A multi-stage model of choice incorporating reference prices

This research aims to determine the effect of product, price, place and promotion Against sales volume of fried onion in Palu. The population in this research as many as 52 industry fried onions. The total sample as many as 34 industries that considered representative of the population. Data were analyzed using multiple linear analysis. The analysis showed that the value F test ( 9,815 ) > F tabel ( 4,04 ), this means that the independent variable (X i ) simultaneously the effected significantly toward dependent variable (Y). The coefficient of determination (R²) equal to 0.775 atau 77,50%, which means that the industry's sales volume fried onions (Y) may be described or explained simultaneously by the product variable (X 1 ), price (X 2 ), place (X 3 ), and promotion (X 4 ), while the remaining 22,50% is explained by other variables not included in the model. Keywords : Marketing Mix, Volume Sales, Multiple Linear Regression

The present study deals with male’s attitude towards contraceptive use behavior and fatalism in Peshawar city, Pakistan. Pakhtoon mostly inhabitsPeshawar city, which has its own culture, highly strict in terms of women emancipation and considered women freedom as a sin and culturallyasking for severe punishment even in some cases death for the offenders. A sample size of 613 married male respondents (15-49 years old) wasinterviewed through cluster sampling procedure from five randomly selected bazaars out of total fifteen. Likert and Semantic Differential Scales were used in devising independent and dependent variables while constructing interview schedule. At first stage univariate analysis and then bivariate analysis were carried out to reach into logical outcome. Both dependent variable (Contraceptive Use Behavior) and independent variable (Fatalism) were indexed and reliability analysis was carriedout through Cronbach’s alpha test. The reliability coefficients were found lying between .7 to .8. Both dependent and independent variables were indexed and cross-tabulated for conducting bi-variate analysis. Gamma, Chi-square and Fisher Exact Test was used to determine the strength, direction and level of association between dependent and independent variables. Majority of the respondents had a clear vision of family planning and found to be moderately consistent of contraceptive use behavior. Moreover, respondents negated that fate prescribes the final number of children, a childless woman is a handicapped person, a sonless womanis a sign of misfortune, more children ensure perpetuation of family; bring husband and wife closer and sign of prestige. Results based onindexation of variables showed a low intensity of fatalistic behavior amongst the respondents of the study area. Efforts are needed on part of the policy makers to properly portray the complexities involved in the bareness of a woman by recognizing more rights for women than just producing children. Moreover, Peshawar city needs to be declared as model to other parts of the country, which is still in the grip of fatalism.

PurposeThis study evidences the influence that sales promotion has on brand choice behaviour. Establishments wish to influence consumers' buying behaviour, and thus they launch strong promotional campaigns or introduce changes in their price policies, among other actions. However, they are not always capable of achieving their goal, since, although they may reach their objective in the short term, when the longer term is considered there are undesirable consumer actions.Design/methodology/approachThe problem of consumer brand choice can be adequately described with logit models that allow the use of discrete dependent variables. The probability that the consumer chooses a brand depends directly on the capacity of satisfaction that the brand holds for him/her. In this case, the dependent variable is the brand, and the independent variables are price, reference price, losses and gains, and the different types or techniques of sales promotion. With the aim of obtaining the necessary information for the present study, a regional consumer panel was used.FindingsThe results show that it is necessary to consider the product's promotional state at the moment of purchase as an explanatory element of the process. Promotion is a tool that can help manufacturers and/or retailers in the achievement of their objectives (try the brand, help to decide what brand to buy, etc.). Immediate price reduction is the technique that exerts greatest influence on the brand choice process. It is possible that the consumer perceives a promotion, for example, coupons or rebates, but does not modify his or her behaviour. In this case, manufacturers and/or retailers will be investing their resources in promotional actions that do not have any effect on the consumer.Originality/valuePresents a regional consumer panel that has been elaborated and planned by the authors. Because of this, the information collected is just what was necessary for this study. On the other hand, the paper shows that is very important to know the consumer's preferences and the actions that influence his or her behaviour. Considering the results, it seems that promotions based on price have the greatest effectiveness.

