A framework for the security configuration of wireless sensor networks.

Mesh communications is emerging as a popular networking solution. Mesh networks have a decentralized and multihop design. These characteristics arouse interest for the research of the following features: cooperation, task distribution, scalability and communication with limited infrastructure support. This chapter studies relevant solutions in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with a mesh design that is used with mobile devices. The use of mobile devices on WSNs has recently grown due to: hardware evolution, large number of embedded sensors and daily high utilization of handheld devices. Consequently, novel requisites in the design and implementation of WSNs urge to be satisfied: autonomy of sensors battery and, efficient data exchange amongst sensors and the Internet. A real mesh testbed with two Layer 2 mesh solutions (Open802.11s and B.A.T.M.A.N) was implemented with different topologies. Some relevant results for a mesh network are discussed in terms of its scalability, performance and volatility.

Software defined wireless sensor network (SDWSN) is a new network architecture for sensor networks. It provides an information monitoring and management technology solution for wireless sensor network, and has become a research hot spot in recent years. Despite the advantages of SDWSN, there are still some unavoidable problems such as over concentrated load and imbalanced energy consumption with the increase of network scale. To deal with the shortages of load and energy balance in SDWSN, we propose a new hierarchical subnet space based network balance algorithm. The proposed algorithm innovatively optimizes the network structure and forwarding rules of SDWSN. Fog computing is also applied to reduce packet transmission requirement, which helps to further balance load and reduce energy consumption. In our optimized network structure, the whole network is divided into several subnets and sub-controllers are selected for each subnet. Sensor data packets are collected and compressed in the sub-controller and sent to the center controller along the path consisted of sun-controllers. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm performs better than other existed algorithms in load balancing and energy saving.

WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) have been considered one of the very promising technologies for the implementation of smart grid. And security of WSNs becomes a central concern. The security solutions for generic wireless sensor networks cannot be directly used in smart grid WSNs. In this paper, the applications of sensor networks in electric power systems are discussed and analyzed first. Then, the characteristics of smart grid WSNs are summarized. Threats and security requirements special for wireless sensor networks used in smart grid systems are presented. Based on these works, reference security architecture was proposed to guide the development and the design of the security solutions of wireless sensor networks in smart grid systems, considering the information security requirements of electric power systems. Moreover, open security issues needed solve to protect WSNs applied in smart grid, and research challenges are introduced.

Scatter radio, i.e., communication by means of reflection, has been recently proposed as a viable ultra-low power solution for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper offers a detailed comparison between monostatic and multistatic scatter radio architectures. In monostatic architecture, the reader consists of both the illuminating transmitter and the receiver of signals scattered back from the sensors. The multistatic architecture includes several ultra-low cost illuminating carrier emitters and a single reader. Maximum-likelihood coherent and noncoherent bit error rate (BER), diversity order, average information, and energy outage probability comparison is performed, under dyadic Nakagami fading and filling a gap in the literature. It is found that: 1) diversity order, BER, and tag location-independent performance bounds of multistatic architecture outperform monostatic; 2) energy outage due to radio frequency (RF) harvesting for passive tags, is less frequent in multistatic than monostatic architecture; and 3) multistatic coverage is higher than monostatic. Furthermore, a proof-of-concept digital multistatic scatter radio WSN with a single receiver, four low-cost emitters, and multiple ambiently-powered low-bitrate tags, perhaps the first of its kind, is experimentally demonstrated (at 13 dBm transmission power), covering an area of 3500 m2. Research findings are applicable in the industries of WSNs, RF identification, and emerging Internet-of-Things.

