A Framework to Systematize Technology of Preliminary Process Design for Plant Lifecycle Engineering

A plant alarm system is one of important elements in a third layer of an independent protection layers (IPLs). Management of the plant alarm system has become identified as one of key issues because of disasters caused by alarm floods. The Instrumentation, Systems and Automation Society (ISA) has proposed an alarm management standard. And some methods of alarm limits setting or nuisance alarms reduction obtained through each plant improvement activities have been proposed. But, explicit definition of a plant alarm system design process to properly manage the plant alarm system has not been proposed. Plant alarm systems are not always designed using whole information about their plants, because a concreteness and quantity of information is varied along with stages of their plant design. Requirements for each safety instrumented system may not be satisfied if the design of the plant alarm system was started after all stages of the plant design had been completed. The stages of the plant alarm system design should be carried out concurrently with the stages of the plant design. Therefore, the design process of the plant alarm system should be clarified corresponding to available information at each stage of the design. To clarify the design process of the plant alarm system, a framework is necessary to express design activities with tools, available information and output. So, a business process model (BPM) as the framework for the plant alarm system design will be developed. In this paper, we tried to express a BPM for the design of a plant alarm system. Even if the developed BPM is incomplete, the BPM approach has following merits; design rationale for the plant alarm system can be specified and stored, and the plant alarm system can be designed logically. The stored design rationale and the logically designed plant alarm system are very useful for management of change of the plant alarm system and ensuring consistency with other safety instruments. In future work, a BPM for a plant alarm system design will be improved to properly manage the plant alarm system throughout the plant lifecycle.

Inherent Safety and Economic Graphical Rating (InSafE) method for inherent safety and economic assessment

The direct analysis to determine the transverse distribution of moments in stiffened bridge decks using the differential equation approach becomes laborious, especially in the preliminary design process where several trials are often required to determine the relative dimensions of slab and stiffeners for achieving optimum structural efficiency of the deck. The majority of design charts and tables available to the engineer during the preliminary design process assume absolute dimensions of slab, stiffeners, diaphragms, and their spacing, and thus are more suitable for detail design. This study deals with the development of design charts that express governing parameters in dimensionless form, and with the rapid evaluation of rigidity parameters and critical moments. Such design charts and tables are ideal for carrying out several trial sections to find the most economical structural system during the preliminary design process. The theoretical work is supplemented by a limited experimental programme and good agreements are found.

High-temperature steam electrolysis: Technical and economic evaluation of alternative process designs

With the development of modern technology, the degree of integration between design business and information technology is increasing. The digital design with three-dimensional digital design as the core will become the main axis throughout the whole process and the entire life cycle management. Through the gradual exploration and application in the power industry, certain results have been achieved in three-dimensional digital design, but the main problems remain in the local scope of individual units, and the overall lack of technical standards and development plans. Based on the full understanding and research of transformer substation design status and three-dimensional digital design, this paper draws the design depth of each professional three-dimensional digital design at each design stage by analyzing the application of three-dimensional digital design in the feasibility study, preliminary design and construction drawing stage. This paper provides a reference for comprehensive promotion of applications.

This paper describes the development and current status of a fully automated aircraft model integration and preliminary control law design process for use in aircraft over-all design. This process allows addressing flight control algorithms as a prime design variable from the earliest design stages, and facilitates multi-disciplinary aircraft over-all dynamic design analyses in for example Multi-disciplinary Design Optimization. 
\nThe approach taken in this work is to address the flight control algorithms at a specification level (e.g. dynamic response parameters) and newly synthesize according algorithms adapted to the current aircraft design configuration by means of a rapid-prototyping process. This in turn enables the use of dynamic analyses in all disciplines involved (flight loads, systems, performance) from the earliest design stages, increasing accuracy, reducing conservativeness in multidisciplinary optimization, and reducing risk by increasing compatibility with dynamic analyses performed in detailed design stages. In order to ensure the latter, the proposed control law prototyping process has been developed to naturally evolve into detailed design of the flight control system.

Business process modeling (BPM) is one of the key technologies to benefit enterprises with higher efficiencies and greater business values. However, BPM requires intensive business expertise and human resources. Thus, it is valuable and challenging to enable fast delivery of reusable business process designs, regarding the existence of various popular business processes modeling languages and fast changing markets. In this paper, we generate language-specific business process models and process interaction semantics from UML 2.0 process models. A WS-BPEL metadata model and a process interaction semantics metadata model is defined to annotate UML 2.0 business process model as stereotypes; with a set of transformation patterns, we can generate a WS-BPEL business process model and a process interaction semantics file from each annotated UML 2.0 process model. Our approach can also be similarly applied to other process modeling languages to highly reuse the business process model in UML 2.0.

Linear approximations of relations between preliminary design parameters for utility helicopters

Preliminary design on high-end workstation cooling system using loop heat pipes

Multilevel optimization including progressive failure analysis and robust design optimization for composite stiffened panels, in which the ultimate load that a post-buckled panel can bear is maximized for a chosen weight, is presented for the first time. This method is a novel robust multiobjective approach for structural sizing of composite stiffened panels at different design stages. The approach is integrated at two design stages labelled as preliminary design and detailed design. The robust multilevel design methodology integrates the structural sizing to minimize the variance of the structural response. This method improves the product quality by minimizing variability of the output performance function. This innovative approach simulates the sequence of actions taken during design and structural sizing in industry where the manufacture of the final product uses an industrial organization that goes from the material characterization up to trade constraints, through preliminary analysis and detailed design. The developed methodology is validated with an example in which the initial architecture is conceived at the preliminary design stage by generating a Pareto front for competing objectives that is used to choose a design with a required weight. Then a robust solution is sought in the neighbourhood of this solution to finally find the layup for the panel capable of bearing the highest load for the given geometry and boundary conditions.

