A Hybrid Classification Model for EMG Signals Using Grey Wolf Optimizer and SVMs

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks represent a significant danger in network security because they can lead to extensive service interruptions. With these attacks increasingly mirroring regular traffic, smart and effective detection systems are essential. This research seeks to assess the efficacy of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithm in identifying DDoS attacks in network traffic. The data utilized is CICIDS2017, focusing on the subset Friday-WorkingHours-Afternoon-DDos.pcap_ISCX.csv, which contains both legitimate traffic and DDoS attacks like DoS-Hulk, DoS-GoldenEye, and DDoS. The preprocessing stage included eliminating duplicates and null entries, label binary encoding, normalization through Min-Max Scaler, and feature selection applying the Chi-Square technique. The data was divided into 80% for training and 20% for testing purposes. The Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel was utilized to train the SVM model, and hyperparameter optimization was performed with GridSearchCV. The evaluation of the model's performance was conducted through accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, confusion matrix, and visual representations including ROC and Precision-Recall Curves. The findings indicate that prior to tuning, the model reached an accuracy of 97%, which increased to 99% post-tuning, accompanied by an F1-score of 0.99. This shows that the SVM algorithm, when paired with appropriate preprocessing and optimization, is very efficient in identifying DDoS attacks within network traffic.

Using information technology such as search engine for collecting and monitoring of network public opinion is a practical and effective method. This paper puts forward an improved algorithm of SVM classifier based on incremental learning online, and then implements a topic crawler system for network public opinion and to grab the public opinion.

BBM, or fuel oil, is one of the essential needs of the Indonesian people. The government's policy regarding the increase in fuel prices raises many opinions from the public. Twitter is one of the social media that Indonesian people often use to express opinions on a topic. In this study, sentiment analysis was carried out on public opinion regarding the fuel price increase policy from Twitter social media. This research is expected to help determine public opinion regarding the fuel price increase policy with positive, neutral and negative sentiments. The sentiment analysis method used is the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithm. The results of the accuracy of SVM were compared with accuracy by adding a feature selection process. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) algorithms are used for the feature selection method. After several experiments using the three methods, the SVM method with the Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel produced the best accuracy of 71.2%. The combination of the SVM method with the RBF and PSO kernels obtained an accuracy of 68.84%, and the combination of the RBF and GA kernel SVM methods obtained an accuracy of 69.52%.

To solve the problem that traditional multi-label support vector machine (SVM) classification algorithm adopting nonlinear kernel has been severely restricted from being used on large-scale data sets, we propose fast multi-label low-rank-linearized SVM classification algorithm based on approximate extreme points (AEML-LLSVM). First, it adopts the approximate extreme points' method to obtain representative sets from the training data set. Then, the approximate extreme points' low-rank-linearized SVM (AELLSVM) is trained on the representative sets. The AELLSVM integrates the advantages of approximate extreme points' method and LLSVM. Experimental results on three large-scale multi-label data sets have proven that the training and the testing speed of AEML-LLSVM classification algorithm are greatly improved under the premise that its classification performance is similar to that of ML-LIBSVM classification algorithm and superior to that of other fast multi-label SVM classification algorithms.

Cucumber, a common economic crop, occupies a large proportion of vegetable cultivation in China. Plant diseases and insect pests, especially the cucumber downy mildew, are important causes for the decrease in the yield of cucumbers. In order to reduce the losses caused by pests and diseases and achieve rapid automatic identification of plant diseases and insect pests, this paper studies machine vision system and disease image detection with support vector machine (SVM) classification algorithm, taking cucumber downy mildew for example. This paper carries out a method study in image acquisition, image preprocessing, feature parameter extraction, and pattern recognition, which obtains satisfactory results. The accuracy of cucumber downy mildew detection reaches 90%, significantly higher than that of artificial recognition.

