A multi-level relational system

A relational data base is herein defined as a collection of normalized relations (relations in first normal form) and a collection of domains. A normalized relation may be viewed as a table, wherein each row of the table corresponds to a tuple of the relation, and the entries in a given column belong to the set of values constituting the domain underlying that column. The domains of a data base have an abstract existence apart from the data base relations.The data base also includes various types of semantic integrity rules, which specify additional properties of the data in the data base. One such type of semantic integrity rule is the domain definition. A domain definition includes the precise description of the set of values (objects) constituting the domain. In a normalized data base, all domains are sets of atomic data values. A domain definition also includes a specification of the ordering on the values in a domain, for comparability purposes. In addition, a domain definition contains a specification of the action that is to occur if an attempt is made to violate the restriction that every entry in each column of a relation must be from the underlying domain of that column.A nonprocedural language permitting the high level expression of domain definitions is defined. Language details and examples are presented, and the syntax and informal semantics of the domain definition language are given. This approach to domain definition is analyzed in terms of its impact on other aspects of data base semantic integrity. The relationship with the data base system in general is outlined. An analysis of intradomain and interdomain comparability is included. An introduction to relevant implementation issues is also presented. Emphasis is placed on a general approach to implementation and implementation techniques, rather than on a specific system.

A relational data base is herein defined as a collection of normalized relations (relations in first normal form) and a collection of domains. A normalized relation may be viewed as a table, wherein each row of the table corresponds to a tuple of the relation, and the entries in a given column belong to the set of values constituting the domain underlying that column. The domains of a data base have an abstract existence apart from the data base relations. The data base also includes various types of semantic integrity rules, which specify additional properties of the data in the data base. One such type of semantic integrity rule is the domain definition. A domain definition includes the precise description of the set of values (objects) constituting the domain. In a normalized data base, all domains are sets of atomic data values. A domain definition also includes a specification of the ordering on the values in a domain, for comparability purposes. In addition, a domain definition contains a specification of the action that is to occur if an attempt is made to violate the restriction that every entry in each column of a relation must be from the underlying domain of that column. A nonprocedural language permitting the high level expression of domain definitions is defined. Language details and examples are presented, and the syntax and informal semantics of the domain definition language are given. This approach to domain definition is analyzed in terms of its impact on other aspects of data base semantic integrity. The relationship with the data base system in general is outlined. An analysis of intradomain and interdomain comparability is included. An introduction to relevant implementation issues is also presented. Emphasis is placed on a general approach to implementation and implementation techniques, rather than on a specific system.

A relational data base is herein defined as a collection of normalized relations (relations in first normal form) and a collection of domains. A normalized relation may be viewed as a table, wherein each row of the table corresponds to a tuple of the relation, and the entries in a given column belong to the set of values constituting the domain underlying that column. The domains of a data base have an abstract existence apart from the data base relations. The data base also includes various types of semantic integrity rules, which specify additional properties of the data in the data base. One such type of semantic integrity rule is the domain definition. A domain definition includes the precise description of the set of values (objects) constituting the domain. In a normalized data base, all domains are sets of atomic data values. A domain definition also includes a specification of the ordering on the values in a domain, for comparability purposes. In addition, a domain definition contains a specification of the action that is to occur if an attempt is made to violate the restriction that every entry in each column of a relation must be from the underlying domain of that column. A nonprocedural language permitting the high level expression of domain definitions is defined. Language details and examples are presented, and the syntax and informal semantics of the domain definition language are given. This approach to domain definition is analyzed in terms of its impact on other aspects of data base semantic integrity. The relationship with the data base system in general is outlined. An analysis of intradomain and interdomain comparability is included. An introduction to relevant implementation issues is also presented. Emphasis is placed on a general approach to implementation and implementation techniques, rather than on a specific system.

A National highway and urban runoff water-quality metadatabase was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration as part of the National Highway Runoff Water-Quality Data and Methodology Synthesis (NDAMS). The database was designed to catalog available literature and to document results of the synthesis in a format that would facilitate current and future research on highway and urban runoff. This report documents the design and implementation of the NDAMS relational database, which was designed to provide a catalog of available information and the results of an assessment of the available data. All the citations and the metadata collected during the review process are presented in a stratified metadatabase that contains citations for relevant publications, abstracts (or previa), and report-review metadata for a sample of selected reports that document results of runoff quality investigations. The database is referred to as a metadatabase because it contains information about available data sets rather than a record of the original data. The database contains the metadata needed to evaluate and characterize how valid, current, complete, comparable, and technically defensible published and available information may be when evaluated for application to the different data-quality objectives as defined by decision makers. This database is a relational database, in that all information is ultimately linked to a given citation in the catalog of available reports. The main database file contains 86 tables consisting of 29 data tables, 11 association tables, and 46 domain tables. The data tables all link to a particular citation, and each data table is focused on one aspect of the information collected in the literature search and the evaluation of available information. This database is implemented in the Microsoft (MS) Access database software because it is widely used within and outside of government and so, is familiar to many existing and potential customers. The stratified metadatabase design for the NDAMS program is implemented in the MS Access file DBDESIGN.mdb and documented using the NDAMS_DD.mdb file recorded on the CD-ROM. The data dictionary file includes complete documentation of the table names, table descriptions, and information about each of the 419 fields in the database.

