A Meta-Analysis of the Problem-Based Learning Model to Enhance Students' Creative Thinking Skills

Using Project-Based Learning to Foster Mathematics Creative Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills of Elementary School Students . Objectives: This research aims to describe creative thinking skills and mathematical problem-solving abilities by implementing the Project-Based Learning model. Methods: This research used a quasi-experimental approach with a posttest-only control group design. The research was conducted at the Mano I of Catholic Elementary School during the odd semester of the 2023/2024 academic year. The research sample involved 53 fifth-grade students selected using random sampling techniques. The data collection instrument employs a descriptive test consisting of five questions each to assess creative thinking skills and problem-solving abilities. These instruments have undergone testing and have demonstrated reliability coefficients of 0.84 and 0.81, within the high category. The data collection method used in this research uses a test technique on fraction material, which consists of 10 questions with details of 5 creative thinking skills test items and 5 problem-solving ability test items. The instruments in this research are test questions, divided into creative thinking skills tests and problem-solving ability tests, each of which uses high-level thinking indicators, classified into C4 and C5 questions. The rubric for assessing creative thinking skills and problem-solving abilities is used in this research as a basis for consideration when assigning grades. The data analysis employed the Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) test technique using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 program for Windows. Before this, several assumption tests were conducted, including tests for normality of data distribution, homogeneity of variances, and multicollinearity. Findings: Simultaneously, students taught utilizing project-based learning demonstrate higher creative thinking and problem-solving skills than those taught using conventional methods. The PjBL model significantly impacts elementary school students' creative thinking and mathematics problem-solving skills. Conclusion: The PjBL approach is an acceptable choice for educators to foster creativity. Keywords: creative thinking skills, problem solving mathematics, project-based learning. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jpp.v14.i2.202453

This study aimed to: (1) describe differences in fourth-grade students’ creative thinking skills between the experimental and control classes; (2) determine the magnitude of the effect of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model assisted by the Fun Thinkers Book media on students’ creative thinking skills; and (3) describe the implementation of the PBL model supported by the media. The research employed a quantitative approach using a posttest-only control group design. The sample was selected through purposive sampling, with Class IV B as the experimental group and Class IV C as the control group. Data were collected using a creative thinking skills test and an observation sheet to assess the implementation of the learning process. Data analysis was conducted using statistical techniques. The results indicated that: (1) there were differences in students’ creative thinking skills between the experimental and control groups; (2) the PBL model assisted by the Fun Thinkers Book had a substantial effect on improving students’ creative thinking skills; and (3) the average implementation of the learning process was categorized as very good. In conclusion, the PBL model supported by the Fun Thinkers Book is effective in enhancing students’ creative thinking skills.


 This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the Internet of Things (IoT) integrated problem-based learning model on students' creative thinking abilities. This type of research is a meta-analysis research by evaluating the effect of the size of IoT-based problem-based learning models on students' creative thinking skills. Data search keywords are problem-based learning models; IoT-based problem-based learning model; and Students' creative thinking skills. Data collection techniques are through direct observation of journal databases and documentation. The eligibility criterion is that research comes from journals indexed by SINTA, Scopus and Web of Science; Research must be published in 2020-2024; Research obtained through mendeley database, google scholar, Researchgate; ERIC, and ScienceDirect, research related to the effectiveness of IoT-based problem-based learning models on students' creative thinking skills and research has complete data to calculate the value of effect size. Data analysis is a quantitative analysis by calculating the effect size value with the Microsoft Excel 2020 application. The results of the study concluded from 12 journals analyzed the application of the Internet of Things (IoT)-based problem-based learning model had a significant influence on students' creative thinking ability with an average value of effect size of 0.942 This finding provides important information for teachers, the application of the problem-based learning model exerts a high category of influence to improve creative thinking skills in the learning process.

