A New Approach to Image Segmentation Mammogram

The Breast Cancer is second of the dangerous type diseases that is very effective for women in the world. Breast Cancer is spread very fast in last stage. It’s not give a more time for patients for treatment. We need accurate and efficient diagnosis system over a short period of time that can processed a large amount of data in a short time. It’s only possible using deep learning techniques. We are studying on a new diagnosis system for detecting Breast cancer in early stage. But in this paper we are describing the all techniques and images processing method for segmentation and filter images for breast cancer diagnosis. In this paper we have describe all algorithm and techniques for image pre-processing and post progressing. We have reviewed more than 20 papers from different publisher and find out that many researcher working on breast cancer diagnosis techniques. It’s a very latest and effective techniques for helping and saving the human life. In this paper we have also describe some experimental part of images segmentation and filter images with different filter method. It’s a very interesting area for researcher. In this paper we have used (Mammography Image Analysis Society) MIAS dataset having 95 images in .pgm format with 1024 X 1024 pixel. All paper divided in two main part first is data collection and image pre-processing. In this paper we have describe some most used deep learning pre-trained model that is very effective for images pre-processing. As per reviewed study the AlexNet, GoogleNet and VGG16 are provided best accuracy for detecting breast cancer in mammography images. We also used many filter method for image quality improvement. Filters are used to filter unwanted things or object in a spatial domain or surface. The main objective of the filter are to improve the quality of the images by enhancing and improve interoperability of the images. In this paper we also showing the comparison between most used pre-trained model that are used for breast cancer diagnosis.

Objective To compare the causes of death of dyeing and textile factory workers with death from the Guangzhou population Methods Causes of death of these workers were recorded and the standardized proportional mortality ratios (SPMR) was calculated Results ① The noise level was ranged 87 8 102 7 dB(A) and the cotton dust concentration was ranged 0.67 1.59 mg/m 3 at the textile workshop. ② The main causes of death were shown to be tumors (43 3%, 29/67) and cardiovascular diseases(32 8%, 22/67) ③ The values of SPMR showed that the worker were more likely to die from malignant tumors or cardiovascular diseases than the Guangzhou population, especially in liver cancer in males and in breast cancer in females. In males, the SPMR of liver cancer was 655 74% in dyeing workers In females, that of breast cancer was 869 57% in textile workers They were all significantly higher than the same gender’s PMR of the Guangzhou population Conclusion The carcinogenicity of dyestuffs and their intermediate products cannot be ignored Whether textile workers had higher breast cancer risk than the population needs further investigation Banning of smoking in the workplace should be strongly advocated.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of color Doppler sonography combined with digital mammography for micro breast cancer screening.Methods Both of color Doppler sonography and digital mammography were performed in 66 patients with micro breast cancer less than 1.5 cm in diameter and 20 patients with benign lesion less than 1.5 cm in diameter.The images of sonography and mammography were analyzed respectively.A comparative study on the results of sonography,mammography and pathological finding of specimen in breast lesions was made.Results Fifty-five of 66 Cases with micro breast cancer were detected by digital mammography.52 of 66 cases by color Doppler sonography and 65 of 66 cases by sonography combined with mammography.The color Doppler sonography combined with digital mammography provided higher sensitivity,specificity and accuracy[98.5%(65/66),100.0%(20/20)and 98.8%(85/86)respectively]than color Doppler sonography[78.8%(52/66),75.0%(15/20),77.9% (67/86)respectively]and digital mammography alone[83.3%(55/66),90.0%(18/20)and 84.9%(73/86)respectively](P＜0.05).The peak flow velocities and the mean resistant index were higher in malignant lesion than those in benign lesion(P＜0.05).Conclusions The color Doppler sonography combined with digital mammography can increase the sensitivity and accuracy of diagnosing micro breast cancer.Digital mammography is recommended to identify micro breast cancer.It is helpful of color Doppler sonography in differentiation of benign and malignant breast lesion. Key words: Breast neoplasms; Mammography; Ultrasonography,Doppler,color; Diagnosis

