A method to determine stray voltage sources-Part I: Concept and theory

Stray voltages have always been a power quality concern to utility companies and customers. The long-term exposure to sufficient stray voltage can be harmful to human being's and animals' health. The stray voltage in the low voltage network is generally related to the load unbalance, grounding condition and network structure. Through analytical study and detailed system simulations, this paper makes a sensitivity study on how serious these factors affect the stray voltage in low voltage networks. Therefore some recommendations can be formulated to prevent the excessive stray voltage. On the other hand, this paper also provides guidance on how to identify the cause of excessive stray voltage incidence if it is detected.

Stray voltage, defined as the voltage between any two animal contacts, can causeserious problems for livestock, in particular dairy. Dairymen are losing milk productionand are experiencing cow behavior and health problems due to small electricalcurrents passing through the cows bodies. The voltages are known by several names,including neutral-to-earth (N-E) voltage, neutral-to-ground voltage, tingle voltage, andextraneous voltage. The problem stems from a voltage at an undesirable level betweentwo animal contact points.<br><br>The concept of stray voltage is relatively simple electrically, although the sourcescan be varied and complex. These voltages may be caused by poor or faulty wiring,faulty equipment, or improper grounding, or they may result from the small voltagesrequired to move current through the grounded neutral system neutral-to-earthvoltage. As farm operations increase in size and sophistication, as electrical wiringsystems become obsolete or deteriorate, and as electrical loads on rural distributionsystems increase, it is likely that stray voltage problems will continue to exist. However,with a good understanding of (a) the sources and their interactions, and (b) thesensitivity of animals to electrical currents, stray voltage problems can be analyzedand corrected in existing facilities as well as prevented in new construction. This chapteris intended to explain the problem, describe potential problem sources, and giverecommendations on what to do to prevent or correct the problem.

This paper challenges conventional established practice and presently accepted standards concerning equipotential planes. The concepts, ideas and recommendations contained within this paper are the opinions of the author. It is the opinion of the author that it is unfortunate that in the United States the vast majority of utilities use the hazardous multigrounded neutral electrical distribution system. This type of electrical distribution system uses the earth for a partial electrical neutral return path for the dangerous high voltage distribution current. The correct term for this uncontrolled is current as opposed to the incorrect term, stray voltage, commonly used. Robert Gustafson was editor of Chapter 4, Mitigation, in the document titled, USDA agriculture handbook no. 696, effects of electrical voltage/current on farm known as the Agriculture Red Book, where he presents various solutions to stray or neutral-to-earth voltage problems. One of his major suggestions is the installation of an equipotential This paper relates testing that suggests that such a solution is harmful not only to animals such as cows and pigs, but also to humans. With the flow of stray neutral distribution over and through the earth, one must consider the effects that this dangerous stray neutral distribution have on an equipotential According to the National Fire Protection Association's (NFPA) Standard 70, the National Electrical Code (NEC) Articles 547 and 680, equipotential planes ... prevent a difference in voltage from developing within the plane. This paper discusses the contradictions, inconsistencies and incompatibilities of equipotential planes, Ohms law and the NEC. For years it has been opined that with detailed understanding, and the correct application of Ohms law, one would come to the conclusion that the concept of equipotential planes was not only potentially dangerous, but also blatantly false. In December 2004, tests were conducted that finally confirmed that the concept of equipotential planes is a figment of the imagination

Purpose This paper aims to research the corrosion behavior of the metal under the disbonded coatings interfered with AC through electrochemical method. Design/methodology/approach The corrosion behavior of the metal under disbond coating interfered with alternate stray current (AC) was studied by electrochemical methods using the rectangular coating disbonded simulator. The obtained data from electrode potential test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization curves in simulated soil solution indicated that under the natural corrosion condition, the self-corrosion potential and the corrosion current density of the metal at different depths under disbond coating had obviously changed if there was AC interference. Findings The self-corrosion potential of the metal at the same depths under disbond coating shifted negatively with the rising of the AC voltage. Under the condition of cathode polarization, there was still obvious potential gradient with the extension of the deep peeling of the coating gap, and the corrosion current density of the test points was minimum, and the protection effect was best when the cathode protection potential was −1.0 V. When the metal was applied with over-protection, the corrosion rate of the metal increased as AC stray current flowing through it increased. Originality/value This paper used the rectangular aperture device to study the corrosion behavior of X80 steel under the disbonded coatings through electrochemical methods when the AC stray current interference voltage was 0V, 1V, 5V or 10V and the protection potential was 0V, −0.9V, −1.0V, −1.2V or −1.3V, respectively. There is great significance to the safe operation and long-term service of pipeline steel in soil environment.

Transformer-less string PV inverter is getting more and more widely utilized due to its higher efficiency, smaller volume and weight. However, without the galvanic isolation, the leakage current limitation and operation safety became the key issues of transformer-less inverters. This paper simplifies the leakage current generation circuit model and presents a leakage current estimation method both in real time and frequency domain. It shows that the leakage current is related to the circuit stray parameters, output filter and common mode voltage. Furthermore, with the proposed analysis method, the leakage current generation of H-bridge with different modulation methods and HERIC inverter are discussed individually. At last, the presented method has been verified via simulation.

