A NEW SEPARATION ALGORITHM FOR OVERLAPPING BLOOD CELLS USING SHAPE ANALYSIS

The article considers the labor intensity of the process of determining the white blood cell count of fish, which is simultaneously being highly significant and necessary in terms of monitoring the health of individuals. The authors present an approach to automating the compilation of the white blood cell count of fish (using sturgeon as an example) using a convolutional neural network model capable of recognizing and identifying cells in a microscopic blood image. The general scheme of hematopoiesis and standards for hematological parameters of sturgeon are considered. The procedure for preparing images for training a markup-based artificial neural network model is described. Software tools for interaction with images and artificial neural network models are described. As a result of the research, 14 microscopic images of fish blood cells based on markup were prepared, a convolutional neural network model was trained, the overall mean average precision (MAP) of which was 0.33. At the same time, the overall accuracy of cell recognition in individual images was 0.92, and the rate of red blood cell recognition was 0.94. The research results can serve as a basis for further study, development and application of convolutional neural networks for automating white blood cell count compilation based on high-precision recognition of fish blood cells in microscopic images.

Blood cell classification and counting are vital for the diagnosis of various blood-related diseases, such as anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, and thrombocytopenia. The manual process of blood cell classification and counting is time-consuming, prone to errors, and labor-intensive. Therefore, we have proposed a deep learning (DL)-based automated system for blood cell classification and counting from microscopic blood smear images. We classify a total of nine types of blood cells, including Erythrocyte, Erythroblast, Neutrophil, Basophil, Eosinophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Immature Granulocytes, and Platelet. Several preprocessing steps like image resizing, rescaling, contrast enhancement and augmentation are utilized. To segment the blood cells from the entire microscopic images, we employed the U-Net model. This segmentation technique aids in extracting the region of interest (ROI) by removing complex and noisy background elements. Both pixel-level metrics such as accuracy, precision, and sensitivity, and object-level evaluation metrics like Intersection over Union (IOU) and Dice coefficient are considered to comprehensively evaluate the performance of the U-Net model. The segmentation model achieved impressive performance metrics, including 98.23% accuracy, 98.40% precision, 98.26% sensitivity, 95.97% Intersection over Union (IOU), and 97.92% Dice coefficient. Subsequently, a watershed algorithm is applied to the segmented images to separate overlapped blood cells and extract individual cells. We have proposed a BloodCell-Net approach incorporated with custom light weight convolutional neural network (LWCNN) for classifying individual blood cells into nine types. Comprehensive evaluation of the classifier’s performance is conducted using metrics including accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. The classifier achieved an average accuracy of 97.10%, precision of 97.19%, recall of 97.01%, and F1 score of 97.10%. A 5-fold cross-validation technique is applied to split the data, which not only aids in reducing overfitting but also helps in generalizing the model.

Background/Objectives: Accurate detection and classification of blood cell types in microscopic images are crucial for diagnosing various hematological conditions. This study aims to develop and evaluate advanced architectures for automating blood cell detection and classification using the newly proposed YOLOv10 and YOLOv11 models, with a specific focus on identifying red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets in microscopic images as a preliminary step of the complete blood count (CBC). Methods: The Blood Cell Count Detection (BCCD) dataset was enriched using data augmentation techniques to improve model robustness and diversity. Extensive experiments were performed, including complete weight initialization, advanced optimization strategies, and meticulous hyperparameter tuning for the YOLOv11 architecture. Results: The YOLOv11-l model achieved an overall mean Average Precision (mAP) of 93.8%, reflecting its robust accuracy across multiple blood cell types. Conclusions: The findings underscore the efficacy of the YOLOv11 architecture in automating blood cell classification with high precision, demonstrating its potential to enhance hematological analyses and support clinical diagnosis.

In this paper, a novel algorithm for microscopic color cell image edge detection based on Pulse Coupled Neural Networks (PCNN) is presented. Microscopic color image edge detection has proven to be a difficult task due to uneven brightness, cross-color existing between cell boundary and background caused by dyeing and noise. To solve these problems, this paper originally employs an improved PCNN model called multi-dimensional PCNN to implement edge detection of microscopic color cell image. PCNN is an advanced approach which aims at processing color images parellelly rather than separately dispose signal to every channel because it is characterized by synchronous neuronal burst and multi-dimensional convolution. To test the feasibility and effectiveness of multi-dimensional PCNN on edge detection of microscopic color cell images, experiments of several microscopic cell images are carried out. Empirical results show that multi-dimensional PCNN outperforms classical methods in terms of anti-noise and the accuracy of weak edge detection.

Leucocyte classification for leukaemia detection using image processing techniques.

