A filtering concept for improving the angle-based forwarding scheme in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network communications

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a special kind of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) that supports cooperative driving among communicating cars on the roads. There are several technologies involved in implementation of wireless communication in VANETs. These technologies include 3G cellular systems, long-term evolution (LTE), LTE Advanced, IEEE 802.16, and IEEE 802.11. This chapter focuses on 802.11-based wireless communication in VANETs. It reviews some presented methods for vehicle movement path prediction, and explains some algorithms are explained for performance improvement in opportunistic networks based on the predicted vehicle movements. The chapter considers the fact that communication in VANETs can be infrastructure-based or infrastructureless. It also reviews some methods to apply the predicted vehicles' position for improving communication in infrastructure-based and infrastructureless VANETs, respectively. Opportunistic routing algorithms can be classified according to their dependency on roadside infrastructure. The chapter presents the taxonomy of opportunistic routing in VANETs.

Road safety applications envisaged for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) depend largely on the exchange of messages to deliver information to concerned vehicles. Safety applications as well as inherent VANET characteristics make data dissemination an essential service and a challenging task. We are developing a decentralized efficient solution for broadcast data dissemination through two game-theoretical mechanisms. Besides, VANETs can also include autonomous vehicles (AVs). AVs might represent a revolutionary new paradigm that can be a reality in our cities in the next few years. AVs do not need a driver to work; instead, they should copy a proper human behavior to adapt the driving according to the current circumstances, such as speed limit, pedestrian crossing street or wheather conditions. We will develop an AV software module including artificial intelligence (AI) techniques so that AVs can interact with the dynamic scenario throughout time. Finally, we also will include electrical vehicles (EV) in the VANET, so that special services such as finding and reserving an EV charging station place will be welcome. In addition, we are developing a multimetric geographic routing protocol for VANETs to transmit H.265 video (traffic accident, traffic state, commercial….) over VANETs.

VANETs are targeted to improve the traffic safety and driving experience on the road. Vehicular connectivity based communication in VANETs to be used for safety critical, safety related and non safety related messages dissemination in the networks. A key challenge in developing such network connectivity mechanism is that quickly adaptation the changes in the network topology due to the vehicular mobility. In this work we investigate the feasibility of developing the location based network connectivity for communication in VANETs in the spatial localized time domain for safety applications. The vehicular mobility and maximization of network connectivity duration between the vehicles have been identified as two important design goals in this work. However, these two goals are in conflict in nature, which makes it challenging to achieve both of these two goals in VANETs. To balance the trade-off between vehicular mobility and network connectivity, the average number of vehicle links, average link duration and connection time of each vehicle is ensured and subject to this constraint, aggregate network connectivity is maximized for efficient communication in VANETs.KeywordsMedium access control (MAC)Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs)Vehicular connectivity

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) plays a vital role in the intelligent transportation system (ITS). When a vehicle receives a message through network, the CRL (certificate revocation list) checking process will operate before certificate and signature verification. After successful authentication, a CRL list is created based on authentication. This CRL is used to verify whether a vehicle node can be permitted for communication in the VANET network. But when using CRL, a huge amount of storage space and checking time is needed. So we proposed a method without the CRL list. It mentions a key management list to overcome large storage space and checking time. Even it reduced the access delay. For access permission we can do an authentication system based digital novel signature authentication (DNSA) for each vehicle in the VANET with the RSU unit or with other participant node vehicles in the communication as per the topology. We can perform an efficient and secured communication in VANET.

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) technology enables communication between vehicles, or vehicles and road-side units (RSUs) through wireless communication devices installed on the vehicles. One of the most important goals of VANETs is providing safety applications for passengers. In addition, VANETs provide comfort applications to users. Guaranteeing a reliable and stable routing protocol over VANETs is a very important step. The proposed research attempts to improve routing protocols that decrease the end-to-end delay to suit VANET communication characteristics. In addition, it proposes analysis of the end-to-end delay probability distribution. More specifically, we derive a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the re-healing delay in a VANET conditioned on the distance between two VANET clusters. Furthermore, we propose a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the unconditional re-healing delay. Moreover, we develop a mathematical model to calculate the probability distribution of the end-to-end delay. On the other hand, using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones in wireless communications and Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) has started to attract attention. We propose a routing protocol that uses infrastructure drones for boosting VANET communications to achieve a minimum vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. In addition, we propose a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay on a two-way highway. Moreover, based on that closed-form expression, we can calculate the minimum drone density (maximum separation distance between two adjacent drones) that stochastically limits the worst case of the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. Furthermore, we propose a drones-active service (DAS) that is added to the location service in a VANET. This service dynamically and periodically obtains the required number of active drones based on the current highway connectivity state by obtaining the maximum distance between each two adjacent drones while satisfying a probabilistic constraint for vehicle-todrone packet delivery delay. Our analysis focuses on two-way highway VANET networks with low vehicular density. The simulation results show the accuracy of our analysis and reflect the relation between the drone density, vehicular density and speed, other VANET parameters, and the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. In addition, we propose a new routing protocol called multi-copy intersection-based routing (MCIR) for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) in urban areas. MCIR is an intersectionbased routing protocol that forwards multiple copies of the packets in different road segments. Moreover, it is a beacon-less routing protocol with a carry-and-forward strategy. We show via simulation that the MCIR protocol is superior to other existing routing protocols, especially in low vehicular density scenarios. The results show that MCIR achieves a shorter end-to-end delay and a higher packet delivery ratio in urban VANET communications.