The research aimed to study the factors affecting consumers’ behaviors in deciding upon gym selection in Bangkok. The research is mainly specified Fitness First as a case study. The independent variables determined in this research were demographic data, Marketing Mix (7Ps) and external factors. The dependent variables determined in this research were behaviors and factors that affected selecting Fitness First as a gymnasium. This study relied on questionnaires to collect data from 400 present customers of Fitness First in Bangkok. The data were statistically analyzed using hypothesis verification program. The results of the study showed that the majority of the respondents 31-40 years old, single, receiving monthly average income of 20,001-30,000 baht. They hold bachelor degree and worked for private companies. The marketing mix factors that affected the decision making the most was the process, and external factor affecting the decision making the most was time spending. The hypothesis verification of the study found that demographic data, marketing mix (7P’s) and external factors are mostly related to decision making in selecting the gym at the significance level of 0.05.

Traditional theoretical calculations, field measurements, and finite element methods sometimes fail to realize life cycle simulations of the temperature field and temperature effect of steel–concrete composite bridge deck systems. In this paper, a simulation method based on a back propagation–long short-term memory (BP-LSTM) network correlation model is proposed to predict the temperature field and temperature effect in a low-cost and highly efficient manner. A bridge was used as the engineering background according to a health monitoring system, and the finite element method based on the principle of heat transfer was used to expand the data sets. Data sets with structural, time, and environmental characteristics as the independent variables and temperature and the temperature effect as the dependent variables were formed. The correlation between the dependent and independent variables was verified using the maximal information coefficient. Thus, the BP-LSTM model was established, and the mean squared error loss function considering the time weight was designed. The data set was read in for training, verification, and testing, and a correlation model representing the relationship between the set’s independent and dependent variables was obtained with relatively high accuracy. Finally, combined with the bridge’s historical meteorological data, the established correlation model was used to simulate the bridge’s temperature field and temperature effect. The results indicated that the finite element calculation results of the structure’s temperature field based on the heat transfer principle were basically consistent with the measured results. The independent variables in the data set were non-linearly related to the dependent variables. The BP-LSTM’s prediction accuracy of the temperature field and temperature effect was above 98.8% and 94.5%, respectively, in good agreement with the target value. The variation law of the temperature field and temperature effect of the steel–concrete composite bridge deck system simulated by combining the historical meteorological statistics was in accordance with reality.

The impact of internal and external reference prices on brand choice: The moderating role of contextual variables

The covariation of independent and dependant variables in neurofeedback: a proposal framework to identify cognitive processes and brain activity variables.

Unlike most survey data where information on both the dependent and independent variables is captured directly from respondents, stated preference data where respondents make decisions based in hypothetical markets, of which stated choice (SC) data is a subset, is unique in that typically only the dependent variable is provided by the respondent. With the exception of covariate information which is often ignored in most analysis, the primary variables of interest, consisting of attributes and their associated levels, are designed in advance and presented to the respondent in the form of competing alternatives in SC studies. However, increasing evidence of both an empirical (for example, Bliemer and Rose, 2011; Louviere et al., 2008) and theoretical nature (for example, Burgess and Street, 2005; Sandor and Wedel, 2001, 2002, 2005) suggests that the allocation of the attribute levels over the experiment may impact upon the model outputs obtained, particularly when small samples are involved. As such, rather than simply randomly assigning the attribute levels shown to respondents over the course of an experiment, experimental design theory has traditionally been applied to allocate the attribute levels to the alternatives in some systematic manner. A review of the literature, however, suggests that little consensus exists as to what specific experimental design theory, or aspects thereof, are appropriate for SC studies.