Blood cell detection considers a gold standard key in diagnosing blood disease and producing automatic reports to hematologists and doctors. Blood cell detection is a challenging task due to non-illumination level, high number of overlapped cells per image, variations in cell densities among platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells, and the variety of staining process. Traditional procedure of blood cell detection requires pathologist effort and time. In computer aided diagnosis, machine learning and deep learning techniques become the practical way to automate the procedure of diagnosing, classify microscopic blood cells, and increase the accuracy and speed of the procedure. This paper provides a review of the detection and classification of blood cell, including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets and their characteristics using machine learning techniques. We also have detailed the dataset of microscope blood cell. We have divided the previous works into four categories based on the output of the models, including pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification. Then, we discuss the challenges that face these methods and suggest the potential future techniques.

Large number of diseases can be diagnosed by the counting and classification of blood cells. One type of the most common blood diseases is Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Rapid and uncontrolled growth of immature leukemic cells (also named as blast cells) is used to characterize ALL. The morphological analysis of the bone marrow and blood smear is the primary step of diagnosis. Valuable information is provided by the features extracted from the blood cells for the confirmation of the diagnosis. As the process have numerous drawbacks, a computerized system will be helpful for the analysis of stained microscopic images of the blood cells for quantitative examination. This paper demonstrates a new and simple segmentation approach using watershed transform and two simpler classification models to diagnose the presence of ALL in blood smear accurately.

We investigate the relational classification of biological cells in 2D microscopy images. Rather than treating each cell image independently, we investigate whether and how the neighborhood information of a cell can be informative for its prediction. We propose a Relational Long Short-Term Memory (R-LSTM) algorithm, coupled with auto-encoders and convolutional neural networks, that can learn from both annotated and unlabeled microscopy images and that can utilize both the local and neighborhood information to perform an improved classification of biological cells. Experimental results on both synthetic and real datasets show that R-LSTM performs comparable to or better than six baselines.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a cutting-edge tool, simultaneously accelerating, securing, and enhancing the diagnosis and treatment of patients. An exemplification of this capability is evident in the analysis of peripheral blood smears (PBS). In university medical centers, hematologists routinely examine hundreds of PBS slides daily to validate or correct outcomes produced by advanced hematology analyzers assessing samples from potentially problematic patients. This process may logically lead to erroneous PBC readings, posing risks to patient health. AI functions as a transformative tool, significantly improving the accuracy and precision of readings and diagnoses. This study reshapes the parameters of blood cell classification, harnessing the capabilities of AI and broadening the scope from 5 to 11 specific blood cell categories with the challenging 11-class PBC dataset. This transformation facilitates a more profound exploration of blood cell diversity, surpassing prior constraints in medical image analysis. Our approach combines state-of-the-art deep learning techniques, including pre-trained ConvNets, ViTb16 models, and custom CNN architectures. We employ transfer learning, fine-tuning, and ensemble strategies, such as CBAM and Averaging ensembles, to achieve unprecedented accuracy and interpretability. Our fully fine-tuned EfficientNetV2 B0 model sets a new standard, with a macro-average precision, recall, and F1-score of 91%, 90%, and 90%, respectively, and an average accuracy of 93%. This breakthrough underscores the transformative potential of 11-class blood cell classification for more precise medical diagnoses. Moreover, our groundbreaking “Naturalize” augmentation technique produces remarkable results. The 2K-PBC dataset generated with “Naturalize” boasts a macro-average precision, recall, and F1-score of 97%, along with an average accuracy of 96% when leveraging the fully fine-tuned EfficientNetV2 B0 model. This innovation not only elevates classification performance but also addresses data scarcity and bias in medical deep learning. Our research marks a paradigm shift in blood cell classification, enabling more nuanced and insightful medical analyses. The “Naturalize” technique’s impact extends beyond blood cell classification, emphasizing the vital role of diverse and comprehensive datasets in advancing healthcare applications through deep learning.

Hyperspectral imaging has emerged as a novel imaging modality in the medical field, offering the ability to acquire images of biological tissues while simultaneously providing biochemical insights for in-depth tissue analysis. This approach facilitates early disease diagnosis, presenting advantages over traditional medical imaging techniques. Addressing challenges such as the computational burden of existing convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and imbalances in sample data, this paper introduces a lightweight GhostMRNet for the classification of microscopic hyperspectral images of human blood cells. The proposed model employs Ghost Modules to replace conventional convolutional layers and a cascading approach with small convolutional kernels for multiscale feature extraction, aiming to enhance feature extraction capabilities while reducing computational complexity. Additionally, an SE (Squeeze-and-Excitation) module is introduced to selectively allocate weights to features in each channel, emphasizing informative features and efficiently achieving spatial–spectral feature extraction in microscopic hyperspectral imaging. We evaluated the performance of the proposed GhostMRNet and compared it with other state-of-the-art models using two real medical hyperspectral image datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that GhostMRNet exhibits a superior performance, with an overall accuracy (OA), average accuracy (AA), and Kappa coefficient reaching 99.965%, 99.565%, and 0.9925, respectively. In conclusion, the proposed GhostMRNet achieves a superior classification performance at a smaller computational cost, thereby providing a novel approach for blood cell detection.