Voltage and current waveforms of transmission lines struck by lightning are calculated for use in back flashover analysis. Calculation by using equivalent circuits is the general practice, however, there are limited experimental results for reference to evaluate validity of developed equivalent circuits under various line conditions. Calculation results by numerical electromagnetic analysis can be used as references if they are proved reliable. In this paper, the voltage rises at a model of a 154 kV transmission line hit by lightning is calculated by Method of Moments (MoM) and FDTD for comparison. They solve Maxwell's equations by using different algorithms, so, if the calculated results by these methods reasonably agree under various line conditions, the results of these numerical analyses are regarded reliable. The calculated voltage and current waveforms by the two numerical methods agree well under a variety of footing resistance of transmission towers, thus the authors conclude that the calculated results by FDTD or MoM can be employed as references to evaluate validity of circuit models for back flashover analyses. Thus, the results calculated by circuit analysis are compared with those calculated by FDTD. The multistory tower model (Ishii model) better reproduces the voltage waveforms in a wide range of the footing resistance than simple circuit models of a tower, and can be easily tuned for further accuracy.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to find out and analyze the Influence of the Current ratio and Receivable turnover on Profitability. The theoretical framework: Evaluating profitability through various ratios, companies can be classified into two categories: margin ratios and return ratios. Liquidity, activity, and profitability are important issues to be continuously monitored, that’s why the study uses the Current ratio and the Receivable turnover as tools in finding the relation between the Current ratio and Receivable turnover on Profitability partially and simultaneously. Methodology: The research method used in this study is a descriptive survey and an explanatory survey. The unit of analysis in this study is the LQ45 company’s financial statements on the IDX for the 2021 period. The type of investigation is causality, and the time horizon in this study is time series. This study uses multiple regression analysis. Finding: Partially and Simultaneously, the Current ratio and Receivable turnover have a significant effect on Profitability. Receivable turnover is more dominant in influencing Profitability, it becomes the first priority in increasing Profitability. Research Policy Implications: In efforts to increase profitability, the main priority is to have increased Receivable Turnover to maintain business continuity. To increase accounts receivable turnover, these companies are expected to be able to encourage acceleration and accuracy of collection of accounts receivable, with the intention that investment is not fixated on just one sector, for example only focusing on fixed assets, so that the company's financial stability can be maintained properly. Increasing the current ratio by optimizing the elements of current assets to cover all of the company's current liabilities. Originality/value: Companies are advised to consistently improve accounts receivable turnover; so that the company's financial performance will improve.

This study makes an important contribution in understanding the relationship between current ratio and return on assets at PT Astra Otoparts Tbk. Through the use of a simple linear regression test on financial statement data for the period 2015-2022, this study intends to explain the extent to which the current ratio affects the company's return on assets. Current ratio, as the independent variable, is used as an indicator of the company's ability to meet its short-term obligations, while return on assets, as the dependent variable, reflects the company's level of profitability. The results show that, although the current ratio has a positive influence on return on assets, the influence is not statistically significant. In other words, the increase in current ratio does not contribute significantly to the increase in return on assets at PT Astra Otoparts Tbk. The findings can provide valuable insights for company management in designing financial strategies, especially in terms of managing short-term assets and liabilities. In the context of the automotive and spare parts industry in Indonesia, where PT Astra Otoparts Tbk operates, an in-depth understanding of the factors that influence return on assets is crucial. The results of this study can serve as a basis for similar companies to evaluate and improve their financial performance, optimize asset allocation, and manage short-term liabilities more effectively. Further research and the integration of other factors in financial analysis can help shape a more holistic and sustainable business strategy amidst changing market dynamics.

This study explores how the Net Profit Margin (NPM) acts as an intermediary in the connection between the Current Ratio (CR) and stock returns for companies included in the LQ45 Index over the period from 2013 to 2022. The study population includes all companies within the LQ45 Index, which totals 45 firms. The LQ45 Index features a group of companies with the highest liquidity in their stock performance on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). To be included, companies must have significant market capitalization, impressive stock performance over time, and strong financial health. Consequently, the LQ45 Index is highly favored by investors. Using Purposive Sampling, the sample is limited to companies that have been continuously listed on the LQ45 Index throughout the 10-year span and have the requisite data, leading to a selection of 19 companies. Analytical methods employed include Descriptive Statistical Analysis, Multiple Linear Regression, Path Analysis, and the Sobel Test, with IBM SPSS25 used for data analysis. In this research, the Current Ratio (CR) serves as the independent variable, Stock Return is the dependent variable, and the Net Profit Margin (NPM) acts as the mediating variable. Findings reveal that the Current Ratio does not significantly impact Stock Return, the Net Profit Margin has a positive and significant effect on Stock Return, the Current Ratio negatively and significantly affects the Net Profit Margin, and the Net Profit Margin fully and significantly mediates the impact of the Current Ratio on Stock Return.

