A deep learning based dynamic bandwidth allocation method for XG-PON based mobile fronthaul for CRAN

Grant management procedure for energy saving TDM-PONs

To date, the mainstream ethernet passive optical network (EPON) bandwidth allocation schemes as well as the new IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet in the first mile Task Force specifications have been centralized, relying on a component in the central office [optical line termination (OLT)] to provision upstream traffic. Hence, the OLT is the only device that can arbitrate time-division access to the shared channel. Since the OLT has global knowledge of the state of the entire network, this is a centralized control plane in which the OLT has centralized intelligence. This paper proposes novel distributed EPON architectures, and in the process proves that these distributed networking architectures and the associated bandwidth allocation algorithms and protocols have characteristics that make them far better suited for provisioning quality of service (QoS) schemes necessary for properly handling data, voice, video, and other real-time streaming advanced multimedia services over a single line. Specifically, this paper proposes a novel ethernet over star coupler-based PON architecture that uses a fully distributed time-division multiple-access (TDMA) arbitration scheme. Supported by the decentralized scheme, this paper proposes several QoS-based dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms in which the OLT is excluded from the implementation of the time slot assignment. In contrast with the mainstream centralized EPON architectures that combine priority queuing [intra-optical network unit (ONU) scheduling] with DBA schemes (inter-ONU scheduling), the proposed distributed EPON architecture supports differentiated services through the integration of both scheduling mechanisms at the ONU (intra-ONU scheduling). The introduction of this integration feature that can only be supported by a decentralized architecture provides better QoS guarantees. Furthermore, in addition to the added flexibility and reliability, the overall performance of the proposed decentralized EPON architecture and the associated bandwidth allocation algorithms are shown to be at least as efficient as their centralized counterparts.

WDM/TDM (wavelength-division multiplexing/time-division multiplexing) PON (passive optical network) appears to be an attractive solution for the next generation optical access networks. Dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) plays a crucial role in efficiently and fairly allocating the bandwidth among all users in WDM/TDM PON. In this paper, two dynamic bandwidth allocation schemes (DBA1 and DBA2) are proposed to eliminate the idle time of polling cycles (i.e. polling interval), improve bandwidth utilization and make full use of bandwidth resources. The two DBA schemes adjust the time slot of sending request information and make fair scheduling among users to achieve the effective utilization of polling interval in WDM/TDM PON. The simulation and theoretical analyses verify that the proposed schemes outperform the conventional DBA scheme. We also make comparisons between the two schemes in terms of bandwidth utilization and average packet delay to further demonstrate the effectiveness of the scheme of DBA2.

This paper proposes a new scheme for dynamic bandwidth allocation for XG-PON (10-Gbps-capable passive optical network). In the propose scheme, an ONU (optical network unit) does not explicitly report its queue status to an OLT (optical line termination). The OLT monitors the bandwidth usage of each ONU to estimate the queue status of each ONU. The OLT allocates a bandwidth to an ONU when the previous allocated bandwidth was fully used. Also the OLT periodically allocates a probe bandwidth to an ONU to check the queue status of the ONU.

An Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) is an optical access network that allows a higher data rate with low power consumption. To improve energy savings for an EPON, the sleep and doze modes for the optical network units (ONUs) play a pivotal role. Many prediction schemes have been proposed to control these modes. To increase the prediction accuracy, this study proposes an energy-efficient approach that uses a support vector regression (SVR) model. A dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) scheme called SVR-DBA is designed to allocate bandwidth to ONUs more efficiently and fairly. To determine the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, simulations are performed. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme decreases energy consumption for ONUs by up to 47% and fulfills the quality-of-service (QoS) requirements in terms of delay, jitter, and packet loss.

Advances in high speed network communications have raised the bar of delivering demanding multimedia and data services through Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs). At their relatively low cost, EPONs have become an attractive solution to providing essential services like voice, video, and data communications reliably, while at the same time providing expected guarantees of the delivery of those services in terms of defined quality of service measures. A continuous theme throughout EPON research has been the study of efficient dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) as a key factor in achieving fairness in distributing bandwidth amongst remote network units. In our research, we investigate another factor and its effect of network performance and service delivery: cycle demand proportionality (CDP). By observing the patterns of demand in the network on an individual network unit basis cycle after cycle, we can deduce load characteristics of some units over others. We can then make decisions about subsequent grant allocations based on this factor and aim to achieve better results in the process. We simulate EPONs under varying loads and incorporate the use of CDP in conjunction with currently used DBA schemes. In this paper we present results of achieving improvements in delay performance under light-load circumstances for the cyclic polling DBA scheme

Passive optical networks (PONs) are thought to be the next step in the development of access networks and providing broadband access in the ¿last mile¿ area. Ethernet PON (EPON) gains the most attention from the researchers as it offers highly flexible and cost effective solution. In this paper we propose two high level scheduler algorithms inside the optical line terminal (OLT) and optical network units (ONU). In the proposed dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm, the OLT allocates the bandwidth to the ONUs in proportion to the weight associated with the excess bandwidth available, while the ONU preferentially allocates its bandwidth to queues with a strict or non strict priority order. The algorithms provide dynamic bandwidth allocation and separate the burden of queue management fairly between the customer and the network. This led to less complicated and more intelligent equipment has been used on the customer's premises. We show the results of simulations to validate the effectiveness of algorithms presented and to provide quality of service (QoS) for triple play real time services in Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs).

Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPONs) are considered the most promising solutions for upgrading the cur- rent congested access networks to enable the delivery of broad- band integrated services. Although current EPON architectures are economically feasible, they are however bandwidth limited. In this paper, we discuss a simple upgrade architecture from EPON to WDM-PON. We present various Dynamic Wavelength and Bandwidth Allocation algorithms (DWBAs) that exploit both inter-channel and intra-channel statistical multiplexing in order to achieve good performance. We use extensive simulation experiments to validate our reasoning. I. INTRODUCTION

Feature Issue on Optical Access Networks (OAN) As an inexpensive, simple, and scalable solution for broadband access, Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) have the capability of delivering integrated broadband services to the end users. A critical issue of EPONs is the utility of a shared upstream channel among the local users, and thus an efficient bandwidth allocation mechanism is required to facilitate statistical multiplexing among the local network traffic. In this paper we propose a dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme, i.e., limited sharing with traffic prediction (LSTP), for upstream channel sharing over EPONs. LSTP enables dynamic bandwidth negotiation between the optical line terminal (OLT) and its associated optical network units (ONUs), alleviates data delay by predicting the traffic arrived during the waiting time and prereserving a portion of bandwidth for delivery, and avoids the aggressive bandwidth competition by upper bounding the allocated bandwidth to each ONU. Theoretical analysis and simulation results verify the feasibility of LSTP by showing that LSTP outperforms other existing schemes with respect to QoS metrics of data delay and data loss.

Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) have emerged as a promising candidate for next-generation broadband access networks. As this technology evolves, the development of efficient dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms has become a key concern. This paper presents the principle and implementation issues of a new DBA scheme. Through detailed analyses some general investigations on the fairness issue and statistical bandwidth multiplexing (SBM) mechanisms existing in EPON are developed. This proposed scheme consistently maintains a robust fairness mechanism in the DBA operation. With the better maintained fairness mechanism, efficient SBM persists at the global level, whereas multiple network performance matrices are improved. Detailed simulation experiments are presented to study the performance and to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

In modern, competitive, and dynamic access networks the underlying bandwidth distribution mechanism has to be capable of understanding user requirements, meeting stringent quality of service (QoS) demands, and satisfying a broad spectrum of user traffic dynamics. Undoubtedly, optical fiber is the dominant transmission medium enabling practical and cost-effective optical infrastructures in the last mile. Passive optical networks (PONs) represent one of the most promising player towards the fiber to the home (FTTH) vision allowing users to experience high quality, demanding multimedia services and applications. The 10-gigabit-capable passive optical network (XG-PON), one of the latest PON standard, incorporates a set of profound conditions a contemporary PON should ensure. Fairness provisioning constitutes one of the most critical features a PON should provide. However, ensuring fairness in an access network with numerous different users, requesting multiple traffic flows in any time, is not a straightforward task. In this work, we focus on the fairness issue by devising an adaptive, efficient, and fair dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) scheme called Insistent FAIr STrategy prOcesS (IFAISTOS). IFAISTOS investigates and maintains user traffic profiles. Overloaded users are carefully treated by gaining greater granting windows than other users; however bandwidth monopolization is prevented. Fairness is ensured for all users in terms of traffic load and average delay. A steering, adaptive mechanism records user traffic profiles by changing and defining bandwidth weights proportional to individual traffic needs. Extensive simulation results reveal the efficacy of the proposed DBA in terms of fairness and average packet delay.

Traffic localization-based dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm for improvement of QoS in peer-to-peer architecture of passive optical networks

Staged optimization algorithms based MAC dynamic bandwidth allocation for OFDMA-PON

In this paper, we study the problem of bandwidth allocation for ATM network loaded with real-time VBR compressed video traffic. The compressed video traffic is highly bursty in nature as a result of encoding technique and shows time-variant statistical characteristics due to scene changes. These characteristics make it more difficult to manage network recourses and can cause a significant reduction in network utilization. Our proposed scheme adjusts the allocated bandwidth at regular intervals using a multilayer compressed video in the context of congestion control. The dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme adds and drops layers of the video stream during a renegotiation process to react to congestion on very short timescales. Our simulation results show a significant improvement on the performance of the proposed dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme compared with traditional static bandwidth allocation schemes, and also offers several advantages over static bandwidth allocation schemes including it removes the need of accurate traffic parameters declaration by users at call setup phase, it is valid for a wide variety of traffic sources; and it adapts quickly to the variation of traffic sources with small renegotiation intervals.

Resource allocation is a fundamental task in any PON and it is necessary to have an efficient scheme that reduces delay, maximizes bandwidth usage, and minimizes the resource wastage. A variety of dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) and dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (DWBA) algorithms have been proposed which are based on different PONs (e.g., EPON, GPON, XG-PON, 10G EPON, etc.). But to our knowledge, no DWBA scheme for NG-PON2 system, with diverse customers and prioritized traffic, has been proposed yet. In this work, this problem is addressed and five different dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (DWBA) schemes are proposed. First, mixed integer linear programming (MILP) models are developed to minimize the total delay of the high-priority data. Due to the MILP’s high computational complexity, heuristic algorithms are developed based on the MILP model insights. The five heuristic algorithms are: No Block-Split Heuristic (NBH), Equal Block-Split Heuristic (EBH), Priority-Based No Block-Split Heuristic (P-NBH), Priority-Based Equal Block-Split Heuristic (P-EBH), and Priority-Based Decider Block-Split Heuristic (P-DBH). Six priority classes of requests are introduced with the goal of minimizing the total delay for the high-priority data and to lessen the bandwidth wastage of the system. Finally, experiments for the performance evaluation of the five DWBA schemes are conducted. The results indicate that P-NBH, P-EBH, P-DBH schemes show a 47.63% less delay and 30% of less bandwidth wastage on average for the highest priority data transmission than the schemes without priority support (NBH and EBH). Among these five schemes, NBH method has the highest delay, whereas EBH and P-EBH waste more bandwidth than the other schemes. P-DBH is the most efficient among the five, because this scheme offers the lowest delay for high-priority data and the minimum bandwidth wastage for lower priority ones.