Preliminary designs with deterministic approaches used to solve the uncertainty related information from a ship design results preliminary design of conventional. In order to overcome the imbalance of optimization in the design process, the preliminary design is equipped with a method Collaborative Optimization (CO), which is part of the Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO). Process design optimization in preliminary design with a deterministic approach based on the value subsystem optimization required by the vessel (d). Ship design requirements of this study are deadweigth requirements, volume cargo requirements and speed/resistance requirements. The preliminary design hull form general cargo for shipping Jakarta to Makassar by using deterministic approach is expected to provide an alternative principal dimension and design variations of the optimal hull form based on information dock and owner reqiurement. In addition, this study is also expected to be an alternative method used in the preliminary process design of modern ships because in the preliminary designs have efforts to optimize an element ship design.

The design process of new air- and rotorcraft is commonly separated into three different consecutive phases. In the conceptual design phase, the viability of different designs is investigated with respect to customer requirements and/or the market situation. It usually ends with the identification of a basic aircraft lay-out. In the subsequent preliminary design stage the various disciplines are introduced, thus redefining the design process as a multidisciplinary optimization (MDO) task. The objective of this design stage is to enhance the initial aircraft configuration by establishing an advanced design comprising a loft provided with primary structure. This updated aircraft configuration represents a global optimum solution for the specified requirements which will then be optimized on a local level in the concluding detailed design phase with particular regard to manufacturing aspects. The investigations in the preliminary design phase comprise the generation of numerous similar but still different analytical and finite element (FE) models. Even though computational power is constantly increasing the model generation process is still a time-consuming task. Moreover, it is also a potential source of errors which — in the worst case — may lead to time- and cost-intensive redesign activities during the detailed design. As the preliminary design stage, therefore, is of particular importance during the overall design process the model generation process benefits from parametric models and automated process chains. The presented paper overviews the tools used for the automated generation of FE models developed and used at the Institute of Structures and Design (BT) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) for the subsequent use in numerical simulations. Furthermore, basic requirements for the effective use of parametrization and automation like a common data format and infrastructure will be introduced. Exemplary models and applications will be presented to illustrate the positive impact on efficiency in aircraft design. Concluding, future development steps and possible applications will be discussed.

A study has been conducted to develop and to analyze a FORTRAN computer code for performing agility analysis on fighter aircraft configurations. This program is one of the modules of the NASA Ames ACSYNT (AirCraft SYNThesis) design code. The background of the agility research in the aircraft industry and a survey of a few agility metrics are discussed. The methodology, techniques, and models developed for the code are presented. The validity of the existing code was evaluated by comparing with existing flight test data. A FORTRAN program was developed for a specific metric, PM (Pointing Margin), as part of the agility module. Example trade studies using the agility module along with ACSYNT were conducted using a McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet aircraft model. Tile sensitivity of thrust loading, wing loading, and thrust vectoring on agility criteria were investigated. The module can compare the agility potential between different configurations and has capability to optimize agility performance in the preliminary design process. This research provides a new and useful design tool for analyzing fighter performance during air combat engagements in the preliminary design.

This paper is part of a research on innovative structural systems techniques in tall buildings and starts from the collaboration between the Department of Scientific Research and the Department of Architecture and Engineering at Polis University. The objective of this paper is to emphasize the structural differences between tectonic and stereotomic architecture by analyzing the different structural behaviors of both languages. The initial hypothesis is that an interaction field can be found where these two languages can be combined to propose a design method for a preliminary design process. The methodology goes through the following steps: the first step, analysis and determination of tectonic and stereotomic modelling approach; the second step, analysis of a single 10 story perforated shell structure by changing the openings ratio from a structural point of view and the third step, interpretation of results stating these two different architectural and structural profiles are intertwined. The instruments used are presented by a multivariate visualization method, an easy-to-use and as a key concept for generating the perforated pattern of the shell structure. They describe a visual and interactive, performance informed tool-using software of Rhino Grasshopper, Karamba 3D plugin, indicating the designer's preferences and concluding with the structural control of the model build. It is expected that the results will introduce a generative design method for architecture grounded on the stereotomic and tectonic modelling approach that can contribute towards the integration of structural rationality into preliminary architectural design process of tall buildings.

In today’s multidimensional world, companies are constantly facing new, increasingly demanding challenges: global business and local operation, the standardization and individualization of products, demanding customers, and fierce competition. These companies want to achieve a shorter product-development time, lower costs, higher quality of the product, and finally, customer satisfaction. In order to achieve these goals, companies have to take into account the first customer’s wants and needs during the process of developing a new product. This article presents the concept of solutions for the functional requirements in the concurrent development of a product by means of a descriptive matrix of the functional requirements and functionalities based on the generative model and criteria for describing the products, the function requirements, and the functionalities. The matrix of the functional requirements and functionalities model intends to improve the initial, preliminary design process, where only the most basic, sporadic information (such as functional requirements and functionalities) is presented. The tasks are parallelized and integrated to reduce the time and costs involved. The model was created as a tool in order to connect the functional requirements with existing technical systems. They partially or fully resolve the functional requirements on the basis of a mathematical model and predetermined conditions, and therefore do not depend solely on the designer’s intuition. The concept improves the main shortcomings of other known methods such as the morphological box. In order to demonstrate the validity, the benefits of the method, the dynamics, to produce explanatory theories and to develop a method that is relevant to practice, the matrix of the functional requirements and functionalities model is tested against a concrete product.