterogeneous relational data integration is recently attracting many diverse attentions, since most of the information is still stored in relational databases. This paper focuses on the query processing problem in semantic-based heterogeneous relational databases integration systems. The semantic of query rewriting is defined and algorithms for query decomposing, rewriting and transforming are presented. SPARQL queries over global schema are rewritten into local SQL queries that can be executed on heterogeneous relational databases. The experiment results show that the approach we proposed has nice performance and scalability.

For the heterogeneous database in different physical, it was a key problem how to guarantee the user data synchronization heterogeneous database. This paper analyzed data synchronization system for the distributed heterogeneous database, the extracting module, data integration module, data update module and put forward a concrete solution.

This paper describes the current challenges on the interoperability of heterogeneous database management systems and then focusses on the role of the objectoriented approach to facilitate the interconnection of multiple database systems.