A lightweight personal grid using a supernode network

Grid computing is about allocating distributed collections of resources including computers, storage systems, networks and instruments to form a coherent system devoted to a “virtual organization” of users who share a common interest in solving a complex problem or building an efficient agile enterprise. Service oriented architectures have emerged as the standard way to build Grids. This paper provides a brief look at the Open Grid Service Architecture, a standard being proposed by the Global Grid Forum, which provides the foundational concepts of most Grid systems. Above this Grid foundation is a layer of application-oriented services that are managed by workflow tools and “science gateway” portals that provide users transparent access to the applications that use the resources of a Grid. In this paper we will also describe these Gateway framework services and discuss how they relate to and use Grid services.

Grids are generally known as infrastructure for high performance computing. However, the original idea behind grid computing was to support collaborative problem solving in virtual organizations (VO). A challenge for collaboration infrastructures is to support dynamic VOs that collaborate on the design, production and maintenance of products that are described in complex structured product model databases. Such VOs are typical for industries with long supply chains like automotive, shipbuilding and aerospace. Per-haps the most complex dynamically changing VOs and are in architecture, engineering and construction (AEC). Semantic interoperability of software and information systems belonging to members of the VO is es-sential for efficient collaboration within the VO. We believe that the current state of the art - the Web Services paradigm, is too fragile and tangled for efficient collaboration in AEC. Grids provide the robustness but need to be made aware of the business concepts that the VO is addressing. The grid itself needs to commit to the product's and process's ontology thereby evolving into an ontology committed semantic grid. To do so there is a need for the generic business-object-aware extensions to grid middleware, implemented in a way that would allow grids to commit to an arbitrary ontology. These extensions are propagated to toolkits that allow hard-ware and software to be integrated into the grid. This is expected to be done in a European Project called in-teliGrid. This paper presents its baseline, hypothesis and expected results. The project's impact is expected to be wide; it will create knowledge, infrastructure and toolkits that will allow for a broad transition of the indus-try towards semantic, model based, ontology committed collaboration using the grid, rather than the Web, as the infrastructure, thus enabling the grid to become a mainstream collaboration paradigm.

Resource management system is the core component of a Grid system. It has two important functions: resource publication and discovery. This paper presents an ontology-based model for Grid Resource Publication and Discovery(GRPD). We adopt multiple domain-specific registries to manage corresponding resources of a Virtual Organization(VO) in order to obtain high GRPD efficiency. Resource descriptions and resource requests are all based on domain-specific ontology. The ontology-based matchmaker of the domain-specific registry plays the important role in resources selection. The “Index” node of a VO hosts the general registry. Other domain-specific registries are distributed in the VO. This is a two-level registry mechanism. A large-scale Grid system may contain many VOs. “Index” nodes from various VOs connect to each other in the peer-to-peer mode instead of the hierarchical mode.KeywordsGrid SystemDomain OntologyGrid ResourceGrid EnvironmentResource ProviderThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Semantic interoperability is a crucial issue in industrial enterprises when they participate in virtual organisations (VOs), i.e., when they dynamically form network-based collaborative alliances of a temporary nature. Addressing semantic heterogeneities aims to ensure that the meaning of information exchanged by VOs is interpreted in the same way by all communicating parties and their systems. In this paper we examine how ontologies can be employed by a system of services for delivering interoperability to enterprises, independent of particular IT deployments. In order to support interoperability service utilities in VOs, this paper presents a top-level ontology for collaborative networked organisations (code named OCEAN). The OCEAN ontology is designed as a lightweight top-level ontology that provides a common terminological reference in terms of VOs. The paper also demonstrates the use of practical tools for achieving consensus of the shared conceptualisation of a virtual organisation (VO), among participants, while it outlines a service-oriented architecture (SOA) for supporting VO knowledge based collaborations using OCEAN. We demonstrate how that usage enables shared understanding in knowledge-intensive collaborations, as well as how it facilitates interoperability of applications that provide collaboration services, presenting concrete examples from the pharmaceutical industry.

