A New Back-off Algorithm with Priority Scheduling for MQTT Protocol and IoT Protocols

Edge computing is proposed to solve the problem of centralized cloud computing caused by a large number of IoT (Internet of Things) devices. The IoT protocols need to be modified according to the edge computing paradigm, where the edge computing devices for analyzing IoT data are distributed to the edge networks. The MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol, as a data distribution protocol widely adopted in many international IoT standards, is suitable for cloud computing because it uses a centralized broker to effectively collect and transmit data. However, the standard MQTT may suffer from serious traffic congestion problem on the broker, causing long transfer delays if there are massive IoT devices connected to the broker. In addition, the big data exchange between the IoT devices and the broker decreases network capability of the edge networks. The authors in this paper propose a novel MQTT with a multicast mechanism to minimize data transfer delay and network usage for the massive IoT communications. The proposed MQTT reduces data transfer delays by establishing bidirectional SDN (Software Defined Networking) multicast trees between the publishers and the subscribers by means of bypassing the centralized broker. As a result, it can reduce transmission delay by 65% and network usage by 58% compared with the standard MQTT.

Online monitoring for sliver quality is an important part of the drawing process. This paper presents a high-speed drawing frame monitoring system based on Internet of Things (IoT) using Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, which consists of drawing frame IoT terminal equipment, the cloud server and PC or mobile terminal equipments. Drawing frame IoT terminal equipment takes Cortex-A7 and Cortex-M4 of series of i.MX7 as its control cores. The A7 processor publishes IoT data as a communication gateway while the M4 processor collects sensor data and executes local on-line detection program. Two processors run Linux and FreeRTOS as operating system respectively, and the data exchange between them adopt rpmsg pattern. The communication gateway using MQTT publishes data of the IoT terminal to the cloud server for remoting monitoring and intelligent diagnosis, when the local on-line detection system aims at acquiring real-time status of the sliver on drawing frame. Users can check the real-time status of the drawing frame at the subscription end of IoT and on the computer or mobile phone end by subscribing message by theme. Experiments show that the system operates with reliability, and is good compatible with other devices because of the modular design. The adoption of this system can promote the digitization and the intelligentialize of the drawing frame.

The Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol is one of the most extended protocols on the Internet of Things (IoT). However, this protocol does not implement a strong security scheme by default, which does not allow a secure authentication mechanism between participants in the communication. Furthermore, we cannot trust the confidentiality and integrity of data. Lightweight IoT devices send more and more sensible data in areas of Smart Building, Smart City, Smart House, Smart Car, Connected Car, Health Care, Smart Retail, Industrial IoT (IIoT), etc. This makes the security challenges in the protocols used in the IoT particularly important. The standard of MQTT protocol strongly recommends implement it over Transport Layer Security (TLS) instead of plain TCP. Nonetheless, this option is not possible in most lightweight devices that make up the IoT ecosystem. Quite often, the constrained resources of IoT devices prevent the use of secure asymmetric cryptography algorithms implemented by themselves. In this article, we propose making a security schema in MQTT protocol using Cryptographic Smart Cards, for both challenges, the authentication schema and the trusted data confidentiality and data integrity. We carry out this security schema without modifying the standard protocol messages. And finally, we present a time results experiment using an example implementation model with JavaCard library.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a prominent paradigm applied to several areas ranging from medicine to industrial networks. It aims at connecting to the Internet of million of daily used objects. Important challenges in this area consist in to propose mechanisms and protocols that meet security, device interoperability, quality of service and energy-efficiency requirements. Particularly, the Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol has been prospected in order to provide efficient communication at the application layer for the IoT. This survey aims to present the fundamentals, tools and future directions related to MQTT protocol and its variation tailored for sensor networks, called MQTT-SN. We discuss such protocols comparing to other current IoT application layer protocols, such as Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). Additionally, we present tools so as to support practical experimentation and simulation. Particularly, we carry out pactical experiments to observe the communication delay between MQTT and CoAP. Finally, the open issues and challenges in this area are examined.

