A formal approach in robot development process using a UML model

This paper reports results of an empirical investigation into the formal processes that apparel manufacturing companies use to develop their managers. The findings of the study shed light on the formal development processes that are commonly used in the industry and on differences across companies of different ownership. The investigations revealed that not all human resource managers actively engage in the provision of different formal management development processes. Instead, some development processes are solely provided by the heads of the departments within their departments without having any specific organisation-led development initiative. The implications of the findings are discussed. DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljhrm.v1i1.5109">http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljhrm.v1i1.5109</a> Sri Lankan Journal of Human Resource Management Vol.1(1) 2007 pp.14-35

This article proposes a prototype development of ET (Embedded technology) rescue robot that follows an object-oriented analysis and design methodology (OOADM) by using a UML (Unified modeling language) as a tool in the process. The idea is to improve the robot application development process to be efficient, rapid, and conformable with the standard by using the UML. The ET rescue robot prototype comprises of the two systems; a robot control system and a victim discovering system. The robot operation control is performed by a computer that interconnects the robot via a Bluetooth network. The operator monitors the robot operation by using video, sound, and temperature data that are captured through a camera, sound sensor, and temperature sensor installed on the robot to discover the victim, respectively. The robot was tested and experimented under the environment imitated the victim discovery in disastrous scenario. The result reflected that the prototype of ET rescue robot can be developed in the application level by following the OOADM as specified in the requirements.

Experience has shown that some students have difficulty in comprehending the large number of different types of mechanical motion and the even greater number of formulas that are studied in the physics course. To make it easier for the students to deal with these problems, we have compiled a table, a sort of conspectus of the different kinds of mechanical motion studied in school. The vertical columns tell immediately for each type of motion how and why a body moves in that way. It is also useful to accompany each column in the table with graphs and figures showing the velocity, acceleration, and trajectory for each type of motion. In a horizontal direction, the table compares the different types of motion both dynamically and kinematically.

Unified Modeling Language (UML) plays an important role in the modern software development process by offering standardized methods for visual modeling, analysis, and design of complex systems. This paper discusses the main aspects of storing, editing, and integrating UML documents with integrated development environments (IDEs). The main focus is on comparing the two main formats for storing UML models – XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) and JavaScript Object Notation (JSON). XMI, being an official standard developed by Object Management Group, provides a high degree of detail and compatibility with various UML tools, making it preferable for large and complex projects that require support for the full UML specification. At the same time, JSON is simple and flexible, which makes it suitable for projects where speed of development and ease of integration are important, although it is inferior to XMI in describing complex aspects of UML models. The paper analyzes in detail the methods of editing UML documents, including manual editing and automated approaches, using APIs and scripts. Manual editing is useful when you need to make small changes to the structure of a UML document, but it can be time-consuming and error-prone when working with large projects. Automation, on the other hand, provides effective tools for mass editing and generating UML elements, which significantly speeds up development and minimizes the likelihood of errors, especially since modern tools such as StarUML offer the necessary tools for programmatically modifying UML documents by integrating them into development processes. Combining of UML documents with integrated development environments also plays a key role in increasing development efficiency, as this allows automating code generation based on UML models, maintaining synchronization between code and diagrams, and facilitating visualization and documentation of architectural solutions. Despite the significant advantages, there are challenges associated with limited support for all UML features and potential conflicts between models and code. This only emphasizes the need for further research in this area. Prospects for further research include the development of new methods and tools for working with UML documents, improving their integration with development environments, and using artificial intelligence to automate the analysis and design of UML models. Attention should also be paid to the using of UML with continuous integration processes, which can significantly increase the flexibility and adaptability of software development. Thus, the study of the structure of storing, editing, and integrating UML documents is an important area for optimizing the design and development of modern software systems.

The UML (Unified Modeling Language), with the enhancements in UML 2.0, is receiving interest by an increasing number of industrial and academic groups from the EDA, embedded software and hardware systems, who look at it and at its extension mechanisms as a practical and standard means to define family of languages targeted to specific application domains and levels of abstraction, while providing unification. In the Embedded Systems and SoC (System-on-Chip) area, we defined a model-driven design methodology based on UML 2.0, UML profiles and C/C++/SystemC. In this paper, we extend this design flow in order to support the platform-based design principles. We also present the architecture of a prototype tool, which provides a graphical representation in UML (from a highlevel functional model down to RTL) of hardware and software components, C/C++/SystemC code generation from UML models, and a reverse engineering process from C/C++/SystemC code to UML models.