High self-confidence and creative mathematical thinking skills will change students from having difficulty with mathematics to active learners who can solve mathematical problems. But the facts show that the achievement of both abilities is still quite low. The purpose of this research is to analyze how students' creative mathematical thinking skills are viewed from the perspective of self-confidence in social arithmetic material. Social arithmetic material is used because it allows them to abstract mathematical processes into their daily lives, thereby developing their creativity. The research method is descriptive qualitative. The sample was 3 people, namely 1 person for each level of self-confidence (high, medium, and low). They are selected through purposive sampling. The data collection techniques used include questionnaires, tests, interviews, and field notes. The data analysis techniques employed are data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results indicate that students' self-confidence levels in social arithmetic material affect their creative mathematical thinking skills. It was found that students with high self-confidence were able to meet three indicators of creative mathematical thinking skills: fluency, flexibility, and elaboration. However, students with high self-confidence were not able to meet the originality indicator. Students with moderate self-confidence were able to meet one indicator of creative mathematical thinking skills, namely fluency, but were not able to meet the flexibility and elaboration indicators. Meanwhile, students with low self-confidence were not able to meet any indicators of creative mathematical thinking skills. Thus, self-confidence can be increased to improve mathematical creative thinking skills.

This research was conducted in Alkarim Junior High School of Bengkulu City which aimed to improve students’ creative thinking and learning independence skills in mathematics, specifically in polyhedron material through the application of ARIAS learning model assisted by Castle Math application in smartphone. The method used in this research is classroom action with 2 learning cycles. The result of this research showed that the N-Gain value of students’ creative thinking skill is 0.7064, it indicated that there is high improvement on students’ creative thinking skill after participating in the learning activity. The data analysis of test result showed students’ improvement of creative thinking skill in each cycle. The mean of students’ creative thinking test in cycle I is 75.19 with learning success percentage of 62.5%. In cycle II, the test’s mean increased to 91.3% with an increase of 16.11 from the mean of cycle I’s value. The classical learning success in cycle II reached 93.33%. Students’ learning independence also improved in each cycle. In cycle I, the observer’s mean score for student learning independence is 77.03 with good criteria. In cycle II, the score increased to 94.76 with very good criteria. Therefore, it can be concluded that ARIAS learning model assisted by smartphone-based Castle Math application succeeded in significantly improving the students’ creative thinking skill which can be seen from the N-Gain value, test result, and students’ learning independence in each learning cycle.

The purposes of this research are to increase creative thinking skills and concept mastery of students in the material buffer solution using Problem Based Learning (PBL) model. The method which is used quasi experiment method with one group pretest –posttest design. The research subjects were 31 students in grade XI school stubs on one of the main international school in the town of Cimahi, West Java. The techniques of data collection are done through a written test like 12 essay question, student worksheets, student questionnaires and teacher interviews. The data is analyzed by statistical tests using SPSS version 16.00 and a descriptive analysis. The results showed that the learning process according with 5 stages in the PBL model; over all creative thinking skills and concept mastery increased significantly with the average N-gain = 0.61; indicators of creative thinking skills that experienced the highest increasing is “elaboration”, N-gain = 0,70; label concepts that experienced the highest increasing is the calculation of pH buffer solution, N-gain=0.86 and PBL model got a positive response from teachers and students.Keywords: buffer solution, creative thinking skills, concepts mastery, problem based learning

A supportive learning model can influence the development of creative thinking skills. Remap-TQ is an acronym for a learning model with stages of reading, concept mapping, and Team Quiz (TQ). The steps of the Remap-TQ learning model are expected to train students’ creative thinking skills. The purpose of the study was to determine the contribution of Remap-TQ to students’ creative thinking skills in learning biology. This study was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group design. Participants involved in this research were science students from one state senior high school in Jember, East Java, Indonesia, who had been tested for equality. Respondents came from three randomly selected classes, totalling 105 students. The indicators of creative thinking measured are curiosity, fluency, originality, elaboration, flexibility, divergence, messines/risk-taking, and others. The results showed that the Remap-TQ model could improve students’ creative thinking more than the TQ model and conventional learning. The posttest mean value of learning with Remap-TQ is 85.89, compared to students taught by TQ of 78.64 and conventional learning of 68.03. The findings of this study can provide new references to educators regarding innovative learning models to develop students’ creative thinking skills in learning biology. Keywords: exploring, creative thinking, skills, biology, Remap-TQ

