A high precision pulse generation and stabilization system for bolometric experiments

Current vehicles include electronic features that provide ease and convenience to drivers. These electronic features or nodes rely on in-vehicle communication protocols to ensure functionality. One of the most-widely adopted in-vehicle protocols on the market today is the Controller Area Network, popularly referred to as the CAN bus. The CAN bus is utilized in various modern, sophisticated vehicles. However, as the sophistication levels of vehicles continue to increase, we now see a high rise in attacks against them. These attacks range from simple to more-complex variants, which could have detrimental effects when carried out successfully. Therefore, there is a need to carry out an assessment of the security vulnerabilities that could be exploited within the CAN bus. In this research, we conducted a security vulnerability analysis on the CAN bus protocol by proposing an attack scenario on a CAN bus simulation that exploits the arbitration feature extensively. This feature determines which message is sent via the bus in the event that two or more nodes attempt to send a message at the same time. It achieves this by prioritizing messages with lower identifiers. Our analysis revealed that an attacker can spoof a message ID to gain high priority, continuously injecting messages with the spoofed ID. As a result, this prevents the transmission of legitimate messages, impacting the vehicle's operations. We identified significant risks in the CAN protocol, including spoofing, injection, and Denial of Service. Furthermore, we examined the latency of the CAN-enabled system under attack, finding that the compromised node (the attacker's device) consistently achieved the lowest latency due to message arbitration. This demonstrates the potential for an attacker to take control of the bus, injecting messages without contention, thereby disrupting the normal operations of the vehicle, which could potentially compromise safety.

During the design of IVECO ISG hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the ISG electrical propelling system was inserted into the Duling IVECO vehicle. Thus the controller of ISG electrical propelling system constructed the distributed control system with the other controller. However, field bus is one of key techniques in the distributed control system. Firstly, CAN communication protocol for ISG controller based on the SAE J1939 CAN bus protocol was presented, then the hardware and software of ISG controller was designed in modular.

The realization of the first prototype of a vehicle requires several tests of the algorithms implemented on the electronic control unit (ECU). This represents an important step for conventional vehicles, which becomes fundamental when dealing with unmanned vehicles. Since there is no human supervision, most critical tasks are handled by the control unit, which results in higher complexity for the control algorithms. In this work, a software-in-the-loop (SiL) test bench is used to validate the control algorithms of a vehicle control unit (VCU) for a driverless railway vehicle (DLRV). The VCU manages the control of the traction motors, pneumatic braking systems, and range extender, as well as control of the hybrid powertrain configuration to guarantee a high level of availability via the use of redundant systems. The SiL test bench has been developed in a Simulink real-time environment, where the vehicle model is simulated along with its fundamental subsystems. The model communicates with the VCU through a CAN bus protocol in the same way that it will operate with a real vehicle. The proposed method can be used to simulate many mission profiles for the DLRV, which may last several hours each. Moreover, this kind of test bench ensures a high time resolution, which allows one to find solutions for problems which occur with a time scale that is much smaller than the simulation time scale.

In the bench experiment of electric drive vehicle, the experimental data are mostly presented in the form of tables and curves, which cannot predict the actual motion of the vehicle well. With the development of computer technology, virtual reality can be used in automobile bench experiment. The existing virtual simulation platforms simulate vehicle motion in off-line form, which cannot be combined with real-time experimental data, and there are shortcomings in vehicle kinematics performance analysis. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a vehicle real-time virtual simulation platform based on virtual reality fusion. The whole vehicle and its internal coupling mechanism were modeled with CAD modeling technology, and the motion scene of the model was designed with 3D rendering technology. CAN bus protocol is used to obtain external data in real time. Based on the Virtools virtual simulation software, the internal algorithm is constructed to control the real-time simulation model and display the vehicle movement. Finally, an example is carried out to verify the feasibility and practicability of the simulation platform.

This paper designs a penetration testing platform on the CAN bus. The platform is characterized by the combined functions, such as, CAN bus data acquisition and transmission, data preprocessing and analysis, CAN news automatic detection and construction, CAN communication database establishment, various penetration and attack methods and recoding CAN bus arbitration ID. Aiming at the information security verification of the CAN bus protocol of the embedded system, the penetration testing platform can flexibly and quickly build a testing environment to successfully realize the connection with the system under test and the hidden connection of forged communication nodes, and then carry out fuzz testing verification experiments efficiently and conveniently.