The field of teleworking is one which can be closely linked to the development of virtual environments. The aim of these environments is to create widely distributed applications to support the communication and collaboration of workers in a Virtual Office or Virtual Community. To that extent, there appears to be much in common with the field of Grid Computing which itself aims to support distributed resources and users in Virtual Organisations through a service-oriented architecture. In this paper we explore the similarities between these fields and the potential offered by Grid Computing. We also examine some of the potential limitations in the way that Grid services are currently developed, and propose an alternative strategy making use of Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP) to enable the creation of fully dynamic services to support the needs of an agile user base.

Web 2.0 has been adopted by many as the best way for forming a collaborative framework e.g., sharing resources, experiences, information, knowledge and feedback. A collaborative framework for application to e-health is necessary to provide patients with the awareness that assists in improving their health. Moreover, collaborative framework can be used by physician to exchange experiences and discuss challenge cases. However, the use of Web 2.0 with healthcare applications is not simple as the use of Web 20 with other enterprise applications according to the privacy of healthcare applications, which requires high quality and security of data, availability of resources, maintainability of services, system security, and Quality of Services (QoS). To offer the required requirements, grid computing is proposed here. Grid computing supporting enterprise applications through offering massive resources through resources collaborative framework that is offering power computing, storage devices, and services. The use of grid computing by Web 2.0 requires robust model that is able to deploy, discover, invoke, and integrate resources in open standard format. Therefore, Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is adopted as a model for managing the mixing between Web 2.0 and grid computing technologies. SOA for Web 2.0 and Grid Computing (SOAW2G) are used throughout this work to offer a fabric for e-health applications.

The service-oriented architecture (SOA) enables organizations to cooperate in expanding their businesses and creating new opportunities by connecting multiple participant’s resources. However, some organizations are not yet ready to integrate with this inter-enterprise SOA environment due to their internal traditional IT-based systems. So, to face the challenge of market and system expansion, they first have to enable their systems for collaboration. This paper explores and analyses SOA implementation aspects in the small and medium enterprise (SME) communities by using systematic literature review method. This work presents facts regarding the state of SME community, i.e. the attributes, existing IT architectures, and the adopted collaboration frameworks. Virtual organization (VO) with its variants is a prominent model to establish in the ICT-based SME community. The centralized system is the dominant architectural structure types proposed due to the natural characteristics of SOA and SMEs.

Many application domains are increasingly leveraging service-oriented architecture (SOA) techniques to facilitate rapid system deployment. Many of these applications are time-critical and, hence, real-time assurance is an essential step in the service composition process. However, there are gaps in existing service composition techniques for real-time systems. First, admission control is an essential technique to assure the time bound for service execution, but most of the service composition techniques for real-time systems do not take admission control into account. A service may be selected for a workflow during the composition phase, but then during the grounding phase, the concrete service may not be able to admit the workload. Thus, the entire composition process may have to be repeated. Second, communication time is an important factor in real-time SOA, but most of the existing works do not consider how to obtain the communication latencies between services during the composition phase. It is clear that maintaining a full table of communication latencies for all pairs of services is infeasible. Obtaining communication latencies between candidate services during the composition phase can also be costly, since many candidate services may not be used for grounding. Thus, some mechanism is needed for estimating the communication latency for composite services. In this paper, we propose a three-phase composition approach to address the above issues. In this approach, we first use a highly efficient but moderately accurate algorithm to eliminate most of the candidate compositions based on estimated communication latencies and assured service response latency. Then, a more accurate timing prediction is performed on a small number of selected compositions in the second phase based on confirmed admission and actual communication latency. In the third phase, specific concrete services are selected for grounding, and admissions are actually performed. The approach is scalable and can effectively achieve service composition for satisfying real-time requirements. Experimental studies show that the three-phase approach does improve the effectiveness and time for service composition in SOA real-time systems. In order to support the new composition approach, it is necessary to effectively specify the needed information. In this paper, we also present the specification model for timing-related information and the extension of OWL-S to support this specification model.