This study aims to determine whether there are differences in the results of the influence of the application of the Creative Problem Solving (CPS) model, the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model and the Direct Instruction (DI) model in improving mathematical creative thinking skills in the material of quadrilaterals and triangles of class VII students of SMPN 9 Kota Jambi. Using an experimental posttest only control research design, this study involved the population of all class VII students of SMPN 9 Kota Jambi in the 2023/2024 academic year totaling 204 students from 7 classes. Through the Random Sampling technique , three classes were selected as samples, namely VII A, VII B, and VII C. Data collection was carried out using two instruments: observation sheets for the implementation of learning and evaluation tests for mathematical creative thinking skills. To analyze the collected data, statistical analysis using One way Anova showed a significance value of 0.000 which was smaller than 0.005. These findings indicate different effects of the application of the three learning models - CPS, PBL, and DI - on improving mathematical creative thinking skills. Posttest data showed that the group of students who received learning with the CPS model achieved an average score of 16.94, while the PBL group obtained an average of 16.26. Both groups showed superior results compared to the group using the DI (Direct Instruction) learning model

This study aims to evaluate the effect of integrating the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model with an open-ended approach on the creative thinking skills of 10th-grade students in mathematics, specifically in the topic of Quadratic Functions. The research was conducted at Cahaya Medan Private High School, involving six 10th-grade classes. Two classes were selected as the sample: Class X-2, which participated in the experimental group and received instruction through the PBL model with an open-ended approach, and Class X-3, the control group, which followed traditional teaching methods. Each group consisted of 34 students. A quasi-experimental design was employed, incorporating pretest and posttest evaluations, along with five validated open-ended questions to assess the outcomes. Data analysis was performed using a t-test. The experimental group achieved an average posttest score of 84.94, while the control group scored 77.09. The t-test results showed that the PBL model, when combined with the open-ended approach, significantly improved the students' creative thinking abilities in learning Quadratic Functions.

Critical thinking and creative thinking skills are needed to improve the quality and competitive human resources. Therefore, the application of appropriate learning models is expected to stimulate students' critical thinking and creative thinking skills. This research aims to improve critical thinking and creative thinking skill scores using the ASICC learning model. This type of research is classroom action research which is carried out in 2 cycles, with 3 meetings in each cycle. Data on students' critical thinking and creative thinking skills were collected using essay tests on science learning materials. Data analysis was carried out by comparing the N-gain scores in cycle 1 and cycle 2 for students' critical thinking and creative thinking skills. The results of the research revealed that there was an increase that occurred in cycle 2, namely 5.6% in the aspects of moderate critical thinking skills and high creative thinking, as well as in the aspects of critical thinking skills and high creative thinking by 5.6%. Meanwhile, in the previous cycle, these two aspects did not have a high category. Another result found from this research is that students who have low critical thinking skills do not necessarily have low creative thinking skills. This is because students who have low critical thinking skills may have moderate creative thinking skills or vice versa. Thus, the application of the ASICC learning model is effective in improving the scores of critical thinking skills and creative thinking skills of students at Junior High School 5 Kertosono.

The development of creative thinking skills and cultural literacy is crucial for preparing students to navigate the challenges of globalization while preserving their cultural identity. This study aims to develop the Ethnosains Integrated Project-Based Learning (PjBL) model and evaluate its validity and effectiveness in enhancing students' creative thinking skills and cultural literacy. Employing a Research and Development (R&D) methodology, the model was developed with a structured six-phase learning process: ethno-orientation, ethno-problem, ethno-project design, ethno-project investigation, ethno-presentation, and ethno-reflection. The validation process, conducted from experts’ perspectives, involved Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with five expert validators to assess the model's content and construct validity. Additionally, 16 biology education students from Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Indonesia, participated in preliminary field testing to evaluate the model's practical application. Validation results confirmed the model’s content and construct validity, with high average scores (content: 3.92; construct: 3.87 out of 4.00), indicating its alignment with educational needs and theoretical frameworks. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, including ANOVA, demonstrated significant improvements in students' creative thinking skills, with an increase in the average score from 2.28 ("less creative") in the pretest to 3.28 ("creative") in the posttest (F > 101.33, p < .001, η² > 0.77). Similarly, cultural literacy scores improved significantly, with the average rising from 2.41 ("moderately literate") to 4.09 ("highly literate") (F > 179.52, p < .001, η² > 0.85). These results highlight the success of the Ethnosains Integrated PjBL model in fostering creativity and cultural awareness through culturally contextualized projects. The study underscores the potential of this model as an innovative strategy for holistically integrating creative thinking and cultural literacy into educational practices and recommends further exploration across diverse contexts.