According to this analysis, we designed a scenario on lower extremity rehabilitation robot communication system based on CAN bus and efficiently solved the problems of low signal processing, computing power and data transfer rate ability for the traditional means of communication of RS232 and RS485.The research deals with the characteristics of communication systems and topological structure, and specifically, with CAN bus protocol design and hardware and software implementation aspects of Communication System designing for some robot sensor.

Advanced electronic units inside modern vehicles have enhanced the driving\nexperience, but also introduced a myriad of security problems due to the\ninherent limitations of the internal communication protocol. In the last two\ndecades, a number of security threats have been identified and accordingly,\nsecurity measures have been proposed. While a large body of research on the\nvehicular security domain is focused on exposing vulnerabilities and proposing\ncounter measures, there is an apparent paucity of research aimed at reviewing\nexisting works on automotive security and at extracting insights. This paper\nprovides a systematic review of security threats and countermeasures for the\nubiquitous CAN bus communication protocol. It further exposes the limitations\nof the existing security measures, and discusses a seemingly-overlooked,\nsimple, cost-effective and incrementally deployable solution which can provide\na reasonable defense against a major class of packet injection attacks and many\ndenial of service attacks.\n

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In this paper the hardware and software of a real-time dynamic test bench for simulating the total road forces of vehicles fitted with Automated Manual Transmissions (AMT) is described. First, the purpose and meaning of this research are discussed. And then, we select the hardware components of the test bench system according to the application requirements and complete the system design. Statement of the structure, working principle and function of the system is also included in this part. According to the experimental procedure of simulating total road load forces of vehicle under real-time conditions on the dynamic test bench, the software system is designed using Visual C++ 6.0, CAN bus communication protocol, RS-232, and network technology. Finally, some experimental tests for the system are carried out with the results that this design corresponds to the real-time dynamic requirements.</div>

The increasing demand for secure and efficient delivery inside buildings highlights the limitations of conventional human-based logistics, which often lead to reduced productivity, confidentiality risks, and inconsistent service quality. To address these challenges, this study introduces Zippy, which is an IoT-robotics delivery system designed for autonomous indoor logistics. The proposed system integrates three core components, including a dedicated mobile application that enables delivery request creation, QR code authentication, real-time tracking, and notifications, a VPS-hosted backend server with a MySQL database that manages task allocation, scheduling, and secure data synchronization, and an autonomous delivery robot powered by ROS2 and the Navigation2 (Nav2) framework. The robot utilizes a Jetson Orin Nano Super for computation, supported by distributed controllers, including an ESP32-S3 for motor control and an Arduino Uno R3 for sensor and lock management. Communication between subsystems is achieved using MQTT, CAN bus, and UART protocols, ensuring real-time coordination. A dynamic user interface (UI) application installed in the robot enhances human-robot interaction during handovers. The system was validated through both simulation and real-world deployments, with evaluation focusing on navigation reliability, communication performance, and effectiveness of access control. These results demonstrate Zippy as a scalable, modular, and secure framework for smart indoor logistics, with potential applications in office complexes, universities, and hospitals.

This Paper builds the CAN-bus experimental system based on micro controller STC89C52 and CAN protocol controller SJA1000. First, it shows the structure of experimental system and the network communication mode, and generally elaborates the design principle of software and hardware. And then it gives the design of upper agreement, according to the feature of this experimental system and the characteristics by which CAN bus application layer can be defined flexibly. The authors do Network communication test through testing software which independently designed. The experimental result shows that this CAN bus experimental system is safe, reliable, and has good communication ability.

With the increase of the number and the complexity of city-bus ECUs (Electronic Control Units), point-to-point link method in traditional city-bus has caused the problems of information exchange, reliability and maintenance. In this paper, we defined the conception of CBIICS (City-Bus Information Integrated Control System) and constructed CBIICS framework with high speed CAN bus and low speed CAN bus so as to share information between different ECUs. In order to provide consistent control and status data in V mode-based CBIICS development process, we designed SAE J1939 communication database to implement ECU, message and signal management and query. According to the electrical devices of an actual city-bus, we finally designed and implemented city-bus lamp control experiment system based on SAE J1939 protocol.