This paper presents a bio-inspired optimized classification approach for assessing water quality. As fish liver histopathology is a good biomarker for detecting water pollution, the proposed classification approach uses fish liver microscopic images in order to detect water pollution and determine water quality. The proposed approach includes three phases; preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification phases. Color histogram and Gabor wavelet transform have been utilized for feature extraction phase. The Machine Learning (ML) Support Vector Machines (SVMs) classification algorithm has been employed, along with the bio-inspired Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm for optimizing SVMs parameters, in order to classify water pollution degree. Experimental results showed that the average accuracy achieved by the proposed GWO-SVMs classification approach exceeded 95% considering a variety of water pollutants.

The diagnosis of cardiac dysfunctions requires the analysis of long-term ECG signal recordings, often containing hundreds to thousands of heartbeats. The purpose of this work is to propose a diagnostic system for modelling and classification of heartbeat, by use of time features and Support vector machines (SVM) classification algorithm. Neural Networks learning allow us to select a features of each heart beat on the basis of Generalized Orthogonal Forward Regression (GOFR) algorithm and a library of 132 Gaussians with different standard deviations and different means, each beat is represented by five Gaussians with different amplitudes. The parameters of this system are determined and its performance is evaluated for the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. For a database of 364 normal heartbeats and 1148 abnormal heartbeats, we apply the SVM algorithm with Radial Basis Function kernel. Our results demonstrate that the testing performance of the neural network and SVM diagnostic system is found to be very satisfactory with a recognition rate of 99.67%.

Russian is a language that is widely used by people in the world for various purposes because it is ranked 6th in the world as the language with the most speakers. This is one of the foundations of this study in addition to the high interest of the world population to use and learn the language. Russian language does not use alphabets but uses Cyrillic script, where the font is different from the letters in general so there are some obstacles to learn, understand and pronounce it. Capture to translate is one of the media that built to be a solution of this problem, built on image processing, feature extraction process with edges detection findcontours method and artificial intelligence using Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithm with android mobile application interface that utilizes camera device as its input. In this study, Capture to translate using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithm is able to produce a level of word classification accuracy of 93.8% in three syllable based on test that has been done, which is related to preprocessing, feature extraction and classification.

Brain–computer interface (BCI) technology provides a communication pathway using the human brain motor imaginary signal to develop applications like robotic hands and automated wheelchair, which are useful for the people who come with several motor disabilities. However, the signals which are acquired in a non-invasive approach come with various types of artifacts which badly effect on the accuracy of the prediction. For the above purposes, this paper proposes a model of human motor activity recognition using electroencephalogram (EEG) signal, in which three major time–frequency domain de-noising algorithms, i.e., Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and Savitzky–Golay filter are adopted for de-noising the signals acquired in a non-invasive approach. In this paper, initially, the EEG signals are de-noised using de-noising algorithm. After that, important statistical features from selected EEG channels of the dataset are extracted. Finally, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithm is used for classifying particular motor activities. Those three major time–frequency domain de-noising algorithms are compared based on five comparison metrics, i.e., mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), cross-correlation and the classification accuracy using SVM classification. For evaluating the proposed model, an online benchmarked dataset with four classes of motor activities has been used. Among the four classes, the first two classes are used in this research. Those are ‘Left-hand movement’ as Class 1 and ‘Right-hand movement’ as Class 2. The experimental result, the DWT-based de-noising method, shows optimal performance.

Palm tree detection using remote sensing images has received increasing attention in recent years, concerning the issues of sustainability, productivity and profitability. There has been significant progress in the research of using machine learning techniques, especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for automatic palm tree detection. However, whether CNNs can actually outperform traditional human-engineered approaches in terms of classification accuracy and detection speed is yet unknown. In the present study, we have compared human-engineered features namely histogram of oriented gradients (HOG), local binary pattern (LBP) and scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) with features extracted using pre-trained AlexNet model for detecting palm trees in high resolution images obtained via unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Support vector machines (SVM) with linear and non-linear kernels were used to classify feature vectors obtained by different feature extractors. Haar-like features used in Viola-Jones framework was also tested in the study. Results showed that features extracted from the fifth convolutional layer of AlexNet achieved the highest accuracy of 96.1% using SVM with RBF kernel as classifier, which surpassed the accuracy obtained by fully-connected CNN, namely 95.6%. The results also suggest that SVM classifier with radial basis function (RBF) kernel using LBP as features is the optimal combination as it achieved comparable accuracy but higher detection speed than CNN approaches.