This study aims to analyze the effect of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) model on students' creative thinking skills in science learning at the junior high school level. The method used in this study is a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group design. This study involved all seventh-grade students at MTs Negeri 1 Serang, consisting of 10 classes. The research sample was randomly selected, with Class VII A as the experimental group using the Contextual Teaching and Learning model, while Class VII E served as the control group using the Discovery Learning model. Data collection was carried out through creative thinking skill essay tests and non-test observations of students' creative thinking abilities. The test instrument used was validated and tested for reliability. The results showed that the Contextual Teaching and Learning model significantly influenced the improvement of students' creative thinking skills. Although the data distribution was not normal, hypothesis testing using statistical tests indicated significant differences between the pretest and posttest results. Thus, the Contextual Teaching and Learning model can be an effective alternative to enhancing students' creative thinking skills in understanding scientific concepts, particularly concerning environmental pollution issues. Keywords: Contextual Teaching and Learning, Creative Thinking Skills, Environmental Pollution, Integrated Science

This study aims to determine the effect of the inquiry-based learning model based on Mobile Learning on Students' Creative Thinking Skills. This type of research is quantitative research with meta-analysis methods. The data source comes from analysis of national and international journals. The process of searching for data sources through the Google Scholar, ERIC, DOAJ, Wiley, Taylor of Francis and Plos ONE databases. Inclusion criteria are data sources from national and international journals indexed by SINTA; Scopus, WOS, DOAJ and EBSCO, Research must be related to inquiry models, mobile learning and critical thinking skills, Journals must be published in 2017-2023 and have a value (r), (t), or F N ≥ 25. Research results of 18 studies explains that the inquiry-based learning model based on mobile learning has a significant effect on students' creative thinking skills (z = 6.713; p < 0.001; CI 95% (0.784; 1.206). The effect size in this study is high criteria (rRE = 0.885). These findings show the application of mobile learning-based inquiry learning models has a major effect on students' creative thinking skills.

Creative thinking skills are important for long-term success. Empowering creative thinking skills which can be trained through problem-solving activities in learning, thereby promoting high cognitive engagement. This study aimed to test the effectiveness of the research and development product of Problem-Based Learning module of environmental changes in empowering students’ creative thinking skills. The research method used was the Quasi-experiment with nonequivalent control group design. The sample of the research was the tenth-graders of a Senior High School in Karanganyar district, Central Java. The sampling was cluster sampling by involving two classes, namely the Grade X-MIA 1 with 28 students and the X-MIA 4 with 28 students. The qualitative and quantitative-descriptive approaches were used to analyze the data. The result shows the mean of creative thinking skills score of experiment group is higher than the control group. This developed module could empower students’ creative thinking skills by problem-solving activities as needed for Indonesian educational goal . The study concludes that development module was constructed based on Problem-based Learning activities in the module could stimulate students solved and identified the problems with their ideas and developed their creative thinking.

The ability to think creatively is one of the higher order thinking skills so it is very important in biochemistry learning. The purpose of this study was to determine students' interest in learning in problem-based learning by providing scaffolding and without providing scaffolding and to see the effect of students' interest in learning in problem-based learning by providing scaffolding on students' creative thinking abilities. The design in this study used an explanatory sequential design with a total sample of 88 students of the Jambi University chemistry education study program. The instrument used in this study was a learning interest questionnaire with 17 statements and a creative thinking ability test question with a total of 10 questions. The data collection procedure was carried out, namely the researcher distributed a questionnaire instrument of student learning interest when learning using the PBL model and learning using the scaffolding integrated PBL model. After distributing the interest in learning questionnaire, the researcher then distributed the instruments for testing the ability to think creatively. The sampling technique used was total sampling. The data analysis technique used descriptive test, t-test and simple linear regression test. The results obtained are that there are differences in students' interest in learning when learning using the PBL model integrated with scaffolding and learning using the PBL model. In addition, there is an influence of students' interest in learning on students' creative thinking skills using a problem-based learning model with scaffolding