Internet and Grid-based systems, whether their purpose is computation, collaboration and information sharing, are all instances of systems based on application of fundamental principles of distributed computing. This paper reports on a graduate seminar on Internet and Grid computing which focuses on the fundamental principles and concepts of distributed computation which underlie Internet and Grid systems, both software and applications. The course takes a broad definition of Internet, and Grid computing, ranging across high performance computation to peer-to-peer file sharing systems. The focus is on identification and analysis of the concepts and principles underlying Grid computing and how they are realized and applied in systems ranging from Globus to Freenet with Web services in between. In summary, the course is a "what is it" rather than a "how to do it". Each participant does a project concerning an Internet or Grid computing subject and presents it to the class.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is defined as interconnected digital and mechanical devices with intelligent and interactive data transmission features over a defined network. The ability of the IoT to collect, analyze and mine data into information and knowledge motivates the integration of IoT with grid and cloud computing. New job scheduling techniques are crucial for the effective integration and management of IoT with grid computing as they provide optimal computational solutions. The computational grid is a modern technology that enables distributed computing to take advantage of a organization’s resources in order to handle complex computational problems. However, the scheduling process is considered an NP-hard problem due to the heterogeneity of resources and management systems in the IoT grid. This paper proposed a Greedy Firefly Algorithm (GFA) for jobs scheduling in the grid environment. In the proposed greedy firefly algorithm, a greedy method is utilized as a local search mechanism to enhance the rate of convergence and efficiency of schedules produced by the standard firefly algorithm. Several experiments were conducted using the GridSim toolkit to evaluate the proposed greedy firefly algorithm’s performance. The study measured several sizes of real grid computing workload traces, starting with lightweight traces with only 500 jobs, then typical with 3000 to 7000 jobs, and finally heavy load containing 8000 to 10,000 jobs. The experiment results revealed that the greedy firefly algorithm could insignificantly reduce the makespan makespan and execution times of the IoT grid scheduling process as compared to other evaluated scheduling methods. Furthermore, the proposed greedy firefly algorithm converges on large search spacefaster , making it suitable for large-scale IoT grid environments.

A Virtual Organization (VO) in the Grid is a collection of users and distributed resources, in which resources are shared by users. VOs are dynamically created for some goals and then disappear after the goals are achieved. Conventional Grid architectures have been proposed for a single or static VO environment. In this paper, we propose a ticket-based Grid services architecture to support the dynamic VO environment. Tickets contain information and delegated rights of resource providers, VO managers, and users. By using these tickets, the proposed architecture supports various services in the dynamic VO environment, such as VO management, fine-grained authorization, resource information, and resource management.

Cooperating in Virtual organizations requires trust between the constituting organizations. SLA contracts are put in place in order to specify the quality of service of services offered. For these contracts to be effective they also need to be monitored effectively. In a Service Oriented Architecture this often means monitoring Web service invocations and evaluating if the service fulfills the obligations in its SLA. In this paper we present an implementation of a rule engine based SLA Evaluator specifically designed for the needs of a virtual organization. The evaluator fits in the context of a virtual organization through the use of open XML-based standards and a loosely coupled, event-driven architecture.

A grid system is a virtual organization that is composed of several autonomous domains. Authorization in such a system needs to be flexible and scalable to support multiple security policies. Basing on the Web services security specifications such as XACML, SAML, and the special security needs of the grid computing, we have constructed an authorization framework in the Globus Toolkit 4 that can support multiple policies. This paper describes the concepts of our design and introduces the structure and the components of the authorization framework. To show the flexibility and scalability of the framework, we introduce a new blacklist/whitelist-based authorization mechanism that can be seamlessly integrated into the framework

This paper studies the development of autonomic and secure Virtual Organisations (VOs) when following the chemical-programming paradigm. We have selected the Higher-Order Chemical Language (HOCL) as the representative of the chemical paradigm, due mainly to its generality, its implicit autonomic property, and its potential application to emerging computing paragidms such as Grid computing and service computing. We have advocated the use of aspect-oriented techniques, where autonomicity and security can be seen as cross-cutting concerns impacting the whole system. We show how HOCL can be used to model VOs, exemplified by a VO system for the generation of digital products. We develop patterns for HOCL, including patterns for traditional security properties such as authorisation and secure logs, as well as autonomic properties such as self-protection and self-healing. The patterns are applied to HOCL programs following an aspect-oriented approach, where aspects are modelled as transformation functions that add to a program a cross-cutting concern.

A prototype and demonstrator of Akogrimo’s architecture: An approach of merging grids, SOA, and the mobile Internet