A Model-Based Methodology to Generate Code for Timer Units

UML is an industry standard abstraction language, which encompasses a wide range of structural and behavioural diagrams. It reduces the gap between the functional requirements and system design phase of the software development process. Automated code generation from UML reduces development time and enables effective communication between managers and developers. Our tool exploits the one to one mapping between structural diagrams and object oriented code. Behavioural diagrams like activity, sequence and state diagrams are merged into a single structural diagram for code generation. The UML design diagrams are converted to platform independent textual representation, XML Metadata Interchange (XMI). The XMI parser generates an abstract syntax tree (AST). A template matching algorithm is used to convert the AST to the Java code. The tool also enables code generation in a phased manner to implement and verify the features of each diagram. The evaluation of the tool is shown using a case study and the results are compared with existing open source code generation tools. The generated OO code is functional and executable.

Integrated circuits are being used in different applications which are not always known at the time of specification and design creation. Safety standards specify that certain design processes be followed to guarantee safety of the applications in which these circuits are being used. As a result, the design phase is followed (often mandated) by an evaluation phase, wherein the safety worthiness of the circuit must be ascertained. In this paper, we perform a detailed study of such an evaluation as practised in the industry, understand the limitations, and propose techniques to improve the existing methodology. The improvements proposed are: (i) Capturing workload diversity as input constraints (values and sequence). (ii) Modelling application specific performance tolerance. (iii) Illustrating how physical system can be included into this analysis using a suitable representation. (iv) Budgeting of tolerance across various interacting modules to reduce computational complexity of safety analysis. Experimental results to illustrate suitability of the proposed methods are presented using a set of ITC benchmark circuits and two representative industrial circuits.

Dynamic binary translators compile machine code from a source architecture to a target architecture at run time. Due to the hard time constraints of just-in-time compilation only highly efficient optimization algorithms can be employed. Common problems are an insufficient number of registers on the target architecture and the different handling of condition codes in source and target architecture. Without optimizations useless stores and computations are generated by the dynamic binary translator and cause significant performance losses. In order to eliminate these useless operations, a very fast liveness analysis is required. We present a dynamic liveness analysis algorithm that trades precision for fast execution and conducted experiments with the SpecInt95 benchmark suite using our PowerPC to Alpha translator. The optimizations reduced the number of stores by about 50 percent. This resulted in a speed-up of 10 to 30 percent depending on the target machine. The dynamic liveness analysis results are very close to the most precise solution.

The basis for safety operation of NPPs are laid down at the design stage, therefore the main tasks of this stage are the most complete consideration of safety requirements and principles in the project. The existing experience in the design of nuclear power plants for foreign customers shows that both safety standards and national regulatory documents of a number of countries impose detailed requirements for deterministic safety analysis for internal hazards, the source of which is inside the building: fires, explosions, missiles, heavy load drop, flooding, etc. At the same time, methodological questions of performing deterministic safety analyzes for internal hazards are not sufficiently developed either at the level of national regulatory, or at the level of safety guidelines. The presented analysis methodology is aimed at improving the regulatory documentation for the safety justification of nuclear power plants and is developed on the basis of regulatory requirements in the field of nuclear safety in various countries and summarizing the experience of performing deterministic safety justification of domestic and foreign projects.

The full disclosure of the potential capabilities of buses requires an assessment of the effectiveness of their operation for a number of relevant requirements. The modern regulatory and technical framework for the operation of buses provides high requirements in accordance with environmental and safety standards throughout the life cycle. Therefore, today, the bus fleet structure management system should consider indicators of the quality of their operation, as well as the design stage, in the process of operation and subsequent disposal. Accordingly, the properties of the bus, which are part of the quality, should be practically implemented (correlated) in accordance with the variable parameters of the operating environment over the entire life cycle. At present, taking into account the technical and operational indicators of buses, it is averaged to change the individual groups of indicators of quality, as for an individual object, and for their totality in the structure of the park. The fundamental difference between the developed hierarchy of goals and the subsystems of the control structure system of a bus is to take the level of traditional complex quality criteria into account - to ensure reliability, such as environmental and structural safety and the ability to implement an environmentally sound business environment.

