A Derivation System for Uniqueness Typing

In the first part of this paper, we define two resource aware typing systems for the {\lambda}{\mu}-calculus based on non-idempotent intersection and union types. The non-idempotent approach provides very simple combinatorial arguments-based on decreasing measures of type derivations-to characterize head and strongly normalizing terms. Moreover, typability provides upper bounds for the lengths of the head reduction and the maximal reduction sequences to normal-form. In the second part of this paper, the {\lambda}{\mu}-calculus is refined to a small-step calculus called {\lambda}{\mu}s, which is inspired by the substitution at a distance paradigm. The {\lambda}{\mu}s-calculus turns out to be compatible with a natural extensionof the non-idempotent interpretations of {\lambda}{\mu}, i.e., {\lambda}{\mu}s-reduction preserves and decreases typing derivations in an extended appropriate typing system. We thus derive a simple arithmetical characterization of strongly {\lambda}{\mu}s-normalizing terms by means of typing.

The conception of the very first decision procedures for first-order sentences brought about the need for giving citizenship to function symbols (e.g. Skolem functions). We argue that a closer look at proof procedures for first-order sentences with equality brings about the need for introducing (function) symbols for rewrites. This is appropriately done via the framework of labelled natural deduction which allows to formulate a proof theory for the “logical connective” of propositional equality. The basic idea is that when analysing an equality sentence into (i) proof conditions (introduction) and (ii) immediate consequences (elimination), it becomes clear that we need to bring in identifiers (i.e. function symbols) for sequences of rewrites, and this is what we claim is the missing entity in P. Martin-Löf’s equality types (both intensional and extensional). What we end up with is a formulation of what appears to be a middle ground solution to the ‘intensional’ versus ‘extensional’ dichotomy which permeates most of the work on characterizing propositional equality in natural deduction style. (Part of this material was presented at the Logical Methods in the Humanities Seminar, Stanford University, and the authors would like to thank Solomon Feferman and Grigori Mints for their comments and suggestions.)

A formulation of lattice theory as a system of rules added to sequent calculus is given. The analysis of proofs for the contraction-free calculus of classical predicate logic known as G3c extends to derivations with the mathematical rules of lattice theory. It is shown that minimal derivations of quantifier-free sequents enjoy a subterm property: all terms in such derivations are terms in the endsequent.An alternative formulation of lattice theory as a system of rules in natural deduction style is given, both with explicit meet and join constructions and as a relational theory with existence axioms. A subterm property for the latter extends the standard decidable classes of quantificational formulas of pure predicate calculus to lattice theory.

Description of AUT-68

We study a conservative extension of classical propositional logic distinguishing between four modes of statement: a proposition may be affirmed or denied, and it may be strong or classical. Proofs of strong propositions must be constructive in some sense, whereas proofs of classical propositions proceed by contradiction. The system, in natural deduction style, is shown to be sound and complete with respect to a Kripke semantics. We develop the system from the perspective of the propositions-as-types correspondence by deriving a term assignment system with confluent reduction. The proof of strong normalization relies on a translation to System F with Mendler-style recursion.

Substructural type systems are growing in popularity because they allow for a resourceful interpretation of data which can be used to rule out various software bugs. Indeed, substructurality is finally taking hold in modern programming; Haskell now has linear types roughly based on Girard’s linear logic but integrated via graded function arrows, Clean has uniqueness types designed to ensure that values have at most a single reference to them, and Rust has an intricate ownership system for guaranteeing memory safety. But despite this broad range of resourceful type systems, there is comparatively little understanding of their relative strengths and weaknesses or whether their underlying frameworks can be unified. There is often confusion about whether linearity and uniqueness are essentially the same, or are instead ‘dual’ to one another, or somewhere in between. This paper formalises the relationship between these two well-studied but rarely contrasted ideas, building on two distinct bodies of literature, showing that it is possible and advantageous to have both linear and unique types in the same type system. We study the guarantees of the resulting system and provide a practical implementation in the graded modal setting of the Granule language, adding a third kind of modality alongside coeffect and effect modalities. We then demonstrate via a benchmark that our implementation benefits from expected efficiency gains enabled by adding uniqueness to a language that already has a linear basis.