It is difficult to study the brain "at rest" with an approach generally pursued in science when external manipulation (independent variable) is used to obtain informative measurements (dependent variable) about the object of interest. External manipulation in its classic sense may suspend the resting state, and hence the object of interest will evade. Naturally, unless in a final and irreversible state, biological rest will always be an endogenously dynamic process. Combining two modalities, electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to simultaneously measure the brain's activity from two angles, one can be chosen to be interpreted as the independent variable and the other as the dependent variable, and without external manipulation the brain's spontaneous dynamics can be studied. The EEG, for example, observes endogenous modulations of vigilance and detects spontaneous events such as sleep spindles or epileptic discharges and can be used as the independent variable, i.e., to form a regressor to interrogate the fMRI data (dependent variable). The opposite is possible as well, and data fusion attempts try using all data both as dependent and independent variables at the same time. This review limits itself to an exemplary discussion of simultaneous EEG/fMRI studies in humans, and among a variety of proposed resting state networks only discusses a few, especially those for which non-resting state literature has proposed a functional meaning: the "default mode" network and an attentional network. It will be shown that one EEG feature can correlate with different fMRI activation maps and that a single resting state network may be associated with a variety of EEG patterns giving insight into the function of different resting states and the relationship between the two modalities in themselves.

Evidence for HIV transmission across key populations: a longitudinal analysis of HIV and AIDS rates among Black people who inject drugs and Black heterosexuals in 84 large U.S. metropolitan areas, 2008–2016

For people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) positive social support networks (SSNs) can help improve quality of life, overall well-being, coping, and decrease mood disturbance, morbidity, mortality, sexual and substance associated...

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p><em>The diversity of people's needs for health products and services means that hospitals are competing as much as possible to serve consumers. Hospitals must improve the quality of service and also hospitals need to design marketing programs so that products/services get a response from the target market and run successfully. The marketing mix is a set of marketing tools used by the company to continuously achieve one of the marketing goals, namely to provide satisfaction to the wants and needs of consumers and to generate profits for the company from the mix market. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of service quality and marketing mix on the intention to reuse inpatient services at RSU Royal Prima Medan in 2022. This research is a type of quantitative research. The research design used was an analytic observational method with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study was the average patient who came for treatment at the Inpatient Installation of RSU Royal Prima Medan in the last 3 months, totaling 1,653 patients. Sampling used SEM analysis where the number of samples was 150 patients. Data analysis used univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis. The results showed that service quality had a positive and significant effect on the intention to reuse inpatient services at RSU Royal Prima Medan p-value <0.05, the marketing mix had a positive and significant effect on the intention to reuse inpatient services at RSU Royal Prima Medan p-value < 0.05. Simultaneously or simultaneously service quality and marketing mix have a positive and significant effect on the intention to reuse inpatient services at RSU Royal Prima Medan p-value <0.05. The independent variable that has the most influence on the dependent variable in this study is the service quality variable.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><strong><em>Keywords: Hospital, Interest in reus, Marketing mix, Quality of service</em></strong></p>