Breast cancer is the most common female cancer worldwide. This thesis aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of breast cancer control across different healthcare contexts and estimate the costs of breast cancer treatment. Four case studies are presented providing detailed estimates of the cost-effectiveness of risk-based breast screening in urban China, the cost-effectiveness of population-based breast screening in rural China, the cost-effectiveness of panel genetic testing among unselected breast cancer patients in the UK and US, and cost of breast cancer treatment by stage at diagnosis in England. The economic evaluation studies on breast cancer screening show that in urban China, high-risk population-based screening for breast cancer is very likely to be cost-effective. But in rural China, breast screening among the general population reports uncertain costeffectiveness and could potentially harm women’s health due to false positives with the current screening tools. In a rural setting with such low breast cancer incidence, priority should be given to ensure that symptomatic women have proper access to diagnosis and treatment at an early stage as this will lead to mortality reductions without the usual screening harms. The economic evaluation on genetic testing based on a microsimulation model showed that unselected panel genetic-testing for all breast cancer patients is extremely costeffective compared to the current practice of family-history/clinical-criteria based genetic (BRCA)-testing for both UK and US health systems. This supports changing the current policy to expand genetic-testing to all women with breast cancer. Costs of breast cancer care increased with increasing stage of the disease at diagnosis in England. Considerable cost savings could be made if breast cancer was detected and treated earlier. Variations in breast cancer costs by age and region raise questions about the efficiency and consistency of breast cancer treatment patterns. Future research could be conducted by undertaking multiple imputation for missing data and censored-adjusted analysis.

The most common type of cancers in women is breast cancer. In United States, it is the second common cause of death in women. Metastatic cancer is the advanced stage of breast cancer, which is related to the distribution of cancerous cells from breast tissues to different areas of the body. Over the past numerous years, taxanes are bound to perform a huge role in the management and treatment of numerous malignancies. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Paclitaxel (PTX) and Docetaxel (DTX) clinically for the treatment of various types of cancers i.e. head/neck cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and prostate cancer. Due to poor solubility in the aqueous medium and for the targeted delivery of taxanes, different types of polymers are added along with taxanes to enhance its targeted actions and stability. The targeted delivery of nanoparticles requires specialized molecular diagnosed factors that can differentiate the tumor cells from regular cells and selectively aim the tumor cells. Recently liposomes, micelles, microemulsion, dendrimers, and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are used for targeted drug delivery of taxanes for the breast cancer treatment. PTX and DTX are the first generation taxanes that were revolutionized in the treatment of breast cancer and became famous drugs instantly. Currently, several taxanes named as larotaxel, milataxel, ortataxel, and tesetaxel are in clinical trials with combination therapy. The objective of our review is to discuss the targeted drug delivery approaches of taxane-based nanoparticles for the breast cancer treatment which is effective and has fewer side effects. Keywords: breast cancer, Docetaxel, nanoparticles, Paclitaxel, targeted delivery, taxanes Cite this Article Muhammad Farhan Hanif, Rabbiya Ahmad, Kanza Khalid, Maria Tabassum, Faizan Akram. Targeted Delivery of Nanoparticle-Based Taxanes for Breast Cancer Treatment: A Review. Trends in Drug Delivery. 2019; 6(3): 36–51p.

Objective To evaluate the influencing factors of mammography versus ultrasonography in detecting early stage breast cancer and epidemiological characteristics. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on stage T1 (tumor diameter ≤2 cm) and Tis (ductal carcinoma in situ) breast cancer confirmed by histopathology from July 2011 to July 2013, 959 patients (971 lesions) had mammography, ultrasonography, and epidemiological data. According to the BI-RADS, the lesions of BI-RADS categories 1, 2, 3, 4A were negative, the lesions of BI-RADS categories 4B, 4C, 5 were positive. A face to face interview questionnaire collected information regarding epidemiological data, including age, body mass index, age at menarche, age at first live birth, history of pregnancy, number of live births, history of lactation, history of abortion, and menopausal status. The χ2 test was used to compare the efficacy of mammography and ultrasound in detecting early stage breast cancer. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relative factors influencing the detection rate of two modalities. Results The detection rate of mammography and ultrasound was 90.1% (875/971) and 92.6% (899/971) respectively with statistical significance (χ2=150.34, P=0.000). Breast density, lesion types, age, and postmenopausal status were risk factors for the detection rate of early stage breast cancer on mammography, the odds ratios (OR) was 0.315, 6.669, 2.609, and 2.236 and the 95% CI was 0.136—0.731, 2.841—15.658, 1.681—4.048, and 1.453—3.439, respectively. Lesion types and age were risk factors for the detection rate of early stage breast cancer on ultrasonography, the OR was 0.204, 1.798, and 95%CI was 0.103—0.405, 1.107—2.920, respectively. More than patients with less than 50 years old showed only-calcification type breast cancer on mammography (OR=2.256, 95%CI:1.348—3.773) , women with lower number of live birth showed not only-calcification type breast cancer on mammography (OR=0.467, 95% CI:0.250—0.872) . Conclusion Breast density, age, postmenopausal status and lesion types were risk factors for epidemiological characteristics associated with detection rate of early stage breast cancer for mammography versus ultrasonography. Key words: Breast neoplasms; Mammography; Ultrasonography; Epidemiologic factors