An adapted modeling and visualization technique of links and interactions between several objects,e.g. customers and products, social network and etc,is a precious mean to permit a good understanding of a lot of situations in the enterprise's context. In this latter context, most of the time, these objects and their relations are stored in relational databases. But extracting and modeling heterogeneous graphs from databases are outside of the classical graph models possibilities, moreover when each node contains a set of values. On the other hand, graph models can be a natural way to present these graphs and facilitates their query. In this way, we propose a graph model named SPIDER-Graph which is adapted to represent interactions between complex heterogeneous objects extracted from a relational database. This model is used in our approach of heterogeneous object graph extraction from a relational database which is detailed in this paper.

Semantic and pragmatic processing in FIDO: A flexible interface for data-base operations

As the Internet is a global network, there is a demand on accessing closely related data without browsing through different Web documents. A significant amount of these data are presented in HTML documents. Since data contents of HTML documents are intervened by markups, it is not trivial to integrate and provide a unified view of closely related data in different HTML documents. In this paper we present an approach for integrating semantically related data in any HTML tables that belong to a particular domain of interest (ID), such as house/apartment rental, by using the semantic hierarchies generated from the tables and the predefined meta-data sets that indicate related column names in ID. In our approach, we capture each data source as semi-structured data, called semantic hierarchy, and the end result of integrating different HTML tables of ID is a unified view of data in the tables, which is presented in an XML document. Besides HTML tables, our approach can be adopted by any system that integrates semi-structured data across different platforms.

Chapter 2 - Querying

This paper describes the design and implementation of a geographical knowledge-informed digital gazetteer service, KIDGS. It is a standard web service that provides unified XML-based access interfaces for various applications. At present, many digital gazetteer systems are implemented directly based on relational databases. In other words, place name entries are managed by data tables. However, several components in geographical knowledge, such as category and relation information, should be explicitly represented to support various queries. In KIDGS, we adopt OWL and Protege to model the conceptual level of knowledge, and use PostGIS to store place names. This article also introduces an application developed based on KIDGS.

Relational databases are among the most widely used architectures to store massive amounts of data in the modern world. However, there is a barrier between these databases and the average user. The user often lacks the knowledge of a query language such as SQL required to interact with the database. The NL2SQL task aims at finding deep learning approaches to solve this problem by converting natural language questions into valid SQL queries. Given the sensitive nature of some databases and the growing need for data privacy, we have presented an approach with data privacy at its core. We have passed RoBERTa embeddings and data-agnostic knowledge vectors into LSTM based submodels to predict the final query. Although we have not achieved state of the art results, we have eliminated the need for the table data, right from the training of the model, and have achieved a test set execution accuracy of 76.7%. By eliminating the table data dependency while training we have created a model capable of zero shot learning based on the natural language question and table schema alone.

Manipulation of exclusive disjunctive data in relational databases

To test bridging techniques for the harmonized estimation of forest biodiversity indicators for each of the selected essential features a common database was constructed and populated with raw NFI data provided by some of the COST Action E43 participating countries. The database was structured with five tables in a relational database: one table for descriptive plot data, one for tree level data, one for deadwood pieces, one for shrub data and one for ground vegetation. The database was populated with data for 320,023 trees, data for 25,639 pieces of deadwood, 12,588 shrub records and 34,364 ground vegetation records from 14,638 NFI plots provided by 13 European countries and the USA.

37. GENETICALLY REGULATED MULTI-OMICS INVESTIGATION OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX FOR SYMPTOM CLUSTERS OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN US VETERAN POPULATION

The technique of two-mode evaluation described allows function-free ground unit clauses to be stored as relations in a relation data base instead of as statements in a Prolog program and provides a real-time mechanism for retrieving such clauses as necessary when executing the program without programmed data base calls. The technique includes a look-ahead facility for reasonably effective (logical) data base operations. All interactions between the program and the data base are transparent to the programmer, i.e. two-mode evaluation provides a one-memory-level virtual machine from a programming point of view. The formal semantics of an integrated Prolog/RDBMS environment is presented and explained.

Data conversion has become an emerging topic in BigData era. To face the challenge of rapid data growth, legacy or existing relational databases have the need to convert into NoSQL column-family database in order to achieve better scalability. The conversion from SQL to NoSQL databases requires combining small, normalised SQL data tables into larger NoSQL data tables; a process called denormalisation. A challenging issue in data conversion is how to group the denormalised columns in a large data table into 'families' in order to ensure the performance of query processing. In this paper, we propose an efficient heuristic algorithm, graph-based partition algorithm (GPA), to address this problem. We use TPC-C and TPC-H benchmarks to demonstrate that the column-families produced by GPA is very efficient for large-scale data processing.