A DNS-assisted Simultaneous Mobility Support Procedure for Mobile IPv6

Due to the proliferation of handheld mobile devices, multimedia applications like Voice over IP (VoIP), video conferencing, network music, and online gaming are gaining popularity in recent years. These applications are well known to be delay sensitive and resource demanding. The mobility of mobile devices, running these applications, across different networks causes delay and service disruption. Mobile IPv6 was proposed to provide mobility support to IPv6-based mobile nodes for continuous communication when they roam across different networks. However, the Route Optimization procedure in Mobile IPv6 involves the verification of mobile node's reachability at the home address and at the care-of address (home test and care-of test) that results in higher handover delays and signalling overhead. This paper presents an enhanced procedure, time-based one-time password Route Optimization (TOTP-RO), for Mobile IPv6 Route Optimization that uses the concepts of shared secret Token, time based one-time password (TOTP) along with verification of the mobile node via direct communication and maintaining the status of correspondent node's compatibility. The TOTP-RO was implemented in network simulator (NS-2) and an analytical analysis was also made. Analysis showed that TOTP-RO has lower handover delays, packet loss, and signalling overhead with an increased level of security as compared to the standard Mobile IPv6's Return-Routability-based Route Optimization (RR-RO).

Network Mobility (NEMO), derived from Mobile Internet Protocol version 6 (MIPv6) technology, has been evolving and expanding in very rapidity manner across very short period of time. In MIPv6 technology, the Access Router (AR) plays important roles such as provide sessions connectivity and safe-guarding communications protocol. Whereas in NEMO, the routers in the communication chains are essentially the moving targets and hence the Mobile Router (MR). The MR too, inherits the basic functionalities of AR. In the basic MIPv6 and NEMO modus operandi, when the Mobile Network Notes (MNN) roamed away from home link and attached to some other foreign link, the MNNs are also addressable via a secondary address named as Care-of Address (CoA). The MNN essentially registered its primary CoA to the router on its own home link and thus registering the router to be its Home Agent (HA). These communication sets, and the ingredients of the communication will be managed via Binding Updates (BU) and the Binding Acknowledgement (BAck). Since the NEMO is using MIPv6 as the backbone, NEMO also inevitably inherits many design difficulties and problems that the MIPv6 seen. Such as using the Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) with end-to-end tunneling and using nonce value within the BU to serve as part of the authentication process and many more. In this paper, we illustrate the scenario of authentication problems involving NEMO movements and the flaw in security design. With the aim of succeeding IPSec we then propose a much better solution which is the use of Random Number, coupled with PKI concept.

The route optimization operation in Mobile IP Version 6 (MIPv6) allows direct routing from any correspondent node to any mobile node and thus eliminates the problem of "triangle routing" present in the base Mobile IP Version 4 (MIPv4) protocol. Route optimization, however, requires that a mobile node constantly inform its correspondent nodes about its new care-of addresses by sending them binding update messages. Unauthenticated or malicious binding updates open the door for intruders to perform redirect attacks, i.e., malicious acts which redirect traffic from correspondent nodes to locations chosen by intruders. How to protect binding update messages to defend against redirect attacks is a challenging problem given the open environment in which MIPv6 operates. In this paper, we first look at two solutions proposed by the IETF Mobile IP Working Group and point out their weaknesses. We then present a new protocol for securing binding update messages. We also show that our protocol achieves strong security and at the same time is highly scalable to wide spread deployment.

Client-based Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is the most well known mobility management protocol, and the fast emerging proxy-based Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) offers an alternative. Some inherent problems such as route optimization in these protocols have not been really solved. Although various proposals tried to tackle the route optimization problem, none of them has achieved a real success. Furthermore, most of them are not comprehensive solutions for coexisting MIPv6/PMIPv6 mobile environment. In this paper, we proposed a novel unified route optimization scheme - Traffic Driven Pseudo Binding Update (TDPBU) to accommodate various mobility management issues. We evaluated our proposed scheme through simulations, and numerical results show that TDPBU can significantly improve the overall performance of mobility management protocols. Index Terms—Route Optimization, Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), Traffic-Driven Pseudo Binding Update (TDPBU), Network Mobility (NEMO).

Route optimization support in mobile networks is one of the most important concerns in Next Generation Networks (NGNs). NGNs require an efficient route optimization scheme, optimized specially to support nesting of mobile networks. We propose an Extended Mobile IPv6 route optimization (EMIP) scheme to enhance the performance of nested mobile networks. EMIP scheme is based on MIPv6 route optimization and the root Mobile Router (MR) performs all the route optimization tasks on behalf of all active Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs). Thus, the network movement remains transparent to sub MRs and MNNs. It modifies only MRs and MNNs leaving other entities untouched and is more efficient than the Network Mobility Basic Support protocol (NEMO BS). We carried out extensive simulation study to show that EMIP performs better than NEMO BS and Reverse Routing Header (RRH, a well established route optimization protocol) with respect to TCP throughput and round trip time. EMIP effectively reduces unnecessary large travelling route and overhead, thereby enhances performance. It also achieves route optimization between the mobile network nodes inside nested mobile network.