The construction industry is one of the most accident-prone sectors in the world. The lack of strict adherence to guidelines and safety standards is one of the major contributing factors to safety hazards. Identifying safety risks before the start of construction is very crucial. This requires incorporating safety parameters into the design stages of the project. A rule-based safety checking model by integrating safety management with Building Information Modelling (BIM) will facilitate safety checking in the design stages. This chapter discusses how the safety regulations are converted to rulesets and integrated to BIM to identify safety risks involved in the scaffolding structures during the design stage of the project. The rule-based safety checking approach will evaluate the BIM model if regulations and specifications are followed as mentioned in the safety codes. The integration of safety management with BIM will enable communicating safety issues with the stakeholders and reduce accidents relating to improper scaffoldings.

Since the introduction of scientific disciplines into the shipbuilding process, there has been a search for optimisation of human and material resources. The current environmental crisis is putting additional pressure on global resource management and special attention to materials sourcing and utilisation. This paper discusses the potential solution for the current lack of effectiveness at early design stages, which are still based on 2D drawings. The industry is demanding a new 3D approach, which implies, first, a change in the procedures, and second, having a suitable CAD/CAM tool for the early generation of a digital mock-up, from which the project is developed throughout all design and production phases, from conceptual design to operation. The proposed solution shown in this paper would improve the general arrangement definition, with the use of CAD for the 3D definition of the compartments and the main equipment positioning; improve the naval architecture calculation; and finally improve the basic/class design stage, with better reuse of data already developed in the general arrangement model and in the definition of a 3D model of structure, with the main equipment positioning, pipes, and electrical equipment already into the model. Intelligent P&I diagrams and single-wire electric diagrams would be used at this stage and connected to the 3D model. Additionally, it will allow for early estimating of materials, weights, and associated processes. This will be further supported by the use of topology to consider design alternatives and produce early information on materials for procurement and production. The cost reduction associated with the definition of the early design stages in 3D has been estimated at around 15% of the overall design and production stages.

Building codes have evolved in response to specific threats in order to create minimum standards for health, safety and welfare. The profession of architecture has the responsibility for code compliance, but is only marginally involved in shaping code content. With the need to adapt swiftly to the challenges of climate change and to minimize carbon contributions from the built environment the AIA has issued a White Paper setting out a timeline and goals to increase architect participation in code development and ultimately to make codes performance-based, with mandatory post-occupancy evaluation.

During the design phase in the Web or software engineering process, the functional and non functional requirements that have been agreed upon by the customer and the developer are translated into a suitable software solution. Such a solution typically describes the conceptual decomposition of the overall Web application into a variety of constituent parts or modules, the arrangement of application data, the solutions adopted for communication purposes, and so on. The design phase, hence, produces as output a set of logical and conceptual solutions, architectural choices, and design patterns.

Typical, numerical structural optimization is well established in improving structural design in its final design phase. The overall product topology is then already defined and structural optimization is “only” used to improve shape and size parameters, which have no influence on the global mechanical topology. Significant decisions have been made already in earlier development stages. However, it is desirable to expand this optimization capabilities to CAE based support for the definition and preliminary design of the general layout, geometrical and structural architecture, equipment configuration and functional requirements. For satellites such a support can be defined as follows: Finding the conceptual geometrical architecture of a satellite satisfying the basic geometrical, mechanical and thermal requirements within an automated optimization process. This includes mainly the (a) topology and geometry of the basic structural components, (b) placements of basic components and equipment and (c) preliminary concept evaluation (e.g. FEM, etc.) Intentionally, the satellite design engineering team should be supplied with a set of feasible or nearly feasible satellite configurations (satisfying the main geometric, mechanical and thermal requirements) serving as a good starting basis for satellite configuration development in early design phases. The design engineers investigate these preliminary conceptual satellite designs for the remaining, typically more specific and more locally acting requirements (e.g. fastening, piping, etc...). In this way the main basic effects guiding satellite design can be taken into account at the very early development stages and, moreover, can be compared with alternative designs to find the best tradeoff. This is a great advantage and progress compared to the traditional design process. Optimization now starts to enter the early and important design phases, the real significant design decisions can now be made by support of optimization techniques. It should be further noted, that our system is not proposed to substitute the design engineers, but to supplement and to enlarge the potentials of the design branch to reach a better design in a shorter time conforming to concurrent engineering issues. In this paper our approach for an automated satellite conceptual design method will be presented, and emphasis is put on demonstration and verification by the satellite GammaBus 1 (the carrier of the Galileo system) as well as other real space applications. Further some main aspects regarding discrete-continuous optimization for structural configuration tasks from an algorithmic point of view are discussed to round out this paper