This research aims to determine the influence of the Current Ratio and Total Assets Turnover on Stock Returns with Return on Equity as an Intervening. This research was carried out using the Purposive Sampling method to obtain a representative sample according to the specified criteria. The number of samples obtained was 12 companies for the 2011-2021 period. The method used to analyze the data is multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the research results, the Current Ratio has a significant positive effect on stock returns, Total Assets Turnover has no significant effect on stock returns and Return on Equity has a significant positive effect on stock returns. Current Ratio has a significant negative effect on Return on Equity, while Total Assets Turnover has no significant effect on Return on Equity. Return on Equity can mediate the relationship between Current Ratio and stock returns, while Total Assets Turnover and stock returns cannot be mediated by Return on Equity.

There has been tremendous growth in the disclosure of sustainability reports, and it is now an essential component for all organizations. Using the SRI-KEHATI stock index on the Indonesia Stock Exchange as a case study, this research intends to uncover and compile data pertaining to the impact of sustainability report disclosure on firm value, as mediated by Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), through the effects of Return On Asset (ROA) and Current Ratio (CR) from 2020 to 2023. A total of 36 firms make up the study's population, and 9 of those companies are selected at random throughout the course of 4 years. Using a quantitative approach, this study makes use of descriptive and associative research methodologies. This research used purposive sample approaches in conjunction with non-probability methods. The website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) served as the data source for this research. For the years 2020–2023, the information is sourced from SRI-KEHATI index sustainability reports as well as yearly financial reports. Firm value is positively affected by Return On Asset (ROA), according to this study's findings. The worth of the company is unaffected by the current ratio (CR). The current ratio (CR) and return on assets (ROA) both influence the value of a company at the same time. There is no moderating effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on the correlation between ROA and company value. Current Ratio (CR) and company value are unmodified by corporate social responsibility (CSR).

Pharmaceutical company is a type of company that in its operational activities produces medicinal products for health, unlike trading companies that sell products.This situation will provide an opportunity for investors to invest in the company.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Long debt equity ratio and Current ratio on stock returns with stock investment risk as an intervening variable in Pharmaceutical Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2017-2020 period.The population in this study were all pharmaceutical companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2017-2020 period as many as 12 companies.The sampling technique was determined by purposive sampling.Analysis of hypothesis testing data in this study using the Structural Equation-Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM) method.&#x0D; Long Debt Equity Ratio has a significant negative effect on stock investment risk.Current Ratio has a negative but not significant effect on stock investment risk,Long Debt Equity Ratio has a negative but not significant effect on stock returns,Current Ratio has a positive but not significant effect on stock returns,Stock investment risk has a significant positive effect on stock returns,The results of the indirect effect hypothesis test show that the Long Debt Equity Ratio has a significant negative effect on stock returns through stock investment risk,Current Ratio has a negative but not significant effect on stock returns through stock investment risk.

Finding out how the Current Ratio, Return on Equity, and debt-to-equity ratio affect Stock Price is the goal of this study (in healthcare companies in the pharmaceuticals and healthcare research subsector on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the Period 2015–2023). This study employed a quantitative research methodology that combines a descriptive and verifying approach. Quantitative information in the form of financial statements (annual reports) from the annual reports of manufacturing companies in the food and beverage subsector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the years 2017–2023 was utilized to gather secondary data. The partial testing findings indicated that the Debt to Equity Ratio has an impact on the Stock Price, whereas the Current Ratio and Return on Equity have no effect. The Stock Price is simultaneously impacted by the Debt to Equity Ratio, Return on Equity, and Current Ratio, according to the results of the simultaneous testing.

This study aims to analyze the effect of Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) and Current Ratio (CR) on Return on Assets (ROA) in cigarette companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2015–2024. The research method applied is quantitative analysis with a multiple linear regression approach. Data were collected from annual financial statements of the sampled companies. The findings indicate that both DER and CR have no significant effect on ROA. This suggests that leverage and liquidity levels are not the primary determinants of a company’s ability to generate profits from its assets. Furthermore, the F-test in this research is applied as a model suitability test rather than a simultaneous significance test. Therefore, it can be concluded that variations in ROA of cigarette companies are influenced by other factors beyond DER and CR. The results of this study are expected to provide useful insights for investors, management, and future researchers in understanding the financial performance of the cigarette industry sector in Indonesia.

This study aims to determine the effect of the Current Ratio, Company Size, Return on Equity, and Dividend Payout Ratio on the Price Earnings Ratio on the MNC36 index for the 2017-2021 period. The population and samples used in this study were to use the purposive sampling method which was selected based on specific criteria in accordance with the purpose of the study. Thus, the number of samples in this study was 77 companies. This study used secondary data. The analysis method in this study is multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS 22.0 and Smart PLS 4.0 software. The results of the research obtained are that DPR has a positive and significant effect on the Price Earnings Ratio. In contrast, the Current Ratio, Company Size, and Return on Equity do not have a significant effect on the Price Earnings Ratio.