In this paper, crowdsourcing-based industrial sensing intelligence (CISI) is proposed as a collaborative approach for large-scale monitoring in modern industrial plants, targeting at improved productivity and increased workplace safety. The proposed approach focuses on middleware, which considers both application and industry-grade requirements. Through embedding crowdsourcing knowledge at different levels and supporting QoS services, systems based on CISI can perform effective work assignment and flexible configuration of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper presents a middleware that addresses these characteristics, which is an extension of GSN, our earlier work on middleware for rapid deployment and integration of heterogeneous sensor networks. Wireless sensor devices and wearable equipment are employed as modeling tools for the middleware implementation.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) belongs to a new trend in technology in which tiny and resource constrained devices are wirelessly interconnected and are able to interact with the surrounding environment by collecting data such as temperature and humidity. Recently, due to the huge growth in the use of mobile devices with Internet connection, smartphones are becoming the center of future ubiquitous wireless networks. Interconnecting WSNs with smartphones and the Internet is a big challenge and new architectures are required due to the heterogeneity of these devices. Taking into account that people are using smartphones with Internet connection, there is a good opportunity to propose a new architecture for wireless sensors monitoring using push notifications and smartphones. Then, this paper proposes a ubiquitous approach for WSN monitoring based on a REST Web Service, a relational database, and an Android mobile application. Real-time data sensed by WSNs are sent directly to a smartphone or stored in a database and requested by the mobile application using a well-defined RESTful interface. A push notification system was created in order to alert mobile users when a sensor parameter overcomes a given threshold. The proposed architecture and mobile application were evaluated and validated using a laboratory WSN testbed and are ready for use.

Key agreement and digital certificates allow bootstrapping secure communication links and verifying identities or information. Thus, they are the cornerstone of many basic security functionalities. However, the resource-constrained nature of wireless sensor nodes limits the use of traditional solutions in wireless sensor networks. We propose a novel scheme allowing for fast, resource-friendly, and distributed key agreement and verification of information, featuring the efficiency of symmetric-key cryptography and the functionality of public-key certificates. The core idea of our system relies on the cryptographic association of identification information with polynomial shares. This concept allows the base station of a sensor network to sign node identification and configuration information such as routing addresses or access control roles. The information is signed by means of the polynomial shares distributed to nodes creating a lightweight digital certificate for each node. The proposed system operates in a fully stand-alone and distributed way, being able to perform a combined key agreement and lightweight digital certificate verification handshake within a few milliseconds with very low memory requirements.

This paper presents a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) solution applied to Precision Agriculture (PA) capable of collecting real time data on different parameters related to agriculture. The technological advances related to this activity are of great importance since agriculture is considered an economic and social pillar essential for the wellbeing of society. In addition, the growing demand for real-time information in the agriculture field has driven the development of efficient wireless communications via sensor networks. WSN provides low cost, low energy consumption, easy to implement solution in places of difficult access for the implementation of wired networks. Precision agriculture is a way to optimize resources and improve cultivation through the collection of relevant information through the deployment of sensor networks, providing government authorities with statistical information to make appropriate decisions based on reliable data. The present research describes the design, implementation and validation process of a WSN technological solution which can collect information related to humidity, environment and soil temperature, atmospheric pressure, level of luminosity and UV radiation; this information is relevant to determine optimal parameters for cultivation and farming methods using IoT technologies for Big Data analysis at the government level.

In this paper SDN-WISE, a software defined networking (SDN) solution for wireless sensor networks, is introduced. Differently from the existing SDN solutions for wireless sensor networks, SDN-WISE is stateful and pursues two objectives: (i) to reduce the amount of information exchanged between sensor nodes and the SDN network controller, and (ii) to make sensor nodes programmable as finite state machines so enabling them to run operations that cannot be supported by stateless solutions. A detailed description of SDN-WISE is provided in this paper. SDN-WISE offers APIs that allow software developers to implement the SDN Controller using the programming language they prefer. This represents a major advantage of SDN-WISE as compared to existing solutions because it increases flexibility and simplicity in network programming. A prototype of SDN-WISE has been implemented and is described in this paper. Such implementation contains the modules that allow a real SDN Controller to manage an OMNeT++ simulated network. Finally, the paper illustrates the results obtained through an experimental testbed which has been developed to evaluate the performance of SDN-WISE in several operating conditions.

Comunicació presentada al 2016 IEEE 3rd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), celebrat els deis 12 a 14 de desembre de 2016 a Reston, Virginia.

