A Hypothesis on Cloud Sourcing Sharing Users’ Mobile Devices Through Virtualization

Internet access using mobile handheld devices has surpassed that of fixed Internet, but most web pages are designed for desktop browsers. Mobile devices have resource limitations. Consequently, web pages designed for desktop browsing cannot be well displayed on mobile devices. Thus, dynamically transforming web contents designed for desktops into contents which can be displayed in a mobile device is an important task. Various approaches of content adaptation have been proposed to achieve this goal, but no single content adaptation strategy has been found to be effective. On the other hand, e-learning contents have grown manifold over years. In this paper, we provide a framework for an e-learning content adaptation system that can be used with desktops and mobile devices seamlessly. We combine multiple content adaptation strategies to make e-learning contents appropriate for mobile devices. Among the various content adaptation strategies, the segmentation algorithm plays the most important role. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed scheme can be successfully utilized for content adaptation in mobile and handheld devices.

Energy conservation in battery powered mobile devices that perform wireless multimedia streaming has been a significant research problem since last decade. This is because these mobile devices consume a lot of power while receiving, decoding and ultimately, presenting the multimedia content. What makes things worse is the fact that battery technologies have not evolved enough to keep up with the rapid advancement of mobile devices. This survey examines solutions that have been proposed during the last few years, to improve the energy efficiency of wireless multimedia streaming in mobile hand-held devices. We categorize the research work according to different layers of the Internet protocol stack they utilize. Then, we again regroup these studies based on different traffic scheduling and multimedia content adaptation mechanisms. The traffic scheduling category contains those solutions that optimize the wireless receiving energy without changing the actual multimedia content. The second category on the other hand, specifically modifies the content, in order to reduce the energy consumed by the wireless receiver and to decode and view the content. We compare them and provide evidence of the fact that some of these tactics already exist in modern smaprtphones and provide energy savings with real measurements. In addition, we discuss some relevant literature on the complementary problem of energy-aware multimedia delivery from mobile devices and contrast with our target approaches for multimedia transmission to mobile devices.

Exploiting composition of mobile devices for maximizing user QoS under energy constraints in mobile grid

Due to advances in techniques for digital ecosystems and cyber engineering, users can now submit queries to search for inclusive information from different Web objects using mobile handheld devices such as smartphones in many real-life situations. As these mobile devices are not necessarily connected to the Internet all the time, users usually want to be able to get information such as e-mail, news, weather, and Web feed as soon as their mobile devices are connected to the Internet. However, these mobile devices have relatively limited resources. In this paper, we focus on mobile web navigation. Specifically, we use rooted directed trees, which enable users to access valuable information from the highly ranked and relevant Web sites, for answering user-inclusive queries.

SummaryMobile devices are the primary communication tool in day to day life of the people. Nowadays, the enhancement of the mobile applications namely IoTApps and their exploitation in various domains like healthcare monitoring, home automation, smart farming, smart grid, and smart city are crucial. Though mobile devices are providing seamless user experience anywhere, anytime, and anyplace, their restricted resources such as limited battery capacity, constrained processor speed, inadequate storage, and memory are hindering the development of resource‐intensive mobile applications and internet of things (IoT)‐based mobile applications. To solve this resource constraint problem, a web service‐based IoT framework is proposed by exploiting fuzzy logic methodologies. This framework augments the resources of mobile devices by offloading the resource‐intensive subtasks from mobile devices to the service providing entities like Arduino, Raspberry PI controller, edge cloud, and distant cloud. Based on the recommended framework, an online Repository of Instructional Talk (RIoTalk) is successfully implemented to store and analyze the classroom lectures given by faculty in our study site. Simulation results show that there is a significant reduction in energy consumption, execution time, bandwidth utilization, and latency. The proposed research work significantly increases the resources of mobile devices by offloading the resource‐intensive subtasks from the mobile device to the service provider computing entities thereby providing Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) to mobile users.

Recently, there are significant improvements in the capabilities of mobile devices; rendering large terrain is tedious because of the constraint in resources of mobile devices. This paper focuses on the implementation of terrain rendering on mobile device to observe some issues and current constraints occurred. Experiments are performed using two datasets with results based on rendering speed and appearance to ascertain both the issues and constraints. The result shows a downfall of frame rate performance because of the increase of triangles. Since the resolution between computer and mobile device is different, the terrain surface on mobile device looks more unrealistic compared to on a computer. Thus, more attention in the development of terrain rendering on mobile devices is required. The problems highlighted in this paper will be the focus of future research and will be a great importance for 3D visualization on mobile device.