Design and implementation of an open-Source IoT and blockchain-based peer-to-peer energy trading platform using ESP32-S2, Node-Red and, MQTT protocol

Ensuring the well-being of livestock and maximizing agricultural output both need vigilant monitoring. Biometric sensing in cattle is the focus of this article, which offers a thorough solution based on Multi-Sensor Fusion (MSF) connected to the Internet of Things (IoT). The technology uses a number of physiological sensors to record the animal's vitals in real-time a comprehensive overview of its health. With the help of the IoT architecture, sensors may easily connect to one another and share data remotely. Improved data exchange efficiency, reduced latency, and dependable device-to-device communication are all results of using the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. The suggested system integrates data from many sensors to provide more reliable health insights. Constant monitoring of vital signs (heart rate, temperature, and activity levels) enables prompt identification of abnormalities or indications of distress. The combination of data from several sensors allows for a more detailed assessment of the animal's health, which in turn allows for preventative measures and individualized treatment. The MQTT protocol, data may be sent in real-time to a central server or cloud platform, simplifying the flow of information. This data may be examined to provide valuable insights that can be used by vets and farmers to make timely decisions.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing rapidly as more and more household appliances, sensors and actuators are connected to the internet and communicate with each other. Because these IoT devices usually have only limited processing and communication capabilities, an efficient communication protocol is required to reduce the protocol overhead. The Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol provides such properties. MQTT is a publish/subscribe protocol, where each client can subscribe to a message topic in order to receive all messages published under that topic. The payload of a message (i.e., the content) can be encrypted to hide private information. However, to forward messages, the topic of a message needs to be read by the broker and thus cannot be encrypted and might reveal private information. This paper presents methods to avoid this problem. It features and evaluates a one-time password approach to provide a fully obfuscated communication method for MQTT topics. Thereby, the user tracking and the generation of profiles is prevented.

In many IoT applications, Point-to-Point communication (P2P communication) and mobility are fundamental requirements. For such applications, routing protocols must support mobility and discover optimum P2P routes along with the energy-efficiency. The nodes in IoT have limited energy. Fast energy depletion of nodes leads to the creation of energy holes in the network, which hinders the intended services to IoT application. Hence, energy-efficiency is also one of the fundamental objectives of routing protocols. In the literature, many researchers have proposed energy-efficient routing protocols that provide optimum P2P routes. But most of them do not support mobility of nodes in the network. In this paper, Mobility Aware Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (MAEER) for Internet of Things is proposed that supports mobility and discovers nearly optimum routes with reduced energy consumption. The proposed protocol reduces the number of participating nodes in P2P route discovery to decrease the energy consumption. In addition to that, it also offers an efficient approach to provide mobility support with increased packet delivery ratio. The performance of our routing protocol is analyzed with benchmark protocols i.e. RPL, P2P-RPL, along with ME-RPL. The results show that the proposed protocol provides 24% less energy consumption in comparison to P2P-RPL which is best among RPL, P2P-RPL, and ME-RPL, and 15% better packet delivery ratio than ME-RPL which provides best packet delivery ratio among the three.

The interconnection of our vehicles increases the efficiency and responsiveness of driving systems and passengers' comfort. Knowing this specificity, systems must be able to exploit an incalculable amount of more or less essential data. This data requires a particular organisation and many existing protocols allow its hierarchy, its archival in an orderly way or its simplified propagation within the network. This problematic is the same as the one encountered in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) suitable for vehicles. This paper focuses on exchanges between vehicle groups with IoT linked by Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol and their hot connectivity to ensure the highest availability of data in the network.

The spread of the Internet of Things (IoT) has improved our daily life because it blends the physical and the virtual world. Thus, the IoT is device-to-device (D2D) communications that monitor changes in the environment and interacts with them. Also, it can be used from anywhere in the world due to the interconnected nature of the Internet. However, it could violate the privacy of individuals by revealing sensitive information collected by IoT devices about a user's online activities. Also, as the IoT is evolving quickly with new technologies, more privacy issues and abuse of the collected data will arise. Hence, we need to provide more secure communication protocols. In this paper, we will review the security and privacy problems in some IoT protocols. As well as reviewing the proposed solutions to certain problems. Lastly, we will discuss three of the most popular protocols used in the IoT, which are: data distribution service (DDS), message queue telemetry transport (MQTT), and long range wide-area network (LoRa Wan).

Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology that consists of tiny sensors embedded with IoT devices used in e-Health, smart cities and assisted living. IoT devices are equipped with constrained power, memory, and computing capabilities, which creates new security challenges. By integrating sensors and wireless technologies, this cutting-edge technology automates numerous routine tasks in different domains. The main goal of advancing IoT in the existing healthcare system is to automate the monitoring of hospitals and patients’ health by spreading goodwill toward the IoT vision. IoT has gained popularity on practically all platforms that are available. This paper presents a remote patient health monitoring and diagnosis system that uses Message Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol (MQTT) and Internet of Things (IoT) devices with one time pad cryptography. The proposed plan offers end-to-end data secrecy for an IoT system using MQTT that enables e-health and mobility. Patients’ movements inside nursing homes and healthcare facilities are also managed safely without the need for periodic reconfigurations. Prior to communicating through the MQTT protocol, this secure crypto scheme encrypts the message on both the publisher and subscriber ends. According to the results, the proposed scheme is more efficient than delegation-based architecture in terms of security and lightweight communication. The proposed system established communication between patients and medical experts using IoT technologies to alleviate the hospital strain caused by congestion in medical treatment and enable an expressway of medical responses. According to our results the proposed scheme has low computational overhead compared to other solutions that use conventional encryption to guarantee robust protection against most of the IoT security attacks.

The rapid development of a new communication technology called the Internet of Things (IoT) has caused this technology to dominate the current technology market. The easy access of IoT to various devices has led to the development of new applications that generate several data from different objects. In its implementation, IoT requires a protocol that has high communication performance, fast response and light size. MQTT is the right protocol for IoT because this protocol is designed for machine-to-machine communication and can send data quickly and with low bandwidth. MQTT consists of three main components, namely Publisher, Broker and Subscriber. Publishers are IoT devices that periodically send sensor data to data subscription applications known as Subscribers. While MQTT Broker is an entity that collects data sent by publishers and then forwards it to subscribers. In previous studies, many studies discussed the comparison of the performance of the HTTP Protocol in Cloud Services. This research discusses the performance of existing MQTT Brokers on AWS, Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud Platform (GCP) cloud services. It was found that Azure is good for using the Average Throughput Subscriber parameter at each QoS level and the Average Throughput Publisher at QoS 1 and 2. Meanwhile, GCP is good for using the Average throughput publisher at QoS level 0 and receives the most messages at QoS levels 1 and 2.

Internet of Things: A Survey on IoT Protocols

Internet enabled computing devices are increasingly at risk of misuse by individuals or malware. Initially such misuse was targeted mainly at computers, however there is increasing targeting of tablet and smartphone devices. In this paper we examine an access control management protocol for Internet of things devices in order to attempt to provide some protection against misuse of such devices. Although anti-malware software is commonly used in computers, and is increasingly being used for tablets and smartphones, this may be a less practicable approach for Internet of things devices. The access control management protocol for Internet of things devices examined in this paper involves the use of physical proximity ‘registration’ for remote control of such devices, encryption of communications, verification of geo-location of the mobile device used to control the IoT device, safe operation controls, and exception reporting as a means of providing a tiered security approach for such devices.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has witnessed remarkable growth, leading to the emergence of numerous applications and services. However, energy efficiency remains a critical concern in IoT networks due to the resource-constrained nature of many IoT devices. Energy-efficient routing protocols play a pivotal role in mitigating this challenge, optimizing energy consumption, and extending the operational lifetime of IoT deployments. This survey paper aims to provide a holistic understanding of the state-of-the-art approaches, their characteristics, strengths, limitations, and performance metrics. The survey encompasses a wide range of energy-efficient routing protocols proposed in the literature, including traditional routing protocols adapted for IoT scenarios and protocols specifically tailored for energy optimization. We discuss the impact of different network characteristics on the performance of energy-efficient routing protocols, such as network size, node density, mobility, and heterogeneity. Through this systematic survey, we aim to provide researchers, engineers, and practitioners with a comprehensive overview of energy-efficient routing protocols for IoT networks. The survey findings can serve as a valuable reference for protocol selection, performance evaluation, and the development of novel energy-efficient routing strategies in future IoT deployments.