Deep learning based Non-Local k-best renyi entropy for classification of white blood cell subtypes

A computer vision approach is presented for border detection of malaria infected cells in microscopic blood images for accurate diagnosis. First, the microscopic 24-bits RGB color blood image converted in to 8-bits gray scale image for a single channel procesing. The poroposed two-stage thresholdingmethod used for segmentation of malaria infected cells. Regarding border irregularities, the chosen descriptor is the perimeter factor and 4-connected neighbourhood. The experimental results on benchmark dataset that comprises around 300 images show that the proposed method successfully detects borders of malaria infected cells with no prior knowledge of the contents of the image without parameter tuning. The proposed one compared with other existing methods and results are discussed.

There are three major types of blood cells, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). Together, these three kinds of blood cells add up to a total of 45% of the blood tissue by volume, with the remaining 55% of the volume composed of plasma, the liquid component of blood. These three types play an important role in the human body by increasing immunity by fighting against infectious diseases. The classification and count of blood cells play an important role in the detection of a disease in an individual. It can also assist with the identification of diseases like infections, anemia, leukemia, cancer, etc. This classification will assist the hematologist to distinguish between the types of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets present in the human body and find the root cause of diseases. Currently, there is a large amount of research going on in this field. Considering a huge potential in the significance of the classification of different blood cells, a deep learning technique called Convolution Neural Networks will be used which can classify the images of human blood cells into their subtypes namely Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Immature Granulocytes (Promyelocytes, Myelocytes, and Metamyelocytes), Red blood cells or Erythroblasts and Platelets or Thrombocytes. In this paper, the discussion have been done on a dataset that was acquired in the Core Laboratory at the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona using Convolution Neural Networks.

3D microscopy imaging is important for understanding complex biological assemblies. Computers and digital image acquisition systems have made possible the 3D visualization of images obtained from optical microscopes. This paper discussed a morphological approach for 3D blood cell visualization. The 3D plotted image is obtained from 2D image by combining 2D image space with the intensity value presented as third axis. 2D image detection techniques are commonly apply for blood cell analysis on image taken from microscopy or scanner sample which normally could be affected by noise. In order to enhance the detection of blood cell for 2D image and to obtain the clearest view of the blood cell, 3D image detection, which is more flexible and accurate, is proposed. This approach helps to obtain a clear image for disease analysis. A color image taken from microscopy or scanner has to gone through such image analysis using intensity, and edge operator to detect the blood cell disease, before 3D visualization can be done. INTRODUCTION In blood analysis component of the blood are distinguished by their dimensions and color. Blood cell classification and analysis is an important diagnostic technique in the detection of many illnesses [1]. The importance of traceability in the medical diagnostics is a technique that can be determined from a microscope slide or from a set of images. An accurate diagnosis could aid in diagnoses treatment disease, therefore the accurate details of the cells has to be analytical. In malarial blood, the red corpuscles of vertebrates are infected by malarial parasites [2]. The morphological blood cell image analysis includes calculation of geometrical features for recognition of pathology [3]. The goal of this paper is to enhance the detection by using or viewing blood cells visualization to provide a clear view to pathologies in order to reduce noise of the image for more accuracy diagnoses. BLOOD IMAGE DETECTION TECHNIQUES There are automated technologies for cell analysis, such as impendence analysis and flow cytometry, these method lack the ability to visualize each of the cell used in there determinations, and visually inspect them to ensure that they were classified appropriately [4]. In edge image detection acquired from stained blood, smears are suitable for measuring and characterizing properties of individual cells [5]. Edge detection is essentially the operation of detection significantly local changes in image. In one dimension, a step edge is associated with local peak in the first derivative. The gradient is a measure of change in function, and an image can be considered to be an array of sample of some continues function of image intensity. The gradient is the two-dimensional equivalent of the first derivative and is defined as the vector. 3D Visualization For Blood Cells Analysis Versus Edge Detection

Anemia, a condition affecting human red blood cells (RBCs), presents in various forms. Different blood cell types and anemia variants exist. Addressing such a significant challenge requires integrating pathophysiology, advanced technology, and a comprehensive understanding of RBC classifications. In this pursuit, we utilize Deep Learning (DL) models to establish connections and propose innovative solutions to pathophysiological issues related to anaemia diagnosis through RBC classification. The customized Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) demonstrates exceptional performance, boasting a Training Accuracy of 99.42% and a Test Accuracy of 98.88%. Furthermore, the Training Loss is impressively low at 0.0232, while the Validation Loss remains minimal at 0.0964. The associated confusion matrix attests to the model's robust performance, affirming its accuracy in classification tasks.