A Foundational Service Framework

Web Services technologies have over a period of time replaced expensive EDI links and have come to stay as the backbone for collaboration between various enterprises. While currently majority of Web Services are available free, over a period of time increased business dependencies of customers on Web Services are resulting in demands for better Quality of Service. Investments in newer technologies to improve Quality of Service results in increasing Cost of Service, which needs to be offset by revenues. While service providers seek predictability in revenues, customers and users of the Web Services seek flexibility in pricing by not being charged for services not used and service features that are not provided. QoS thus becomes a key determinant of pricing in Web Services. This paper attempts to define a framework for pricing Web Services based on the QoS features provided, the underlying Cost of Service and the level of predictability of revenues that accrue to the service provider based on the transaction volumes of various services. The proposed framework suggests a Subscription-based Pricing for Commoditized Web Services, Transaction-based Pricing for Channelized Web Services and Risk-Based Pricing for Customized Web Services.

웹 서비스의 활용 범위가 커지고 실제적인 구현사례가 늘어감에 따라, 웹 서비스 품질모델을 현실적으로 적용할 수 있는 방법에 대한 중요성이 커지고 있다. 웹 서비스 품질을 일관성있게 유지하기 위해서는 웹 서비스 품질보증에 대한 방안이 연구되어야만 한다. 웹 서비스 보증이란 웹 서비스의 품질수준을 일정수준이상으로 유지하기 위한 행위들의 총체를 의미하며, 이를 위해 웹 서비스 품질보증자란 새로운 개념의 관계자가 국제기구에서 웹 서비스 표준으로 새롭게 제시되었다. 웹 서비스 품질보증자는 웹 서비스 사용자들의 품질요구사항을 수렴하여, 웹 서비스 제공자가 일정 품질수준이상의 웹 서비스를 제공할 수 있도록 감시한다. 웹 서비스 제공자와 사용자 그리고, 품질보증자는 웹 서비스 수준을 관리하기 위해 서비스 수준을 측정하여 그 결과에 따라 페널티와 인센티브를 부여하는 SLA(Service Level Agreement) 방식을 적용할 수 있다. 하지만, SLA에서는 서비스 사용자와 제공자가 같은 서비스 항목에 대해 일대일로 대응한다는 전제를 가지고 있어서, 다수사용자와 공공성, 그리고 제3자 관리와 같은 웹 서비스 프레임워크에는 적합하지 않은 점들이 존재한다. 따라서, 웹 서비스에 SLA를 적용하기 위해서는 웹 서비스의 이러한 특성들을 반영한 새로운 보증기법이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 품질 기대수준을 표현하기 위해 웹 서비스 품질 위탁보증수준이라는 새로운 개념을 제시하고자 한다. 이는 각 사용자의 각 품질항목별 품질기대수준의 최대치라 할 수 있으며, 웹 서비스 품질관계자에게 일관성있는 품질 뷰를 제공한다. 본 논문에서는 이를 이용해 각 품질관계자가 보다 쉽게 일정 수준이상의 품질수준을 유지할 수 있는 방안에 대해 제시하고자 한다. As the coverage of Web services become wider and the number of implementation cases is growing, the importance of applying the Web services quality model to real world is increased. For maintaining the level of Web services qualify, it should be required to study on assurance method of Web services qualify level. Assurance for Web services, which is newly proposed by OASIS TC, means the totality of activities for managing the quality level of them. For managing Web service quality, Web service associates could usually use SLA(Service Level Agreement) method in which a service consumer contracts for some service level with a service provider and gives for penalty or pays incentives according to the result of evaluation of services. But, there are some difficulties in applying SLA to Web services, because Web services have publicity, multiple users, and 3rd party for management. So, we need a new assurance method for Web service by considering the characteristics of Web services. This paper provides the new concept of committed assurance level for Web services. This concept can be defined as the set of maximum level of quality expected by each user, which provide the consistent view of Web service quality. This paper presents the method for duality associates to preserve some quality level of Web service by using this concept.

ADA compilers

Over the last ten years, evolutions in nomadic terminals and mobile networks led to ubiquitous and pervasive computing. Existing query evaluation and optimization techniques for distributed databases using global schemas and cost models are no longer relevant. Query service, the key element allowing users to access data, must adapt itself to frequent changes in pervasive environments (application constraints, user preferences, connectivity, etc.). In this paper, we propose a flexible architecture of a self-adaptive query service using Fractal reconfigurable components. Our proposition is based on two definitions of adaptability; the first one is a static adaptability by providing five different personalities of a query service, the second one is a dynamic adaptability controlled by a rule based mechanism. The architecture also provides adaptive query evaluation techniques in order to improve performance.