Currently, mobile handheld device are being used increasingly for web access. This leads to the issue relating to the ease of use for users, which refers to not user-friendly web design, unorganized content and difficulty of information navigation. Based on literature analysis, design of physical features and functions for mobile devices are unique, as it should emphasize mobility, personality and flexibility features, apart from providing the added values, such as accessibility at anytime and anywhere access. However as most web applications are designed specifically for desktop environments, it is discovered that most web applications design are inappropriate for mobile devices. In other words, web sites design for desktop is unsuitable to be adopted for the mobile devices. Literature had stated that designing mobile web application approach differs from development ordinary web for desktop computer. Adapting the original web content dynamically to deal with the constraints of mobile handheld devices (the screen size and limited system resources and variation of user preferences) becomes very important. Combination of User Centred Design (UCD) and Service Science (SS) approach expected to enhance quality of the mobile web that can meet user satisfaction. As such the purpose of this study is to identify the design of mobile web content that is suitable for users' in which it meet users' values and requirement. The work conducted uses a co-creation approach in which co-creation values are obtained through a series of process. Co-creation value is essential as it is the missing part that is not being incorporated during the design process. As a result a guideline on web mobile design application based on co-creation values is established. The investigations presented in this paper highlight some ways in development of mobile web applications by adopting co-creation value with customer to make it more accessible to mobile devices. A case study conducted at Malaysian Agricultural Research And Development Institute (MARDI) as its web mobile applications is still at its initial. A prototype system based on the proposed guideline is provided as a proof of concept and shows the difference required in web applications for mobile design where values are incorporated.

In this paper we discuss the problem of collaborative monitoring of applications that are suspected of being malicious. New operating systems for mobile devices allow their users to download millions of new applications created by a great number of individual programmers and companies, some of which may be malicious or flawed. The importance of defense mechanisms against an epidemic spread of malicious applications in mobile networks was recently demonstrated by Wang et. al. In many cases, in order to detect that an application is malicious, monitoring its operation in a real environment for a significant period of time is required. Mobile devices have limited computation and power resources and thus can monitor only a limited number of applications that the user downloads. In this paper we propose an efficient collaborative application monitoring algorithm called TPP - Time-To-Live Probabilistic Flooding, harnessing the collective resources of many mobile devices. Mobile devices activating this algorithm periodically monitor mobile applications, derive conclusion concerning their maliciousness, and report their conclusions to a small number of other mobile devices. Each mobile device that receives a message (conclusion) propagates it to one additional mobile device. Each message has a predefined TTL. The algorithm's performance is analyzed and its time and messages complexity are shown to be significantly lower compared to existing state of the art information propagation algorithms. The algorithm was also implemented and tested in a simulated environment.

Resources in cloud computing platforms such as Amazon, Google AppEngine, and Microsoft Azure are a natural fit to remedy the lack of local resources in mobile devices, which creates a new space of mobile search to improve the availability of cloud resources. In essence, mobile search is a context-aware and personalized activity since mobile devices' inherent movability allows people to retrieve information anytime and anywhere. However, current mobile search products are always far from personalized and are accuracy centered on the convergence of mobile platforms. In this paper, a hybrid filtering mechanism is proposed to eliminate irrelevant or less relevant results for personalized mobile search, which combines content-based filtering and collaborative filtering. The former filters the results according to the mobile user's feature model generated from the user's query history, and the latter filters the results using the user's social network, which is constructed from the user's communication history. Experiments show that the filtering mechanism can significantly improve the user's personalized and precise searching experience on mobile phones.

In mobile cloud computing, offloading resource-demanded applications from mobile devices to remote cloud servers can alleviate the resource scarcity of mobile devices, whereas long distance communication may incur high communication latency and energy consumption. As an alternative, fortunately, recent studies show that exploiting the unused resources of the nearby mobile devices for task execution can reduce the energy consumption and communication latency. Nevertheless, it is non-trivial to encourage mobile devices to share their resources or execute tasks for others. To address this issue, we construct an auction model to facilitate the resource trading between the owner of the tasks and the mobile devices participating in task execution. Specifically, the owners of the tasks act as bidders by submitting bids to compete for the resources available at mobile devices. We design a distributed auction mechanism to fairly allocate the tasks, and determine the trading prices of the resources. Moreover, an efficient payment evaluation process is proposed to prevent against the possible dishonest activity of the seller on the payment decision, through the collaboration of the buyers. We prove that the proposed auction mechanism can achieve certain desirable properties, such as computational efficiency, individual rationality, truthfulness guarantee of the bidders, and budget balance. Simulation results validate the performance of the proposed auction mechanism.