Advancements in electronic and computer technologies have cemented the way for explosion of wireless sensor networks. A fundamental component of resource management is transmitter power control and an efficient power control technique is essential to support system quality and efficiency. The data transmitted from the sensor nodes is highly susceptible to error in a wireless environment which increases the transmit power. Error control coding (ECC) schemes can improve the system performance and has an impact on energy consumption as node energy is sturdily influenced by the modulation and error correction coding used. This paper proposes a power control solution for wireless sensor network (WSN) considering MIDRS code in the analytical setting of a game theoretic approach. The game is formulated as a utility maximizing distributed power control game while considering the pricing function and the existence of Nash equilibrium is premeditated. From the analysis it is evident that the system is power stable only if the nodes comply with certain transmit power. The utility of nodes employing RS and MIDRS codes is compared; the results show that employing MIDRS achieves the best response for the sensor nodes by consuming less power.

IWSNs (Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks) have become the next step in the evolution of WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks) due to the nature and demands of modern industry. With this type of network, flexible and scalable architectures can be created that simultaneously support traffic sources with different characteristics. Due to the great diversity of application scenarios, there is a need to implement additional capabilities that can guarantee an adequate level of reliability and that can adapt to the dynamic behavior of the applications in use. The use of SDNs (Software Defined Networks) extends the possibilities of control over the network and enables its deployment at an industrial level. The signaling traffic exchanged between nodes and controller is heavy and must occupy the same channel as the data traffic. This difficulty can be overcome with the segmentation of the traffic into flows, and correct scheduling at the MAC (Medium Access Control) level, known as slices. This article proposes the integration in the SDN controller of a traffic manager, a routing process in charge of assigning different routes according to the different flows, as well as the introduction of the Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) Scheduler. In addition, the TSCH (Time Slotted Channel Hopping) is incorporated in the SDN-WISE framework (Software Defined Networking solution for Wireless Sensor Networks), and this protocol has been modified to send the TSCH schedule. These elements are jointly responsible for scheduling and segmenting the traffic that will be sent to the nodes through a single packet from the controller and its performance has been evaluated through simulation and a testbed. The results obtained show how flexibility, adaptability, and determinism increase thanks to the joint use of the routing process and the TSCH Scheduler, which makes it possible to create a slicing by flows, which have different quality of service requirements. This in turn helps guarantee their QoS characteristics, increase the PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) for the flow with the highest priority, maintain the DMR (Deadline Miss Ratio), and increase the network lifetime.

A survey on cross-layer solutions for wireless sensor networks

In recent years, secure, reliable and high speed data transmission have become key elements for cooperative based communication systems. Conventional communication methods are no longer sufficiently fulfilling the demands of next generation communication systems. In this paper, in order to establish communication between sensor nodes with the 3GPP LTE standard and achieve better communication values in terms of low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) regimes, four different Multi-Carrier modulation scenarios were investigated for relay network configuration of Wireless Sensor Networks' (WSNs) Physical Layer (PHY). Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) modulation techniques were selected due to their wide usage areas in broadband wireless communication as LTE. Optimal simulation results were achieved when the SC-FDMA was employed for all relay network configurations.

Existing information theoretic work in decentralized detection is largely focused on parallel configuration of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), where an individual hard or soft decision is computed at each sensor node and then transmitted directly to the fusion node. Such an approach is not efficient for large networks, where communication structure is likely to comprise of multiple hops. On the other hand, decentralized detection problem investigated for multi-hop networks is mainly concerned with reducing number and/or size of messages by using compression and fusion of information at intermediate nodes. In this paper an energy efficient multi-hop configuration of WSNs is proposed to solve the detection problem in large networks with two objectives: maximizing network lifetime and minimizing probability of error in the fusion node. This optimization problem is considered under the constraint of total consumed energy. The two objectives mentioned are achieved simultaneously in the multi-hop configuration by exploring tradeoffs between different path lengths and number of bits allocated to each node for quantization. Simulation results show significant improvement in the proposed multi-hop configuration compared with the parallel configuration in terms of energy efficiency and detection accuracy for different size networks, especially in larger networks.