Apache Calcite is a foundational software framework that provides query processing, optimization, and query language support to many popular open-source data processing systems such as Apache Hive, Apache Storm, Apache Flink, Druid, and MapD. Calcite's architecture consists of a modular and extensible query optimizer with hundreds of built-in optimization rules, a query processor capable of processing a variety of query languages, an adapter architecture designed for extensibility, and support for heterogeneous data models and stores (relational, semi-structured, streaming, and geospatial). This flexible, embeddable, and extensible architecture is what makes Calcite an attractive choice for adoption in big-data frameworks. It is an active project that continues to introduce support for the new types of data sources, query languages, and approaches to query processing and optimization.

The GEMSS project has developed a service-oriented Grid that supports the provision of medical simulation services by service providers to clients such as hospitals. We outline the GEMSS architecture, legal framework and the security features that characterise the GEMSS infrastructure. High levels of quality of service are required and we describe a reservation-based approach to quality of service, employing a quality of service management system that iteratively finds suitable reservations and uses application specific performance models. The GEMSS Grid is a commercial environment so we support flexible pricing models and a FIPA reverse English auction protocol. Signed Web Service Level Agreement contracts are exchanged to commit parties to a quality of service agreement before job execution occurs. We run four experiments across European countries using high performance computing resources running advanced resource reservation schedulers. These experiments provide evidence for our Grid’s rational behaviour, both at the level of service provider quality of service management and at the higher level of the client choosing between competing service providers. The results lend support to our economic model and the technology we use for our medical application domain.

This paper presents the concepts, definitions, issues, and solutions that revolve around the adoption of capacity-driven Web services. Because of the intrinsic characteristics of these Web services compared to regular, mono-capacity Web services, they are examined in a different way and across four steps denoted by description, discovery, composition, and enactment. Implemented as operations to execute at run-time, the capacities that empower a Web service are selected with respect to requirements put on this Web service such as data quality and network bandwidth. In addition, this paper reports on first the experiments that were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of capacity-driven Web services, and also the research opportunities that will be pursued in the future.

Web services provide a promising solution to an age old need of fast and flexible information sharing among people and businesses. One of the key research issues in web services is selection of most pertinent web services. Selection of web service has become a tedious job because of the increasing number of service providers providing services with similar functionality. Therefore, a framework for selection and discovery of web service that can meet the non-functional requirements is needed. In this work, we have developed a selection tool (WSS-NFP) for web services which can rank services based on their non functional properties such as performance, delay etc. We have used soft computing techniques for selection and discovery of web services based on non functional properties. These properties are fuzzy in nature. A tool is developed and implemented that is generic in nature and can be customized for any application domain. As a core of this tool, it consists of Fuzzy System for ranking web services and Neural Network for fine tuning the membership functions for linguistic terms. Appropriate and fine tuned membership functions help in minimizing the output error measure and maximizing the performance index of the proposed tool. This tool is basically a Neuro-Fuzzy system for ranking web services of any domain.

Web Service Composition is an important but challenging issue because of the large number and dynamicity of Web services. This paper proposed a dynamic Web service composition framework which based on OWL-S and HTN planning. It uses OWL-S as Web service description language and HTN planning engine to calculate service execution sequence dynamically. Under this framework, we firstly develop a service integration algorithm based on an improved K-Means algorithm. Based on the proposed service integration algorithm, we design a two-stage service match algorithm, which reduce the time cost of service match making with a large number of services. In particular, our HTN planning approach is based on several service types, not all the service instances, which greatly improve the efficiency of the planning procedure.