Mobile IP has seen slow deployment for two major reasons; the need for enhancing edge routers with Home Agent/Foreign Agent functionality and the fact that triangle routing in such systems is not efficient. Triangle Routing is defined as the route that must be taken through the Home Agent for any traffic sent by the Correspondent Node to the Mobile Node. This route is triangle in nature and longer than the normal path between the Corresponded Node and the Mobile Node. Many protocols and research efforts have been developed to solve this problem. Internet service Provider (ISP MBG) is one of the proposed techniques used for solving the triangle routing problem in conventional Mobile IPv4. This paper will provide a further study on the performance evaluation of Route Optimization in Mobile IPv4 based on ISP MBG scheme. The proposed technique has been implemented and tested on the Microsoft.net platform. Simulation results prove that the new framework has solved the Triangle Routing Problem in Mobile IP by providing a shorter route with a minimum transmission time for all the datagrams transferred between the Correspondent Nodes and the Mobile Nodes.

Network mobility (NEMO) route optimization support is strongly demanded in next generation networks; without route optimization the mobile network (e.g., a vehicle) tunnels all traffic to its Home Agent (HA). The mobility may cause the HA to be geographically distant from the mobile network, and the tunneling causes increased delay and overhead in the network. It becomes peculiar in the event of nesting of mobile networks due to pinball routing, for example, a Personal Area Network (PAN) inside a vehicle. The authors propose an Extended Mobile IPv6 route optimization (EMIP) scheme to enhance the performance of nested mobile networks in local and global mobility domain. The EMIP scheme is based on MIPv6 route optimization and the root Mobile Router (MR) performs all the route optimization tasks on behalf of all active Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs). Thus, the network movement remains transparent to sub MRs and MNNs and modifies only MRs and MNNs leaving other entities untouched and is more efficient than the Network Mobility Basic Support protocol (NEMO BS). The authors carried out an extensive simulation study to evaluate the performance of EMIP.

To deal with increasing number of the mobile devices and real-time applications in the next generation wireless IPv6 networks, effective mobility management has become a critical problem. IETF proposed mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and its fast handoff protocol (FMIPv6) to provide mobility management for this demand. In this paper, we propose a seamless handoff scheme, which reduces the handoff delay by using an advanced care-of address (CoA) provisioning and testing method, for real-time applications based on FMIPv6. In our proposal, collision-free CoA is proactively prepared and the time for CoA testing is removed from the FMIPv6 handoff delay to achieve seamless handoff. The simulation results show that our proposal outperforms the current schemes on the aspect of handover delay.

In this paper, a new approach is proposed to reduce handoff operation in IEEE 802.16e network. Traditional mobile approaches, such as mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6), can support smoothly handoff. These approach, ,unfortunately, suffer large handoff delay and packet lost in macro mobility for mobile users. With the aid of the partner node, DAD operation can be pre-executed by the partner node before the mobile node initialize the handoff request, we propose a cross-layer partner based fast handoff mechanism based on HMIPv6 in IEEE 802.16e network, called as P_HMIPv6 protocol. The P_HMIPv6 protocol is a cross-layer, layer 2 and layer 3, approach. The partner station (PS), which is a new component with relay ability and adopted by our protocol, is a static mobile station (MS). With the aid of the PSs, care-of address (CoA) can be pre-acquired and DAD operation can be pre-executed by the PS before the MS initials the layer 2 handoff. The simulation results show that P_HMIPv6 protocol actually achieves the performance improvements in the handoff delay time and the packet loss.

This review paper gives a brief insight about Mobile IP, its features and entities constituting Mobile IP environment. The paper explores the working and routing mechanism of Mobile IP with a deep insight about triangle routing in Mobile IP Version 4(MIPv4) and route optimization in Mobile IP Version 6(MIPv6). This paper discusses several security issues regarding Mobile IP implementation. This paper also highlights route optimization problems and focuses on the solution of those problems.

