A Multi-Task Oriented Framework for Mobile Computation Offloading

Mobile edge computing (MEC) is considered a promising technique that prolongs battery life and enhances the computation capacity of mobile devices (MDs) by offloading computation-intensive tasks to the resource-rich cloud located at the edges of mobile networks. In this study, the problem of energy-efficient computation offloading with guaranteed performance in multiuser MEC systems was investigated. Given that MDs typically seek lower energy consumption and improve the performance of computing tasks, we provide an energy-efficient computation offloading and transmit power allocation scheme that reduces energy consumption and completion time. We formulate the energy efficiency cost minimization problem, which satisfies the completion time deadline constraint of MDs in an MEC system. In addition, the corresponding Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions are applied to solve the optimization problem, and a new algorithm comprising the computation offloading policy and transmission power allocation is presented. Numerical results demonstrate that our proposed scheme, with the optimal computation offloading policy and adapted transmission power for MDs, outperforms local computing and full offloading methods in terms of energy consumption and completion delay. Consequently, our proposed system could help overcome the restrictions on computation resources and battery life of mobile devices to meet the requirements of new applications.

Energy and time effectiveness is a primary consideration for smartphones or mobile devices. Cloud computing has the ability to conserve mobile device's energy by using the concept of computation offloading. Objective of Computation Offloading Decision Making Framework (CODMF) is to reduce energy consumption and response time for a mobile device simultaneously. Execution of computation intensive or resource intensive task to be done locally on CPU and remotely on cloud, which provide a highly versatile execution platform for mobile or android applications. We conduct a real world application for finding road roughness, in order to measure the performance of CODMF. When the task demands maximum energy consumption and time, task will be shifted to the cloud. In addition, we proposed application partitioning for a CODMF which gives a smaller amount of decision rate for false offloading than previous methods. By offloading modules of an application, proposed system can achieve significant savings in battery consumption and in execution time.

IoT-based smart transportation monitors vehicles, cargo, and driver statuses for safe movement. Due to the limited computational capabilities of the sensors, the IoT devices require powerful remote servers to execute their tasks, and this phenomenon is called task offloading. Researchers have developed efficient task offloading and scheduling mechanisms for IoT devices to reduce energy consumption and response time. However, most research has not considered fault-tolerance-based job allocation for IoT logistics trucks, task and data-aware scheduling, priority-based task offloading, or multiple-parameter-based fog node selection. To overcome the limitations, we proposed a Multi-Objective Task-Aware Offloading and Scheduling Framework for IoT Logistics (MT-OSF). The proposed model prioritizes the tasks into delay-sensitive and computation-intensive tasks using a priority-based offloader and forwards the two lists to the Task-Aware Scheduler (TAS) for further processing on fog and cloud nodes. The Task-Aware Scheduler (TAS) uses a multi-criterion decision-making process, i.e., the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), to calculate the fog nodes' priority for task allocation and scheduling. The AHP decides the fog nodes' priority based on node energy, bandwidth, RAM, and MIPS power. Similarly, the TAS also calculates the shortest distance between the IoT-enabled vehicle and the fog node to which the IoT tasks are assigned for execution. A task-aware scheduler schedules delay-sensitive tasks on nearby fog nodes while allocating computation-intensive tasks to cloud data centers using the FCFS algorithm. Fault-tolerant manager is used to check task failure; if any task fails, the proposed system re-executes the tasks, and if any fog node fails, the proposed system allocates the tasks to another fog node to reduce the task failure ratio. The proposed model is simulated in iFogSim2 and demonstrates a 7% reduction in response time, 16% reduction in energy consumption, and 22% reduction in task failure ratio in comparison to Ant Colony Optimization and Round Robin.

DataABC: A fast ABC based energy-efficient live VM consolidation policy with data-intensive energy evaluation model

Energy intensity is one of the most important energy feature that has a dramatic value in energy system of Iran. Indeed, Iran is one of the most energy intensive countries in the world and its main reason is related to high energy consumption in household section. In this article, we present a non-linear model that considers three scenarios in management of household energy demand reducing. Therefore, a rational percentage of energy consumption reduction in the household sector, which firstly eliminates the imbalance between energy production and consumption, and secondly, derives a rational amount of profit from various reduction scenarios, will be presented. The mentioned rational profits in this article are obtained from three scenarios. In the first scenario, it is assumed that the percentage reduction in household energy consumption will be allocated to reducing energy demand in the industrial sector, resulting in profits from value-added creation in this sector. In the second scenario, all benefits from reducing energy consumption in the household sector will be devoted to energy exports, yielding profits from this source. Finally, in the third scenario, the reduction in energy consumption will lead to a decrease in energy supply and consequently a reduction in energy supply costs. To conduct a comprehensive study, a combination of the mentioned scenarios has also been modeled and investigated. The model results indicate that with a 25% reduction in household energy consumption in the 2024-2034 timeframe, the energy imbalance will be eliminated, and allocating 5% of this reduction entirely to the industrial sector will result in profits equivalent to $164.18 billion. However, it should be noted that in the considered combined scenarios, the greater the share of the first scenario, the higher the resulting profit, and the optimal point is achieved in the first scenario.