Visual discomfort of stereoscopic 3D videos: Influence of 3D motion

Debugging on computer program is a complex cognitive activity. Although it is complex, it&amp;rsquo;s still one of the popular issues in computer programming task. It is a difficult task, which is to understand what the error is and how to solve such error? In computer programming the difficulty is to understand the Object-Oriented programming concept together with the programming logic. If the programming logic is incorrect, the program codes will have such error named as logic error and can caused highly maintenance cost. Logic error is a bug in a program that causes it to operate incorrectly, without terminating or crashing the program. It will produce unintended output or other behavior than what we are expecting. Method that use to develop a propose model Object Oriented Debugger is Unified Modeling Language (UML). It is the best choice model and suitable to design the Object Oriented Debugger which will be developed in an object oriented programming environment. The model will provide an ability to capture the characteristics of a system by using notations in the process of designing and implementing the system. The model of Object Oriented Debugger has been successfully implemented. This model has been developed using Unified Approach methodology, which consists of two methods such as Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA) and Object-Oriented Design (OOD). The model developed is to capture the structure and behavior of the Object Oriented Debugger by using the UML diagram. The model also can ease the readability of the documentation for the maintenance purposes. The design of the Object Oriented Debugger Model has been developed using the UML notation. It&amp;rsquo;s consisting of two parts that are object-oriented analysis and object-oriented design. All the developing and designing are based on the model in UML.

The emergence of Unified Modeling Language (UML) as a standard for modeling systems has encouraged the use of automated software tools that facilitate the development process from analysis through coding. The UML state machine diagram is used for modeling the dynamic aspects of systems and includes many concepts that are not present in most popular programming languages, like Java or C++. There exists a gap between high level modeling language and a programming language. This paper proposes an approach to narrow the gap between multiple UML models and an implemented system. The narrowing of gap is achieved by generating compact and efficient Java code directly from UML state machine having sequential and concurrent substates. The code generation is achieved by creating a mapping between UML behavior and the Java programming language. Our model can work as a basis for automatic code generation for object-oriented systems.

The human vestibular system is crucial for motion perception, balance control, and various higher cognitive functions. Exploring how the cerebral cortex responds to vestibular signals is not only valuable for a better understanding of how the vestibular system participates in cognitive and motor functions but also clinically significant in diagnosing central vestibular disorders. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides a portable and non-invasive brain imaging technology to monitor cortical hemodynamics under physical motion.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the cerebral cortical response to naturalistic vestibular stimulation induced by real physical motion and to validate the vestibular cerebral cortex previously identified using alternative vestibular stimulation.ApproachFunctional NIRS data were collected from 12 right-handed subjects when they were sitting in a motion platform that generated three types of whole-body passive translational motion (circular, lateral, and fore-and-aft).Main resultsThe study found that different cortical regions were activated by the three types of motion. The cortical response was more widespread under circular motion in two dimensions compared to lateral and fore-and-aft motions in one dimensions. Overall, the identified regions were consistent with the cortical areas found to be activated in previous brain imaging studies.SignificanceThe results provide new evidence of brain selectivity to different types of motion and validate previous findings on the vestibular cerebral cortex.

In this paper we present the original method of intensive hands-on training in Object-oriented Analysis and Design (OOA/OOD) with the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The method has been successfully used by the authors for three years. During the training, the students: go through the communication problems that are typical for large software development projects obtain the successful experience of applying UML to overcome these problems. The essence of the method is that a team of students is supposed to design a software system. They have several hours to complete the task. During this timeframe verbal and written communication is forbidden, and the UML is the only allowed language. This training is a kind of experiment for students -- they are to discover whether UML is "a real language" that is suitable and beneficial for a project team.The training was successfully delivered more than ten times in both academic and corporate environments and generated positive feedback from students and customers.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to improve the understanding of how individually designed services are actually developed in small companies. Design/methodology/approach – This study focuses on a small number of enterprises over a relatively long period. The study has been using a qualitative method based on repeated interviews. Findings – The findings in this study show that there is no such thing as formal and/or structured development processes within the companies that were studied. The development process is more focused on how to, in an informal way, get hold of knowledge and other resources that are needed in order to create the new service. The development process can therefore be described as an intellectual and interactive process that involves cooperation within and between a changing set of actors and intervening parties, who all strive to create the knowledge that is needed in order to form new service offerings. Originality/value – The main contribution of this study is to bring new perspectives into the service development area, and thereby highlight other aspects that the traditional service development literature has been focusing on, i.e. intra-organisation service development.