Objective To investigate the value of high frequency 2-Dimensional and color Doppler flow imaging combined with mammography on the diagnosis of breast cancer. Methods 90 patients with breast cancer and benign breast lesions in 22 cases, respectively, separate by color Doppler ultrasound and mammography and their combination were compared. Results The blood flow signals were Ⅱ～Ⅲ grade(76.32% ) in breast cancer and benign breast lesions less blood flow to 0 ～Ⅰ grade ( 87.10% ); The detection rate of blood flow 89.48% in breast cancer were significantly higher than 38.71% in benign breast lesions ( x2 = 4.57, P ＜ 0. 05 ); 68 cases (75.5 % ) were diagnosed by mammography 38 cases(55.8% ) in diameter≤2. 0em were significantly higher than 30 cases(44.4% ) in ≤ 1.0 cm( x2 = 3.97, P ＜ 0. 05 ); The corresponding rate of Joint Inspection 85.7 % (96/112) was higher than the r 72.3% (81/112) in color Doppler ultrasound and 75.8% (85/112) in mammography ( x2 = 3.87, x2 = 3.85, all P ＜0. 05 ). Conclusion Color ultrasonography combined with mammography could raise diagnostic rate of breast cancer.Their combination is the best one of breast imaging examinations. Key words: Breast cancer; Ultrasonography; Color Doppler flow imaging; Mammaography

The purpose of this study was to introduce a new parameter which enhances breast cancer detection using X-ray mammography. We used the database of X-ray mammograms generated by the Japan Society of Radiological Technology. The new parameter called 'quasi-fractal dimension (Q-FD)' was calculated from the relationship between the cutoff values for the maximum image intensity in the lesion set at 21 levels from 20% to 100% at equal intervals and the number of pixels with an intensity exceeding the cutoff value. In addition to Q-FD, the image features such as curvature (C) and eccentricity (E) were extracted. The conventional fractal dimension (C-FD) was also calculated using the box-counting method. We used artificial neural networks (ANNs) as a classification method. When using C, E, C-FD and age as inputs in 208 ANNs and taking the number of neurons in the hidden layer as 50, we found the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (A(z)) was 0.87+/-0.07 in the task differentiating between benign and malignant masses. When Q-FD was added to inputs in addition to the above parameters, the A(z) value was significantly improved to become 0.93+/-0.09. These results suggested that Q-FD is effective for discriminating between benign and malignant masses.

We report the case of a 37 year-old uninsured African American female who came to the office complaining of a breast mass for about a month. The patient was examined during the initial office visit and proper imaging was ordered based on current guidelines for this type of complaint. Literature shows that female patients who present to primary care providers with breast symptoms, approximately 42 percent of them report a breast mass. Even though most masses are benign, they are the most common presenting symptom in patients diagnosed with breast cancer. A palpable mass in a woman’s breast requires a prompt evaluation. Correct diagnosis of a breast mass is essential for optimal treatment planning, with the primary aim being to confirm or exclude cancer. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women of all races, and it is the leading cause of cancer death among Hispanic women and second among white, black, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native women. The triple test (TT) advices the evaluation of palpable breast masses by physical examination, mammography, and fine-needle aspiration (FNAC), and it has proven to be a reliable and accurate tool due to its technical simplicity and reduced expense and morbidity compared with open surgical biopsy. Low-income African-American women often report lower receipt of medical risk information, and due to lack of insurance they do not have a regular source of care, which in turn leads to decreased utilization of medical health services. This case highlights the importance of the utilization of the triple test when evaluating young females complaining of breast masses, but it also emphasizes the important role that providers play when working with underserved populations.