A review of optimization methods for computation offloading in edge computing networks

SummaryMobile devices are the primary communication tool in day to day life of the people. Nowadays, the enhancement of the mobile applications namely IoTApps and their exploitation in various domains like healthcare monitoring, home automation, smart farming, smart grid, and smart city are crucial. Though mobile devices are providing seamless user experience anywhere, anytime, and anyplace, their restricted resources such as limited battery capacity, constrained processor speed, inadequate storage, and memory are hindering the development of resource‐intensive mobile applications and internet of things (IoT)‐based mobile applications. To solve this resource constraint problem, a web service‐based IoT framework is proposed by exploiting fuzzy logic methodologies. This framework augments the resources of mobile devices by offloading the resource‐intensive subtasks from mobile devices to the service providing entities like Arduino, Raspberry PI controller, edge cloud, and distant cloud. Based on the recommended framework, an online Repository of Instructional Talk (RIoTalk) is successfully implemented to store and analyze the classroom lectures given by faculty in our study site. Simulation results show that there is a significant reduction in energy consumption, execution time, bandwidth utilization, and latency. The proposed research work significantly increases the resources of mobile devices by offloading the resource‐intensive subtasks from the mobile device to the service provider computing entities thereby providing Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) to mobile users.

Computationally intensive and latency sensitive applications put forward strict requirements on mobile user equipments (UEs) to provide the required computation capacity and delay. Mobile edge computing (MEC) in ultra-dense network (UDN) is considered as a promising solution that can reduce the computation limitations of UEs and extend their battery life by computation offloading. But the dense deployment of UEs, and the limited resources of small cell base stations (SBSs), which imposes more delays on computation offloading in MEC environment. In this paper, using the characteristics of UDN, we study the computation offloading management scheme based on the weighted sum of task completion time and energy consumption in MEC system. Then, we propose a computation offloading framework and formulate joint task offloading and resource allocation problem in UDNs to minimize overall cost consumption. Based on Genetic algorithm (GA) and Whale optimization algorithm (WOA), we adopt a heuristic algorithm named as GAWOA to solve this problem. Numerical results show that the algorithm has a fast convergence speed and better performance than other benchmark algorithms.

Smart computational offloading for mobile edge computing in next-generation Internet of Things networks

The development of various applications of wireless sensor networks has aroused great interest in using these types of networks in various fields. These networks, without infrastructure and self‐organization, are easily deployed in most environments and collect information about environmental phenomena for analysis and proper response to accidents and send them to the basic centers. They do. Wireless sensor networks are made up of some sensor nodes that both act as sensors and act as relay nodes concerning to each other. On the other hand, the lack of infrastructure in these networks has limited resources so that the nodes of the battery are fed with limited energy. Due to the location of networks in difficult and impassable areas, it is not possible to recharge or replace the node battery. Therefore, saving energy consumption in this type of network is one of the most important challenges. Since the rate of energy consumption when sensing information and receiving data packets from another node is a fixed value, so sensor nodes have the highest energy consumption when sending data. Therefore, routing methods try to reduce energy consumption based on systematic approaches. One of the most promising solutions to reduce energy consumption in wireless sensor networks is to cluster the nodes and select the threaded node based on the data transfer parameters so that the average energy consumption in the nodes is reduced and the network lifetime is increased. Therefore, in this research, a new optimization approach using multiobjective genetic algorithm and cuckoo algorithm for clustering wireless sensor networks is presented. In this study, in order to select clustered nodes from a multiobjective genetic algorithms based on reducing intracluster distances and reducing energy consumption in cluster member nodes and near‐optimal routing based on cuckoo optimization algorithm to transfer information between nodes have been used in the direction of the cavity. The implementation results show that considering the evolutionary capabilities of the multiobjective genetic algorithm and the cuckoo optimization algorithm, the proposed method in terms of energy consumption, efficiency, delivery rate, and packet transmission latency, compared to previous methods, has improved.