Phenotypic and molecular typing of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 isolates from India

Asoft type systeminfers types for the procedures and data structures of dynamically typed programs. Like conventional static types, soft types express program invariants and thereby provide valuable information for program optimization and debugging. A soft typecheckeruses the types inferred by a soft type system to eliminate run-time checks that are provably unnecessary; any remaining run-time checks are flagged as potential program errors.Soft Schemeis a practical soft type checker for R4RS Scheme. Its underlying type system generalizes conventional Hindley-Milner type inference by incorporating recursive types and a limited form of union type. Soft Scheme accommodates all of R4RS Scheme including uncurried procedures of fixed and variable arity, assignment, and continuations.

We present intersection type systems in the style of sequent calculus,\nmodifying the systems that Valentini introduced to prove normalisation\nproperties without using the reducibility method. Our systems are more natural\nthan Valentini's ones and equivalent to the usual natural deduction style\nsystems. We prove the characterisation theorems of strong and weak\nnormalisation through the proposed systems, and, moreover, the approximation\ntheorem by means of direct inductive arguments. This provides in a uniform way\nproofs of the normalisation and approximation theorems via type systems in\nsequent calculus style.\n

A variety of different heating systems of heat-pump-type with refrigerant R744 have been investigated on the test bench for basic functionality, heating performance and efficiency. The experimental results served to validate calculations of Behr's simulation tool BISS that allows calculating the heat-up of different heating systems, considering the characteristics of the heating system, the engine and the passenger compartment. This paper gives an overview of the investigated R744 heating systems including heat pumps with ambient air or engine-coolant as heat source and dissipative heating systems to compare them with conventional systems such as the PTC heater and the fuel-fired heater. The main characteristics of the systems and the results of the heat-up-calculations are discussed.

A novel compact type slip-power recovery system having sinusoidal rotor currents is proposed. In the proposed system, a PWM boost rectifier is used as a substitute for a diode rectifier and a boost chopper in a conventional compact type slip-power recovery system. The conventional compact type system has the advantage that the ratings of the inverter and the transformer are only 15% of the motor power capacity. However, a diode rectifier remains in the system. Therefore, it has a rectangular rotor current, and the stator current is distorted. The use of the system proposed in this paper has solved this problem. The effectiveness of the proposed system was verified through computer simulations and experiments.

Propositional Godel logic G extends intuitionistic logic with the non-constructive principle of linearity (A → B) ∨ (B → A). We introduce a Curry-Howard correspondence for G and show that a simple natural deduction calculus can be used as a typing system. The resulting functional language extends the simply typed λ-calculus via a synchronous communication mechanism between parallel processes, which increases its expressive power. The normalization proof employs original termination arguments and proof transformations implementing forms of code mobility. Our results provide a computational interpretation of G, thus proving A. Avron's 1991 thesis.

This paper gives a characterisation, via intersection types, of the strongly normalising terms of an intuitionistic sequent calculus (where LJ easily embeds). The soundness of the typing system is reduced to that of a well known typing system with intersection types for the ordinary λ-calculus. The completeness of the typing system is obtained from subject expansion at root position. This paper's sequent term calculus integrates smoothly the λ-terms with generalised application or explicit substitution. Strong normalisability of these terms as sequent terms characterises their typeability in certain typing systems with intersection types. The latter are in the natural deduction format, like systems previously studied by Matthes and Lengrand et al., except that they do not contain any extra, exceptional rules for typing generalised applications or substitution.

We propose ASPIC-END, an adaptation of the structured argumentation framework ASPIC+ which can incorporate explanations and natural deduction style arguments. We discuss an instantiation of ASPIC-END that models argumentation about explanations of semantic paradoxes (e.g. the Liar paradox), and we show that ASPIC-END satisfies rationality postulates akin to those satisfied by ASPIC+.

Logics for ‘generally’ were introduced as extensions of First-Order Logic (FOL) for handling assertions with vague notions (e.g., ‘generally,’ ‘most,’ and ‘several’) expressed by formulas with generalized quantifiers. Deductive systems have been developed for such logics. Here, we characterize the structure of derivations in natural deduction style for filter logic. This characterization extends the familiar one for FOL.