The first passage probability (FPP), of trafficked intracellular particles reaching a displacement L, in a given time t or inverse velocity S = t/L, can be calculated robustly from measured particle tracks, and gives a measure of particle movement in which different types of motion, e.g. diffusion, ballistic motion, and transient run-rest motion, can readily be distinguished in a single graph, and compared with mathematical models. The FPP is attractive in that it offers a means of reducing the data in the measured tracks, without making assumptions about the mechanism of motion: for example, it does not employ smoothing, segementation or arbitrary thresholds to discriminate between different types of motion in a particle track. Taking experimental data from tracked endocytic vesicles, and calculating the FPP, we see how three molecular treatments affect the trafficking. We show the FPP can quantify complicated movement which is neither completely random nor completely deterministic, making it highly applicable to trafficked particles in cell biology.

In the past decade, the use of movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) for brain computer interface-based rehabilitation protocols has increased manifolds. Such systems suffer severely from high frequency colored noise making it extremely difficult to recognize these signals with high accuracy on a single-trial basis. All previous work in this domain has mainly focused on offline systems using computing power of lab computers in which the detection of the MRCPs is done independent to the classification of the type of movement. The main focus of this work is to test the detection of the presence of the MRCP signal as well as its classification into different types of movements in a single online system (portable Raspberry Pi II) where the classification system takes over only after the presence of MRCP signal has been detected. To achieve this, the MRCP signal was first spatially (Laplacian) and later band pass filtered to improve the signal to noise ratio, then a matched filter was applied to detect the signal. This was obtained with a detection latency of −458 ± 97 ms before the movement execution. Then six temporal features were extracted from 400 ms data after the point of detection to be classified by a standard linear support vector machine. The overall accuracy of 73 % was achieved for the online detection and classification for four different types of movements which is very close to the base line accuracy of 74 % using the offline system. The whole system was tested on Matlab and verified on a Raspberry Pi II as a portable device. The results show that the online implementation of such a system is feasible and can be adapted for stroke patient rehabilitation.KeywordsMovement-related cortical potentialsRehabilitationDetection of movement onsetOnline brain computer interface system

Movement-related potentials (MRPs) were recorded from subdural electrodes chronically implanted in the interhemispheric fissure in two patients being evaluated for epilepsy surgery. Different types of movements (finger, foot, tongue and vocalization) were executed. Foot movements elicited a clearly defined, well-localized slow negativity or positivity (Bereitschaftspotential, BP) preceding electromyogram (EMG) onset. These BPs were seen from the contralateral primary motor foot area and also from bilateral supplementary motor areas (SMAs) with equivalent amplitudes and temporal evolutions. A steeper potential [negative slope (NS')] occurred about 300 ms before EMG onset and the motor potential (MP) started 100 ms before EMG onset. Negative slopes and MPs also arose from the contralateral primary motor area as well as from the bilateral SMAs. Finger movements elicited well-localized BPs and NS' which were generated from the bilateral SMAs, but were of higher amplitude on the contralateral SMA. Motor potentials started 50 ms prior to EMG onset and arose exclusively from the contralateral SMA. Tongue protrusions and vocalizations also elicited BP, NS' and MP which were seen in the bilateral SMAs. Movement-related potentials for different types of movements had a somatotopic distribution in the SMA, which was consistent with the SMA somatotopic organization defined by electrical simulation. Movement-related potentials for tongue movements and vocalization had a similar distribution and waveform. It was concluded that bilateral SMAs generate well-defined MRPs consistent with the assumption that the SMA plays a significant role in the organization of voluntary movements. However, the MRPs from the bilateral SMAs do not have characteristics which are different from those of the primary motor area. This suggests the hypothesis of 'supplementary' function for SMA, and does not support the hypothesis of 'supramotor' function.

in particular. Data management for muzaki, acceptance, and distribution and its report has been computerized, but have the disadvantage that is not integrated with one another and still use a computer that will reduce the efficiency of time management plus a few features that are less like making a donation receipt and report. Therefore, this study proposes the development of Zakat Management Information System based on client-server that can resolve the problems found in previous systems. The development is performed on this information system is to integrate the data Muzaki, donation data, and data distribution by grouping the distribution of consumptive and productive, giving information on the amount of revenue and income, availability of a direct donation receipt can be printed, the ease and accuracy in obtaining information, the availability of realtime periodic reports, and applications that can be accessed at the same time. In this system development, research methodology Rapid Application Development (RAD) as a method of system development. For system design methodology and analysis, research methodology approach with Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) and Object Oriented Design (OOD). With the Unified Modeling Language (UML) as a tool in the analysis and design. Zakat Information System application was tested using a method of software testing with black box testing and produce appropriate results. The hope, this research can help BMT Masjid Al-Azhar University branch Muzaki Ciledug in data management, donations and a better distribution so that the collection and disbursement of zakat can be further optimized and employees in managing the activities of this charity can be more effective and efficient in providing accurate information. Keywords : Information Systems, Zakat, Consumptive and productive, Rapid Application Development (RAD), and Unified Modeling Language (UML).