This paper proposes a hybrid Electroencephalogram (EEG) classification approach based on grey wolf optimizer (GWO) enhanced support vector machines (SVMs) called GWO-SVM approach for automatic seizure detection. In order to decompose EEG into five sub-band components, the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was utilized to extracted features set. Then, this features are used to train the SVM with radial basis function (RBF) kernel function. Further, GWO was used for selecting the significant feature subset and the optimal parameters of SVM in order to obtain a successful EEG classification. The experimental results proved that the proposed GWO-SVM approach, able to detect epileptic and could thus further enhance the diagnosis of epilepsy with accuracy 100%. Furthermore, the proposed approach has been compared with genetic algorithm (GA) with support vector machines (GA-SVMs) and SVM using RBF kernel function. The computational results reveal that GWO-SVM approach achieved better classification accuracy outperforms both GA-SVM and typical SVMs.

Enriching and updating maps are among the most important tasks of any urban management organization for informed decision making. Urban cadastral map enrichment is a time-consuming and costly process, which needs an expert’s opinion for quality control. This research proposes a smart framework to enrich a cadastral base map using a more up-to-date map automatically by machine learning algorithms. The proposed framework has three main steps, including parcel matching, parcel change detection and base map enrichment. The matching step is performed by checking the center point of each parcel in the other map parcels. Support vector machine and random forest classification algorithms are used to detect the changed parcels in the base map. The proposed models employ the genetic algorithm for feature selection and grey wolf optimization and Harris hawks optimization for hyperparameter optimization to improve accuracy and performance. By assessing the accuracies of the models, the random forest model with feature selection and grey wolf optimization, with an F1-score of 0.9018, was selected for the parcel change detection method. Finally, the detected changed parcels in the base map are deleted and relocated automatically with corresponding parcels in the more up-to-date map by the affine transformation.

In this research, a new method for spectral-spatial classification of hyperspectral images based on hierarchical segmentation algorithm is introduced. Among the various spectral-spatial classification algorithms, the marker-based hierarchical segmentation algorithm has so far achieved the best results in combination with the support vector machine (SVM) classification algorithm. In the proposed method adopted in this research, the dimensions of the hyperspectral image were reduced via the minimum noise fraction (MNF) algorithm. Then, five spatial/texture features of wavelet transform, Gabor transform, mean, entropy, and contrast were extracted from the obtained bands. Later on, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network and SVM classification algorithms were applied to the obtained spectral and texture features, and their results were combined. The resulting map was then used to select the markers and to combine them with the marker-based hierarchical segmentation algorithm using the majority voting rule. The proposed method was applied to three hyperspectral images, Pavia, Telops, and Washington DC Mall. The results of the experiments demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over the initial marker-based hierarchical algorithm. Quantitatively, it was better by 8, 12, and 9% for the Pavia, Telops, and Washington DC Mall datasets regarding the Kappa coefficient parameter, respectively.

Ensemble support vector machine classification of dementia using structural MRI and mini-mental state examination

The human gait contains the information of lower limb movement posture. Gait recognition and analysis can provide control information for lower limb rehabilitation robots. In different gait phases, the position of the foot touching the ground is different. Therefore, gait classification can be performed according to plantar pressure. This study investigated the changes in plantar pressure information during human lower limb walking. Firstly, the STM32 single-chip microcomputer is used to collect the plantar pressure information detected by the high dynamic force sensing resistor(HD-FSR); secondly, the collected information is transmitted to the upper computer through Bluetooth; finally, all kinds of gait phases pressure features are analyzed and classified. Since the two constant parameters in the Support Vector Machine(SVM) classification algorithm have a great influence on the classification effect, a SVM classification algorithm based on the Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) is proposed to realize the recognition of different phases.