With the provision of various wireless services, e.g., third-generation (3G) and wireless local area network (WLAN), more and more people request to access the Internet anywhere at anytime. For example, people want to check their e-mails on the bus or watch online news while traveling in the train. For this purpose, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed the concept of network mobility, i.e., a set of users move as a unit. We motivate the network mobility problem by considering the state-of-the-art scenario of the network mobility (NEMO) basic support protocol that is extended from the Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). In order to avoid the same problems suffered by MIPv6, a new session initiation protocol (SIP)-based network mobility management scheme called SIP-NEMO is designed and proposed in this paper. The proposed SIP-NEMO not only copes with the movement of a mobile network but also achieves the route optimization between two SIP clients without too many signaling messages over wireless links, even if the mobile network is nested. In this paper, we also analytically compute and simulate the performance of SIP-NEMO with the NEMO basic support protocol proposed by the IETF.

In the age of technology, most of the network services originally run on large scale and base on complicated systems. When they’re brought into our home, the migration could derive further technical problems due to the change of scale and cost. Home networking structure is often improvised and built up with several types of wireless technology, such as WiMedia and WiFi, inside several small rooms. In addition, people enjoy walking around at home and being served without constraints and service interruption, so the seamless services and mobility within home are a must. This paper describes a novel notion on the transition among wireless connectivities at home which is named Hand-around and efficiently provides seamless network services while moving in heterogeneous and improvised home networking. A developing technique in Mobile IPv6, called multiple care-of addresses (MCoA) registration, is the best candidate to accomplish such seamless services in an all-IP home network. Besides, it’s a pure layer-3 mechanism and hence could more easily apply on and adapt to home services without massively changing the operational flow and system hierarchy, especially suited for services of multimedia, communication and entertainment. This notion also gives a new vision to some scenarios described in Home Gateway Initiative (HGI) document.KeywordsHome networkingHome gatewaySeamless serviceMobile home serviceMultiple care-of address registrationHeterogeneous networks

Fast handover protocol provides seamless handover in mobile IPv6 networks by reducing handover latency. One assumption in fast handover is that the MN (Mobile Node) or the network could know or predict the new AR (Access Router) before data transport from the previous AR to the MN is disrupted. In order to achieve this capability, the complexity of predicting the new AR and the diversity of the wireless link technologies should be considered. While it is difficult to know or predict the new AR exactly, a better solution is required to find a reasonable set of candidate ARs (i.e., neighbor ARs) that are likely to be the new AR after a handover. This paper introduces a solution to support a fast handover mechanism using multi-tunnels between MAP (Mobility Anchor Point) and neighbor ARs in HMIPv6 (Hierarchical Mobile IPv6) network. It includes the concepts of Proxy Mobile IP for creation of CoA (Care of Address) and DAD (Duplicate Address Detection). In this protocol, the MN can handover without receiving any information about the new AR and this eliminates difficulties to know or predict exactly the new AR which is not specified in standard fast handover scheme. It decouples layer-2 and layer-3 handover and efficiently reduces handover latency through the minimized number of wireless signaling messages and pre-DAD. It also saves periods of service disruption and prevents packet loss in the case of ping-pong movement of the high-speed MN. The performance of the proposed mechanism is evaluated by simulations under variable conditions.

With the functionalities of obtaining new care-of-address (CoA) ahead and building tunnels for packet forwarding during handover, the fast handover scheme has better performance than Mobile IPv6. However, the handover performance is downgraded if mobile node (MN) cannot finish the handover preparation before the associated link is broken. In this paper, we propose an optimistic ready-tunneling (ORT) control scheme to resolve the aforementioned problems. In the proposed ORT scheme, new access router (NAR) can prepare for a new CoA and builds a tunnel for MN ahead when MN enters the domain of NAR. As a result, MN can switch to the new network domain smoothly because of early CoA acquisition and tunnel establishment during handover.

This paper presents a novel scheme that enables IPv6 mobile networks to perform optimal route optimization. The proposed scheme exploits features of the widely deployed border gateway protocol (BGP). When a mobile network is about to change its point of attachment to the Internet, its mobile router (MR) gets a new care-of-address (CoA) from the visited location and sends a binding update to its home agent (HA). Additionally, MR gets a new temporary network prefix (TNP) at the new location using the prefix delegation protocol. MR then advertises this TNP to its subnet via a router advertisement (RA) message and enables the mobile network nodes (MNNs) to build their own respective CoAs. Simultaneously, this TNP is also sent to the border router (BR) of the home network to enable BR update its BGP routing table. This operation is performed to build an association between the TNP and the mobile network prefix (MNP). BR then notifies its peers of this new update. This procedure will enable any correspondent node (CN) to directly communicate with MNNs, avoiding therefore ingress filtering and reducing both signaling and processing overhead on MR and the home agent (HA). A comparison of the proposed scheme against the NEMO Basic Support scheme, in terms of communication delay, is made via a simple performance analysis.