We consider a wireless network in which multiple Service Providers (SPs) compete to provide both macrocell and femtocell services in different bands. There are two types of users: mobile users that can only connect to macrocells, and fixed users that can be served by both macrocells and femtocells. For a given allocation of bandwidths across SPs, we characterize for each SP the optimal bandwidth split across the macro- and femtocells along with the equilibrium prices. We show that there exists a unique Nash equilibrium wherein for each SP, macrocells only serve mobile users while femtocells only serve fixed users. All possible Nash equilibria for different system parameters are sorted into four categories corresponding to whether or not different SPs assign bandwidth to the macro- and/or femtocells. In addition, we characterize properties of each category. The equilibrium prices and macro/femto bandwidths can be computed via a series of best response updates, which is proven to converge. Conditions are also given that guarantee optimal social welfare as the number of SPs tends to infinity. Numerical results are presented to illustrate how the Nash equilibrium can change as a function of SP bandwidths.

Recent progress in the field of web services has made it possible to integrate inter-organizational and heterogeneous services on the web at runtime. If a user request cannot be satisfied by a single web service, it is (or should be) possible to combine existing services in order to fulfill the request. However, there are several challenging issues that need to be addressed before this can be realized in the true sense. One of them is the ability to ensure end-to-end QoS of a web service composition. There is a need for a SLA negotiation system which can ensure the autonomous QoS negotiation of web service compositions irrespective of the application domain. In this paper we propose agent-based coordinated-negotiation architecture to ensure collective functionality, end-to-end QoS and the stateful coordination of complex services. We describe a prototype implementation to demonstrate how this architecture can be used in different application domains. We have also demonstrated how the negotiation system on the service provider's side can be implemented both as an Agent based Negotiation System and as a Web Service based Negotiation System.

The objective of this paper is to discuss the concepts of services, innovation and Techno-Economic Networks (TEN) and to come up with a sociotechnical framework to the analysis of innovation in the service sector. Two presuppositions serve as guidelines for this analysis: first, service may be seen as a socio-technical result and, therefore, suitable to be studied in an integrative innovation approach; second, the TEN has a socio-technical view of innovation phenomena, without a dualistic view of technological and non-technological innovations. Concepts of innovation are discussed and this is followed by a discussion of the characteristics of services and the TEN, in order to articulate this approach for research work in the service sector. The paper involves a proposal consisted in exploring and describing pertinent literature to the theme, as well as making proposals that may become component issues for a agenda in the innovation in services research field.

This paper presents the design principle for integrating quality management on Web service registry developed in UDDI specification and Web service quality management system (WSQMS). WSQMS, developed by NIA can measure and collect the quality information of Web services by its agency system installed on the Web service system. Web service registry is core system for registering and searching WSDL (Web service description language). On the registry, there are no methods that users search Web services on the basis of quality information because the registry is operating without any relationship of WSQMS. So, it is required an integration method where WSQMS and registries share the quality data on the basis of classified quality data. For representing Web service quality information, we adopted the WSQDL (Web service quality description language), which published by WSQM technical committee in OASIS. In more detail, this paper also presents the scheme to compose the classification scheme for quality data and to modify the necessary data structure of the registry.

This paper presents the design principle for integrating quality management on Web service registry developed in UDDI specification and Web service quality management system (WSQMS). WSQMS, developed by NIA can measure and collect the quality information of Web services by its agency system installed on the Web service system. Web service registry is core system for registering and searching WSDL (Web Service Description Language). On the registry, there are no methods that users search Web services on the basis of quality information because the registry is operating without any relationship of WSQMS. So, it is required an integration method where WSQMS and registries share the quality data on the basis of classified quality data. For representing Web service quality information, we adopted the WSQDL (Web Service Quality Description Language), which published by WSQM technical committee in OASIS. In more detail, this paper also presents the scheme to compose the classification scheme for quality data and to modify the necessary data structure of the registry.

Web services are interoperable and reusable software components that can be dynamically discovered and integrated over the Internet. Developed on open standards, Web services have become a promising solution to inter- and intra-organization application integration. The supply chain of Web services exhibits two distinct features that are not considered in previous literature on information and physical-good supply chain: the integration of multiple Web services and the cross-network externality effect between Web service vendors and users. In a quest to fill in the research gap, this paper studies the optimal pricing strategies of a monopolistic intermediary in the supply chain of complementary Web services. The Web service intermediary (WSI) provides both technical and aggregation services, and seeks to charge optimal subscription and listing fees. Analytical results show that in a supply chain of complementary Web services exhibiting cross-network effects, the optimal strategy for the WSI is to set the listing fee such that all service providers list on it. On the other hand, the optimal subscription fee depends on the intensity of the cross-network effect, consumers' valuation of value-added services, and the characteristics of the Web services under consideration.