We introduce a novel personalized E-commerce system through mobile devices. By providing mobile clients’ preferred service category or items in a shopping mall website, the problem of the limitation of resource of mobile devices can be solved. In this paper, the preferred service items are inferred by analyzing customers’ statistical preference transactions and consumption behaviors in the website. In computing the statistical preference transactions, we consider the ratio of the length of each service page and customers’ staying time on it. Also, our system dynamically provides the personalized E-commerce service according to the three different cases such as the beginning stage, the positive response, and the negative response. In the experimental section, we demonstrate our personalized E-commerce service system and show how much the resource of mobile devices can be saved.

In the current age of ubiquitous computing age that uses high bandwidth network, wearable and hand-held mobile devices with small cameras and wireless communication will be widespread in the near future. Thus, computer vision and image processing for mobile devices have recently attracted a lot of attention. Especially, many approaches to detect image texts containing useful information for automatic annotation, indexing, and structuring of image are important for a prerequisite stage of recognition in dictionary application using mobile devices equipped with a camera. To detect image texts on the mobile devices that have limited computational resources, recent works are based on two methodologies; the image texts are detected not by automatically but by manually using stylus pen to reduce the computational resources, and the server is used to detect image texts requiring many floating-computations. The main disadvantage of the manual method is that users directly select tentative text regions, and recall and precision rates are determined by the selected regions. The second method to automatically detect the image texts is difficult to perform it in real-time, due to transmission time between the mobile device and the server. Accordingly, this paper proposes a real-time automatic word detection system without support of the server. To minimize the computational time, one word in the central region of the image is considered as a target of the system. The word region is tentatively extracted by using edge density and window transition, and the tentatively extracted region is then verified by measuring uniform distribution among sub-windows of the extracted region. In the experiments, the proposed method showed high precision rates for one word in the central region of the image, and showed fast computational time on the mobile devices.

The ability to view crowded public spaces in real-time has a variety of applications including virtual tourism, surveillance and sports. In addition, given the prevalence of handheld wireless devices, visualization on mobile handheld devices is beneficial for a large proportion of users. In this work we summarize our research on crowd visualization on wireless and handheld devices combining compression, 3D modeling and interactive visualization. We also synthesize crowds to validate our preliminary implementations. In order to achieve very high compression rates we use a novel perceptually adaptive approach for motion capture data compression. Our visualization interface can be used for simulation of crowds, and evaluating the design and capacity tolerances to crowds for public transit systems.

While mobile handheld devices, such as cell phones and PDAs, provide productivity benefits, they also pose new risks. A vital safeguard against unauthorized access to a devicepsilas contents is authentication. This paper describes a location-based authentication mechanism that employs trusted servers called policy beacons, which are used to provide location data and control device behavior. Mobile devices determine their proximity to available policy beacons and upon validation assume the designated organizational policy. The mechanism is designed to take advantage of Bluetooth functionality built into many current handheld devices used in organizational settings.

There is no doubt that the use of wireless andmobile networks and devices is growing. From the1990s onwards, we have been witnessing a great shift in methods of doing business with the emergence of the electronic commerce (e-commerce). Academics, businesses, and even individuals have been focusing on this new way of conducting business online. Advanced and mature wireless and mobile technologies facilitate e-commerce conducted from a wired network to a wireless network. Mobile commerce (m-commerce) can be viewed as a subset of e-commerce and refers to bany transaction with monetary value that is conducted via a mobile network .When users conduct e-commerce such as e-banking or purchase products, they do not need to use a personal computer system. Indeed, they can simply use some mobile handheld devices such as Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) and mobile phones to conduct various e-commerce activities. In the past, these mobile devices or technologies were regarded as a kind of luxury for individuals. However, this situation has changed. The market for mobile technologies has seen significant growth in the past few years. This is creating a new opportunity for the growth of m-commerce. According to a study conducted by Datamonitor, global m-commerc revenues will amount to $131.7 billion by 2017.