With the rapid development of wearable devices such as smartwatches, we are brought to a new era of wearable computing. Due to limited computational capability, storage, and battery capacity, wearable devices can hardly execute computation-intensive tasks. The mainstream approach to overcoming these limitations is computation offloading, i.e., offloading the tasks to mobile devices or the remote cloud servers. However, computation offloading cannot improve performance or save power consumption under all conditions. For example, offloading may not be worth in the case of very poor network conditions. To address the issue, in this paper, we propose AgileRabbit, a feedback-driven middleware of computation offloading for smartwatch apps. We design an offloading decision algorithm using the feedback data with a given objective i.e., minimizing the task completion time, or minimizing the total power consumption of smartwatches and mobile devices. With the assistance of AgileRabbit, computation-intensive tasks in smartwatch apps can be well scheduled and assigned to the proper computation node. We implement a speech recognition application on Android Wear platform and deploy it on AgileRabbit to validate the effectiveness of our approach. Evaluation results show that AgileRabbit can significantly improve the performance and save power consumption while incurring small overheads.

Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) is a new method to overcome the resource limitations of mobile devices by enabling Computation Offloading (CO) with low latency. This paper proposes a multi-user multi-task effective system to offload com-putations for MEC that guarantees in terms of energy, latency for MEC. To begin, radio and computation resources are integrated to ensure the efficient utilization of shared resources when there are multiple users. The energy consumed is positively correlated with the power of transmission and the local CPU frequency. The values can be adjusted to accommodate multi-tasking in order to minimize the amount of energy consumed. The current methods for offloading aren’t appropriate when multiple tasks and multiple users have high computing density. Additionally, this paper proposes a multi-user system that includes multiple tasks and high-density computing that is efficient. Simulations have confirmed the Multi-User Multi-Task Offloading Algorithm (MUMTOD). The results in terms of execution time and energy consumption are extremely positive. This improves the effectiveness of offloading as well as reducing energy consumption.

Edge computing has been regarded as an enabling technology for supporting future smart applications, such as industrial Internet of Things. In this paper, a novel computation offloading framework for edge computing is proposed. Unlike existing studies, this work considers that end users can intentionally reserve some time for local pre-processing before requesting the computation offloading service (instead of always declaring their offloading requests immediately when heavy-duty tasks are generated). By doing so, each task’s offloading cost may decrease because of less edge resource demand, while the delay cost may increase due to the later report of its offloading request. Furthermore, end users can select their preferred priority levels in the offloading scheduling by paying premium service charges. To maximize the individual utility, each end user may strategically and jointly determine its local pre-processing time-length and priority selection in computation offloading. For characterizing strategic interactions among end users and the quality-of-service (QoS) of the scheduling system with congested nature, a computation offloading game built upon a queueing model is formulated. On top of this, a revenue maximization problem for the interest of edge operator is also investigated. Simulations evaluate the performance of the proposed solution, and shows its superiority over counterparts.

In mobile edge computing (MEC) systems with energy harvesting, the mobile devices are empowered with the energy that harvested from renewable energy sources. On the other hand, mobile devices can offload their computation-intensive tasks to the MEC server to further save energy and reduce the task execution latency. However, the energy harvested is unstable and the mobile devices have to make sure that the energy should not be run out. Moreover, the wireless channel condition between the mobile device and the MEC server is dynamically changing, leading to unstable communication delay. Considering the energy constraints and unstable communication delay, the benefit of computation offloading is limited. In this paper, we investigate D2D-assisted computation offloading for mobile edge computing systems with energy harvesting. In our method, the mobile device is allowed to offload its tasks to the MEC server with the help of its neighbor node. More Specifically, the neighbor node acts as a relay to help the mobile device to communicate with the MEC server. Our goal is to minimize the average task execution time by selecting an optimal execution strategy for each task, i.e., whether to execute the task locally, or offload it to the MEC server directly, or offload it to the MEC server with the help of the most suitable neighbor node, or just to drop it. We propose a low-complexity online algorithm, which stem from Lyapunov Optimization-based Dynamic Computation Offloading (LODCO) algorithm, to solve this problem. Extensive simulations verified the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, where the average task execution time is reduced around 50% as compared to that of the original LODCO algorithm.

As the network becomes dense, multi-server mobile edge computing (MEC) systems with multiple candidate MEC servers, bring new opportunities to enrich user experience through computation offloading. Specifically, MEC server selection, as a new dimension, arises to strike a well balance between energy consumption and task execution delay of mobile device (MD). Since channel conditions between the MD and MEC server (or its connected access point) as well as available computing capability at MEC servers are time-varying, this paper aims to devise dynamic computation offloading mechanism to account for delay-energy tradeoffs in multi-server MEC systems. To this end, we jointly optimize transmit power and MEC server selection for the MD to minimize time average expected task execution delay, under the constraint of average energy consumption. With partial current network status available, we then combine Lyapunov optimization framework and multi-armed bandit framework for an online learning based computation offloading algorithm, whose feasibility and regret bound are given through theoretical analyses. Finally, simulation results are presented to demonstrate its efficiency and superiority.