Objective To evaluate this disease' s incident trend for Shanxi province through hospital-based statistics. Methods Breast cancer data was obtained from the department of radiology in Shanxi cancer hospital for the period 2005-2007. Results Between 2005 and 2007, the numbers of women who accepted mammography rapidly increased from 533 to 1975. 62 women had been diagnosed as breast cancer in 2005, while this number had reached to 400 in 2007. The proportion of breast malignancies during this three year periods had statistically increased with 11.6 %, 17.8 %, and 20.3 % respectively (P<0.001). The mean age of breast cancer patients was older than benign disease patients (50 vs 42.8, P<0.001). The highest breast cancer age group was those aged 45 to 54 (37.6 %). Left breast cancer was higher than right side (53.4 % vs 46 %). Most histological type was invasive ductal carcinoma (78.95 %). The proportion of invasive lobular carcinoma and duetal carcinoma in situ were 8.7 % and 5.4 % respectively. Conclusion Breast cancer incidence rate has been increased in our city. These results are consistent with previous similar studies. Thus, it is essential to establish population cancer incidence registration and develop clinical data system. This will result in better understanding of cancer incidence trends and benefit in the evaluation of the effective cancer control measures. Key words: Breast neoplasms; Incident trend; Epidemiological characteristic; Cancer registration

AIM: To investigate the prevalence of the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins and its correlation with mammographical imaging signs in patients with breast cancer. METHODS: Fifty-four breast cancers and twenty-six benign diseases were proved by pathologic methods and all cases underwent mammography. Immunohistochemical technique was performed to measure the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in these tissues. The correlation of imaging signs with the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in breast cancer and benign lesions was analyzed. RESULTS: The expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in the breast cancer were higher than those in benign breast diseases: 41/54 (76%) vs. 8/26 (31%) and 32/54 (59%) vs. 5/26 (19%), P = 0.0001 and 0.0008, respectively. The expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in breast tumor with spiculate sign were higher than those in breast tumors without spiculate sign: 26/30 (87%) vs. 15/24 (63%) and 22/30 (73%) vs. 10/24 (42%), P = 0.039 and 0.0186, respectively. The expression of Bcl-2 protein in breast tissues with clustered calcifications was higher than that without calcifications: 21/23 (91%) vs. 18/31 (58%), P = 0.007. CONCLUSION: Breast cancer has a higher rate of expression of Bcl-2 and Bax than benign breast diseases. Spiculate sign and clustered calcifications of breast cancer were closely related to the expressions of Bcl-2 and/or Bax proteins and these signs may reflect the biological behavior of breast tumor cells.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of breast specific gamma imaging (BSGI) , mammography (MMG) , ultrasonography (US) and combined examination for breast cancer. Methods The clinical data of 95 patients with breast tumor hospitalized in our hospital between March 2012 and January 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. All the patients underwent surgery. The BSGI, MMG and US findings before the operation were collected, and compared with the pathological findings after the operation. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of different examination methods for the diagnosis of breast cancer were evaluated. Results In 95 patients, 63 were diagnosed with breast cancer (67 lesions) and 32 were diagnosed with benign breast lesions (40 lesions) by pathology after the operation. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of BSGI, MMG, US, BSGI+MMG, BSGI+US, MMG+US were [95.2% (60/63) , 82.5% (52/63) , 93.7% (59/63) , 77.8% (49/63) , 90.5% (57/63) and 77.8% (49/63)], [75.0% (24/32) , 75.0% (24/32 ) , 65.6% (21/32) , 87.5% (28/32) , 84.4% (27/32) and 84.4% (27/32)], [88.4% (84/95) , 80.0% (76/95) , 84.2% (80/95) , 81.1% (77/95) , 88.4% (84/95) and 80.0% (76/95)], [88.2% (60/68) , 86.7% (52/60) , 84.3%(59/70) , 92.5% (49/53) , 91.9% (57/62) and 90.7% (49/54)], and [88.9% (24/27) , 68.6% (24/35) , 84.0% (21/25) , 66.7% (28/42) , 81.8% (27/33) and 65.9% (27/41)] , respectively. Seven breast tissues with dense breast cancer were missed by MMG but were determined by BSGI and US. Conclusion BSGI shows certain clinical value for the diagnosis of breast cancer, effectively supporting MMG and US. Key words: Breast neoplasms; Breast specific gamma imaging; Mammography; Ultrasonography, mammary