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is a component of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which furnishes communication among vehicles. It delivers comfort and safety information to passengers and vehicle drivers. Security plays a vital role during the transmission of data as the various distinct security attacks directly influence the safety of the passengers on the road. Several security attacks will disrupt normal functions like the transmission of data. Some security breaches inject false information which affects the safety of drivers. However, there are several demurrers in detecting abnormal activities efficiently as the traditional system faces imbalanced data problems. This paper presents an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for detecting anomalies and protecting communication systems from several distinct attacks. The proposed IDS utilizes two deep learning (DL) mechanisms such as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) for detecting anomalies in the vehicular network. The hybrid CNN-GRU mechanism helps in solving the overfitting and low-velocity problems. It also detects several attacks and protects the ad hoc network from those attacks to safeguard the vehicle users. The results show that the propounded model outperforms the other traditional detection mechanisms by 10.79% in terms of performance compared to other IDS.

Reliability is an important issue for safety-critical broadcast services in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). So far, most investigations of such broadcast networks focus on multihop connectivity, taking all one-hop links for granted. In this paper, four reliability metrics for one-hop broadcast communication in VANETs, including the packet reception rate (PRR), the packet delivery ratio (PDR), the node successful packet delivery probability (PDP), and the effective range (ER), are introduced and evaluated analytically and by simulations. Expressions of these reliability metrics for one-hop broadcast in IEEE-802.11-based 1-D VANETs are derived with consideration of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF), the hidden terminal problem, and collisions caused by concurrent transmissions. The impacts of network parameters such as distinct transmission, carrier sensing, and interference ranges; the density of nodes in the networks; the distances of receivers to the senders; the message generation rates; the backoff window sizes; and the channel data rates on the reliability of the broadcast communication in VANETs are investigated and discussed. As an example, the proposed model is applied to the evaluation of the dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) safety-critical message propagation in a highway setting. As a result, some important observations to the design and analysis of such communication systems are provided.

This work proposes authentication based on identity as a way to increase the efficiency and security of communications in vehicular ad-hoc networks. When using identity-based cryptography to achieve certificateless authentication, membership revocation is not a trivial problem. Thus, in order to improve the performance of revocation in such networks, the use of a dynamic authenticated data structure based on perfect k-ary hash trees combined with a duplex version of the new standard SHA-3 is here presented. Efficient algorithms in the used revocation trees allow reaching a refresh rate of at most simple updates per inserted node. Consequently, the proposal is especially useful for situations with frequent revocations, which are foreseeable when vehicular ad- hoc networks are widely deployed.

With the growing interest in the use of internet of things (IoT), machine-to-machine (M2M) communications have become an important networking paradigm. In this paper, with recent advances in wireless network virtualization (WNV), we propose a novel framework for M2M communications in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) with WNV. In the proposed framework, according to different applications and quality of service (QoS) requirements of vehicles, a hypervisor enables the virtualization of the physical vehicular network, which is abstracted and sliced into multiple virtual networks. Moreover, the process of resource blocks (RBs) selection and random access in each virtual vehicular network is formulated as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), which can achieve the maximum reward about transmission capacity. The optimal policy for RBs selection is derived by virtue of a dynamic programming approach. Extensive simulation results with different system parameters are presented to show the performance improvement of the proposed scheme.

VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks) enable on-road wireless communication using vehicular and road-based electronic infrastructure. The services provided include routine traffic information dissemination aimed at ensuring safe driving while offering payment systems, and entertainment services are also part of VANET services. Ensuring secure, cost-effective VANET communication is a key research focus. A mechanism for unidentified message transmission, reciprocal vehicular and road base verification, as well as highly secure authentication by a trusted party, preservation of confidentiality of messages, recovery of the identity of vehicle by a trusted authority in unfortunate events, and low set up cost, is the prerequisite for trusted vehicular communication in VANET. The technique of Chameleon hashing signature provides message security with frequent changing of keys. The validation of vehicular identity in group-based communication is centralized using group signature and time stamping. This study proposes a framework combining chameleon hash signatures with group signatures to enhance VANET communication privacy, security, and cost-effectiveness.

A new cooperative communication algorithm for improving connectivity in the event of network failure in VANETs

SPHA-VC: Secure passengers health assessment via vehicular communications

A type of ad hoc network formed among moving vehicles that come in one another’s radio transmission range is called Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET). VANET may be deployed using three architectures: pure ad hoc, WLAN and hybrid. Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) are the two modes in VANET used for communication among vehicles. These features not only distinguish a VANET from other ad hoc networks but also make these networks more exposed to attacks and increase their complexity. These networks being the primary mechanism for communication in VANETs, appropriate and timely delivery of information is of prime importance. Due to the existence of various vehicular traffic scenarios, a single category of routing protocols is not sufficient for the VANETs. Therefore, various categories of routing protocols have been tailored to meet specific kinds of routing requirements in this framework. Most significant ones are ad hoc/topology-based, position-based, geocast-based, cluster-based, broadcast-based protocols. There exist a number of attacks that apart from affecting various other parameters also affect the routing protocols in these VANETs. Most of these attacks may be launched in all the above-mentioned three architectures. But, one of the most dangerous attacks is the Sybil attack that may be initiated in pure ad hoc deployment of VANET where vehicles communicate with one another in one to one manner using carry forward approach. In this paper, with the help of illustrative example for each of the five categories of routing protocols, we show how Sybil attack affects these protocols. Considering the ad hoc scenarios in VANETs, we also discuss a prevention mechanism for the Sybil attack briefly.

VABLOCK: A blockchain-based secure communication in V2V network using icn network support technology

Vehicle self-positioning via Kalman filter using multi-station non-circular signals