In climate-responsive design the building becomes an intermediary in its own energy housekeeping, forming a link between the harvest of climate resources and low energy provision of comfort. Essential here is the employment of climate-responsive building elements, defined as structural and architectural elements in which the energy infrastructure is far-reaching integrated. This thesis presents the results of research conducted on what knowledge is needed in the early stages of the design process and how to transfer and transform that knowledge to the field of the architect in order for them to successfully implement the principles of climate-responsive design. The derived content, form and functional requirements provide the framework for a design decision support tool. These requirements were incorporated into a concept tool that has been presented to architects in the field, in order to gain their feedback. Climate-responsive design makes the complex task of designing even more complex. Architects are helped when sufficient information on the basics of climate-responsive design and its implications are provided as informative support during decision making in the early design stages of analysis and energy concept development. This informative support on climate-responsive design should address to different design styles in order to be useful to any type of architects. What is defined as comfortable has far-reaching implications for the way buildings are designed and how they operate. This in turn gives an indication of the energy used for maintaining a comfortable indoor environment. Comfort is not a strict situation, but subjective. Diversity is appreciated and comfort is improved when users have the ability to exert influence on their environment. Historically, the provision of comfort has led to the adoption of mechanical climate control systems that operate in many cases indifferent from the building space and mass and its environment. Climate-responsive design restores the context of local climate and environment as a design parameter. Many spatial, functional and comfort-related boundary conditions that have an effect on the energy design concept have been distinguished. There are many low-graded energy sources that can be put to use in the built environment, with local climate as the primary component. When exploring the potential of local climate, urban context needs to be taken into account since it heavily affects the actual potential. Since buildings are typically build to last for decades, consideration of changing climate and its expected effect on the energy potential is an important factor in the strategy to follow. The study of the energy potential of local climate resulted in a set of climate-related and context-related boundary conditions. The principles of climate-responsive design - the conceptual relations between energy source, energy treatment and comfort demand - can be translated into various design solutions, the contextual, architectural and technical implementation of these principles into an actual design. The design solutions can be divided into six categories- site planning, building form and layout, skin, structure, finish and (integrated)building service - that cover various dimensions in planning and construction. In this thesis a non-exhaustive list of design principles and solutions is presented using different matrices. In order to design using climate-responsive design principles the architect should be given an overview of the comfort contribution and energy performance of design solutions. Furthermore, the identification of collaborations and conflicts when using multiple design principles together is essential. The generation of a satisfying design is more than just stacking solutions upon each other. It should also be made clear what a possible energy function of a building element is besides its primary function. This is where comfort and energy related design objectives of climate-responsive design meet other objectives (i.e. spatial, functional and structural). Finally, the impact of climatere sponsive building elements on the appearance of design is relevant to concept orientated architects. Together this can be considered as the content requirements of the design-decision support tool. In the early stages of the design process climate-responsive design is about the generation of energy concepts. In this phase accessible guidelines and the option to compare alternatives is more important than to assess absolute performance. The conceptual design phase is dynamic and has many iterations. Informative, context specific knowledge reduces the number of iterations before the architect has generated a satisfying number of design options from which it can continue to the next design phase of assessment. Functional requirements for the framework of the design decision support tool are the inclusion of a knowledge base with expert knowledge and best practice examples, the provision of informative, context-specific knowledge, the provision of accessible guidelines, the provision of an option to compare alternatives, the inclusion of the ability to inform during and assist in decision-making (i.e. intelligence) and the limitation of complexity and the generation of easy to interpret output. The tool is primarily developed for the architect so it needs to blend in the architect’s workflow enabling the architect’s creativity and guiding his intuition. Other form requirements of the design-decision support tool are the presence of customisation options and custom navigation patterns, all presented in a visual style. A concept of the web-based tool has been developed in order to illustrate what a climate-responsive design-decision support tool could look like. The heart of the tool is formed by the knowledge base, constructed from items grouped into one of four categories: principles, solutions, projects and guidelines. Relationships between items are incorporated within the knowledge base as hyperlinks, which makes it easy to navigate from one item to another. The stored information is presented in numerous ways. Info sheets provide the most detailed presentation style containing all available information for an item, while catalogues, matrices and a gallery provide quick overviews and reveal direct relationships with other items. In order to become a true design-decision support tool, the presented tool needs to be further developed. This includes the use of a more context-specific presentation style and the inclusion of more context-specific knowledge, the addition of layers in which the knowledge is presented varying from more general to practical, the development and implementation of performance indicators and a more direct and visual approach to pinpoint synergetic and conflicting effects. By using the tool, architects can access relevant knowledge in different ways that suit their method of working. It enables the presentation of complex relationships in a clear way and by doing so unlocking a much broader part of the content to them. That will help speeding up the process of design iteration before the energy concept can be assessed in the successive phase of the design process.