Objective To study the ultrasonographic and acoustic contrast features of breast fibroadenoma and breast cancer and explore the value of contrast enhanced ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast tumors. Method A retrospective analysis of 18 cases breast fibroadenoma and 12 cases breast cancer in the performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound was done. Results After contrast agent injection, tumor dimension increased in 4 cases with breast fibroadenoma and 7 cases with breast cancer. The ultrasonographic and acoustic contrast features of breast fibroadenoma showed no significant changes. They showed stenosis, perpendicular and circumambulates vascular shape. The breast cancers significantly increased the number of tumor blood vessels with the thicker,tortuous blood vessels into the tumor. Conclusions The contrast enhanced ultrasonography assessed more accurate size of tumors. The image displayed grown sizes, more vascularity and bending vascular shape in the breast cancer. It was more accurate than gray-scale ultrasound on diagnosing breast cancer. Key words: Breast Cancer; Breast fibroadenoma ultrasonography; Contrast agent

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumor in women, and its recurrence and distant metastasis are the main causes of cancer deaths. The sensitivity and specificity of current tumor markers for breast cancer cannot meet the needs of clinical practice, moreover, the assessment of the response in recurrent and metastatic breast cancer remains as major challenges. And it is also difficult to monitor the recurrence and metastasis of breast cancer. It is important to develop good markers that with high sensitivity and specificity for breast cancer in clinical practice. A widespread small single-stranded RNA molecules, microRNAs, play important roles in tumor recurrence, invasion, and metastasis. Fluctuation of a variety of miRNAs’ expression is significantly associated with progression of breast cancer, some of them are also associated with the drug resistance of tumor cells. This review summed up the relationships between the expression level of miRNAs and breast cancer, and also with the drug resistance of breast cancer cells. Meanwhile, we summarized the feasibility of treat miRNAs as tumor marker for breast cancer. Key words: Breast cancer; MicroRNA; Diagnosis; Tumor marker; Drug resistance

In 2010 at Belo Horizonte 60, 203 mammograms were performed at SUS and only 216 breast cancers were diagnosed and 68. 1% of these tumors were larger than 2 cm. A report of mammogram BI-RADSTM 0 means that the exam was not sufficient to establish a diagnosis and determines that an additional imaging test needs to be performed, since magnification, localized compression and comparison with previous exams were not enough to a definitive conclusion. At secondary health care level, according to SISMAMA, the breast surgeon evaluates patients with mammogram BI-RADSTM 0. The great proportion of BI-RADSTM 0 determined an increase of at least 2, 400 first consultations to breast surgeons in 2010 at Belo Horizonte. Quality control in mammography should consider physical and technical aspects, as well as monitoring result outcomes. The recall rate (RR), which is ideally determined by a number of reports BI-RADSTM 0 less than 10%, is one of the determined parameters to monitor mammogram quality set by the National Institute of Cancer, and it was established as a starting point for mammogram quality control in Belo Horizonte. In 2010, the overall RR in the city was 13. 9% and ranged from 8.5 to 36. 1% between the major providers. METHODOLOGY: After consolidating the data, 12 providers were invited to meetings in SMSA/ PBH. Those who attended in June 2011 (8 providers) were presented to reports of their annual production with data divided by BI-RADSTM classification. A period of 90 days was established for a significant drop in the proportion of BI-RADSTM 0. After adjustment of the RR in an index below 10%, the next step will be the quality control of the physical and technical aspects of the exam. RESULTS: After the 90 days period, the production of each provider was analyzed from September to November 2011 and it was found a 37. 4% reduction in overall RR. Today, global RR is 8. 7%. All the 8 providers who attended to the meeting showed a reduction in their RR, moreover, 2 of the 4 providers who did not attend to the meeting had the RR worsened, with rates above 21%. DISCUSSION: The mammography main objective is to detect breast cancer at its early stages, when it is not palpable. Despite the high number of screening mammographies requested in 2010 (54.567), the screening program was inefficient because most tumors (68. 1%) measured more than 2 cm at diagnose, when most of them are palpable. The RR above 10% coming from the same provider may reveal an inability of the radiologist to take a position on excluding cancer. CONCLUSION: The strategy used by SMSA/PBH was effective as a starting point for the mammogram quality control performed by SUS in Belo Horizonte. It is expected that this improvement will represent an increase in the number of the newly diagnosed breast cancers in the city.