This research mainly aimed at studying the extension needs of caraway farmers in El-Mesery Agricultural Cooperative-El Amereia - Alexandria Governorate. This necessitated the achievement of the following sub-objectives: (1) Identify some of the respondents 'characteristics, (2) Identify the cognitive level of the respondents, (3) Identify the related and influencing variables on the cognitive level of the respondents, (4) Identify the respondents' trends towards caraway cultivation, ( 5) Identifying the related and influencing variables in the respondents ’attitudes towards caraway cultivation, (6) Identifying the most important problems they face in cultivating and marketing the caraway crop. The personal interview questionnaire form was used to complete the field data from a random sample of 200 respondents, and the percentages, range, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, frequency tables and simple correlation coefficient of Pearson were used in the presentation, discussion and analysis of the results. statistical analysis.The study concluded many research results, the most prominent of which are the following: 1-With regard to the characteristics of the studied caraway farmers, the research results indicated that 66%Of the total respondents, their ages are less than 40-53 years, and that (32.5%) of the respondents are illiterate, and that the farmers studied have all previously cultivated medicinal and aromatic plants, and the percentage of those with moderate experience reached 42.5%, of the total respondents 2-The low cognitive level in caraway cultivation is 15%, the average cognitive level is 69%, and the high cognitive level is 16%, and the results showed a positive and significant correlation at the probability level 0.01 Between the cognitive level of the surveyed farmers and each of the following independent variables: full-time agricultural work, the number of years of experience cultivating medicinal and aromatic plants, media openness, agricultural information sources, membership of organizations, opinion leadership, readiness for change, living satisfaction, level of ambition and direction towards agricultural extension. While that correlation was positive and significant at the probability level 0.05 with both age and educational level, while that relationship was negative and significant at the probability level 0.05 with the variable of agricultural land tenure, It was not clear that there was a significant correlation relationship between the dependent variable and only two independent variables: the number of family members and community participation. The subsistence variable, devotion to agricultural work, and that these four independent variables collectively affect the dependent variable by 74.1% and that the organizational membership variable is more influential in the dependent variable as it helps explain 61% of the possible variation in the dependent variable. 3- The percentage of those with positive trends towards caraway cultivation was 25.5%, neutral trends 54.5%, and negative trends 20% of the total number of farmers surveyed, and it was found that there was a positive and significant correlation at the probability level 0.01 between the trends of the surveyed caraway farmers and each of the independent variables The following: exposure to the media, community participation, membership of organizations, opinion leadership, willingness to change, living satisfaction, and level of ambition. While that correlation was positive and significant at the probability level 0,05 with the variable of agricultural work, while that relationship was negative and significant at the probability level 0,01 with a variable Only one is the educational level, and the research results showed that there is no significant relationship between the dependent variable and each of the following independent variables: age, number of family members, agricultural land tenure, number of years of experience in growing medicinal and aromatic plants, and sources of agricultural information. The results of the multiple regression analysis indicated that There are only two independent variables that collectively affect the attitudes of caraway growers of the respondents towards cultivating medicinal and aromatic plants as a dependent variable, namely the level of ambition and community participation. It contributes to explaining 29.7% of the possible variance in the dependent variable 4- The research results indicated that the surveyed caraway growers face many problems related to the cultivation and marketing of the caraway crop, the most important of which are: the prevalence of nematodes and grass weeds 78%, the absence of agricultural extension 18.5%, the difficulty of obtaining fertilizers, 5.5%, and that the problems of marketing the caraway crop are The problem of low sales price 78,5%, lack of opportunities to contract with agencies to market the crop 50%, lack of sawmills 15%, absence of marketing guidance 13%, unavailability of packing packages 10%, and high transport costs 1.5% of the total number of farmers surveyed .

This study aimed to examine the effects of the 7Ps of marketing mix on the sales performance of an insurance company in Perak, Malaysia. The name of the insurance company is not revealed in this study because the management of the insurance company refused to give consent fearing a breach of data protection laws. Seven marketing mix variables were explored regarding their association and relationship with sales performance. The seven key factors are product, price, promotion, placement, people, process, and physical evidence. A self-administered survey was utilized to gather the data, and 101 participants participated in this study. Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression analysis were used to analyse the association and the relationships between the dependent and independent variables. Findings from this study indicated that two key elements of the marketing mix, price, and physical evidence, have a significant relationship with sales performance. In contrast, the results also indicated no significant relationships between the other marketing mix variables of product, place, promotion, people, and process with sales performance. Therefore, according to this study, price and physical evidence directly affected the sales performance of the insurance company in this study.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0225/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

A continuous symmetry of a system of partial differential equations (PDEs) is a transformation that leaves invariant the solution manifold of the system, i.e, it maps (deforms) any solution of the system into a solution of the same system. This definition is topological in nature. However, in practice, the direct calculation of the continuous symmetries of a given system of PDEs restricts one to consider symmetries that are local transformations acting on its space of independent variables, dependent variables and their derivatives. Lie’s algorithm to determine Lie groups of point transformations (point symmetries) of differential equations was presented in Bluman & Anco (2002) [see also Ovsiannikov [(1962), (1982)]; Bluman & Cole (1974); Olver (1986); Bluman & Kumei (1989); Stephani (1989); Hydon (2000); Cantwell (2002)]. Point symmetries arise from solutions of linear systems of determining equations for components of infinitesimal generators for the independent and dependent variables of a given PDE system, where these components themselves depend only on the given PDE system’s independent and dependent variables. Point transformations acting on the space of the given independent and dependent variables of a given PDE system can be extended (prolonged) to point transformations acting on the space of the given independent variables, dependent variables, and their derivatives to any finite order.