This article discusses the linkage between performance-based regulations and the standards that form a crucial part of the overall performance-based regulatory systems (PBRS). There are many ways in which codes and standard may be linked, but generally performance-related standards should employ a structure that is complementary to that of the code. Traditionally codes have made direct references to standards that then provide a greater level of detail on how function is to be accomplished or verified. In a PBRS that does not require specific approaches it is not clear if direct reference to standards in the regulation is appropriate or whether these would be in the “Acceptable Solutions”. What then is the scope of a performance-related standard and would the standard be different if it supports the functional requirement or performance criterion as opposed to only acceptable solutions? In the Performance Codes that have been developed by various countries there are many similar objectives, functional requirements, and performance requirements. To what extent will it be possible to develop and agree on common standards on a regional or international scale? And finally, how will the standards affect the development and application of the performance codes themselves? In particular, standards have a significant role in the regulatory acceptance of compliance with code provisions, and the same would be expected under a performance system. These issues will be discussed from the international perspective of the authors and their direct involvement in the development and use of performance codes and standard in their own countries. Key words: Building regulations; building codes; performance evaluation; performance-based design; regulations; standards.

This paper presents methods applicable for rapid code development with automated code generation aimed at the TMS570MCU. Concepts for merging automatically generated code from Matlab/Simulink with code developed in Code Composer Studio are explained. This approach is used to implement an inverse kinematics algorithm on the TMS570 MCU. Measured computing times illustrate the computing power of the TMS570MCU programmed with code generated from a Matlab Embedded Coder.

This research deals with the subject of concrete bridges projects cost control during the design phase. This research falls within the framework of the road bridges projects where cost control is used as a tool to help design and decision making.The objective of this study is to develop a methodology to control the cost of bridge projects during the early design stages, by investing the database with any helpful software tool, the proposed cost control methodology is based on modeling the original elements and proposing a method of cost estimate based on the estimate of quantities from general parameters of origin and prices be updated periodically. The proposed methodology studies the various technical solutions chosen by the designer and evaluates them economically.In this paper, a study was conducted on (12) bridges within the capital Sana'a bridges project and (7 bridges) those carried out in Sana'a-Aden road, by using the statistical program (SPSS) as a specialized program in this field, logical and theoretical issues have also been taken into account. Results that require us to study the design of the bridges based on a controlled database and applied to the case of cost and time, and on the impact of implementation risk on the cost of the project during the design phase, and the various models necessary to design a database structure that was enriched with information collected from different bridge projects were presented in the Republic of Yemen.

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The durability and the life of spot welded sheet metal structures are mainly controlled by the strength of the joints. Designers are aiming at reliable information, already in early design phase, that the weld spots will indeed perform satisfactorily throughout the required life cycles of a complex structure under the operational loading conditions. Consequently, a theoretical approach for the determination of the structural durability and the reliable design and optimization of spot welded components has been developed and extensively verified for serial components by theoretical analysis and tests. The method starts with Finite-Element-computations of the structures in the design stage and strength data obtained from component-like specimens; both are commonly available in the design phase, but are not sufficient for the determination of the structural integrity. The developed calculation procedure subsequently allows the determination of the local stresses that may lead to fatigue cracks in spot welded joints and the respective local endurable strength. Therefore the method is suitable for routine fatigue life calculations of structures with multiple weld spots and individual local loading conditions. In order to provide a ready tool on a routine basis to the design engineers a software was developed to be used as a Finite-Element post processor (FESPOW-Fatigue life Evaluation of SPOt Welds). Thus already in the design phase a spot welded structure can be optimized with regard to strength, weight and cost for manufacturing, testing as well as development.</div>