Radio frequency (RF) transmission systems with high-precision phase stability are required by the next generation of particle colliders and light sources. An RF transmission system was designed to meet this requirement. In this system, RF signal generated at the sending end is modulated onto a continuous wave (CW) optical carrier, transmitted through an optical fiber, and demodulated at the receiving end. The phase drift is detected by a digital phase monitor with femtosecond-level accuracy and compensated by a motorized optical fiber delay line (ODL). The measurement results show that the long-term phase drifts can be stabilized to within 100 fs (pk–pk), 500 fs (pk–pk), and 1.8 ps (pk–pk) in a 400-meter-long optical fiber over 1 h, 24 h, and 10 days, respectively.

Optimization of light collection from crystal scintillators for cryogenic experiments

<sec>The gamma-ray total absorption facility (GTAF) composed of 40 BaF<sub>2</sub> detection units is designed to measure the cross section data of neutron radiation capture reaction online, in order to comply with the experimental nuclear data sheet. Since 2019, several daunting experiment results have been analyzed and published, and we have found that one of the most important sources of experimental background is the initial α particles emitted by the BaF<sub>2</sub> crystal, which is the core component of GTAF detection unit .</sec><sec>Considering the current industrial manufacturing process capabilities, the impurities of Ra and its compounds cannot be completely removed from the BaF<sub>2</sub>. Developing data analysis algorithms to eliminate the influence of alpha particles in experimental data has become a key aspect. In this work, in order to meet the needs of data acquisition, online measurement and analysis of neutron radiation cross section, the GTAF data acquisition system adopts a full waveform acquisition method, which results in a large number of data recorded, transmitted, and stored during experiment, which also affects the uncertainty of the cross-section data. The number of data stored in the online experiment is about 118 MB/s, resulting in a long dead time.</sec><sec>Based on the signal waveform characteristics of the BaF<sub>2</sub> detection unit, in order to solve the aforementioned problems, three methods, namely the ratio of fast component to total component, pulse width, and time decay constant, are used to identify and distinguish α particles and γ rays. The quality factor FOM is utilized as an evaluation value and several experiments are conducted using three radioactive sources (<sup>22</sup>Na, <sup>137</sup>C, <sup>60</sup>Co) for verification.</sec><sec>Due to the slow components of BaF<sub>2</sub> light decay time being about 620 ns, the waveform pulse should essentially return to baseline at approximately 1900 ns to 2000 ns, allowing for the complete waveform of the γ rays signal to be captured at that moment, which may provide the best energy resolution. Therefore, in the online experiment, the integration length for the energy spectrum is chosen to be 2000 ns in this work.</sec><sec>The quality factor is 1.19–1.41 from the fast total component ratio (fast component 5 ns, total component 200 ns) method, 0.94–1.04 from the pulse width (10% peak) method, and 0.93–1.07 from the time attenuation constant method. Through the quantitative analysis of quality factor and the comparison of energy spectrum, it is determined that the fast total component ratio method has the best effect and can effectively remove the background of α particles.</sec><sec>The next step is to upgrade the online experimental data acquisition system to reduce the quantity of experimental data and the uncertainty of cross section data. The experimental data that need to be recorded should be the crossing threshold time (for the time-of-flight method) and the amplitude integration values of 5 ns after the threshold (for the fast component), 200 ns after the threshold (for the total component), and 2000 ns (for the energy) for each signal waveform, as well as the number of related detection units. The above information should be sufficient to complete online processing of experimental data, including the processing of the α particle background and (n,γ) reaction data. It is estimated that the data acquisition rate of the upgraded system will decrease from 118 MB/s to 24 MB/s, which can significantly reduce the dead time of the data acquisition system, thereby improving the accuracy of cross section data.</sec>

Understanding solar induction of skin cancer in man at the molecular level demands the development of experimental systems for probing this, the most frequent of all human cancers. A good model system should fulfill at least three criteria: first, the response should be light-dependent, with a low background (light-independent) response. Second, the system should be based on human cells, preferably primary skin cells from normal individuals. Third, after the oncogenic treatment, the responding cells should have properties similar to those cancers produced in man. Such systems should provide an excellent complement to the experimental UV-oncogenesis systems in rodents, which allow experimental manipulation of the intact animal but are subject to differences between rodents and humans in response to UV damage. They will also be useful in conjunction with the human epidemiological studies, which provide both prospective and predictive information on human populations, but are not amenable to experimental manipulation.KeywordsSoft AgarAction SpectrumHuman Diploid FibroblastSyrian Hamster EmbryoHuman Epidemiological StudyThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.