A noncommutative combinatorial protein logic circuit controls cell orientation in nanoenvironments.

Compact low-power devices with ultrafast processing speed are the fundamental building blocks for the development of the state-of-the-art logic systems and memristor prominently fulfills these demands and plays a major role in digital circuit design. In this work, design, implementation, and performance evaluation of memristor-based logic gates, such as NOT, AND, NAND, OR, NOR, XOR, and XNOR, and combinational logic circuits, such as adder, subtractor, and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\times1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mux, are presented via SPECTRE in Cadence Virtuoso. Herein, we propose an optimized design of memristor-based logic gates and combinational logic circuits and draw a comparative analysis with the conventional 180-nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The utilized memristor model is thoroughly validated with the experimental results of a high-density <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{Y}_{{2}}\text{O}_{{3}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -based memristive crossbar array (MCA), which shows a significantly low values of coefficient of variabilities in device-to-device (D2D) and cycle-to-cycle (C2C) operation. The area, power, and delay calculated from these combinational circuits are found to be reduced by more than 71.4%, 40%, and 54%, respectively, as compared to the conventional 180-nm CMOS technology. The impact of multiple CMOS technology nodes (90 and 180 nm) on the power consumption at the chip-level logic circuit implementation has also been investigated. The adopted memristor-based design significantly improves the performance of various logic designs, which makes it area and power efficient and enables a major breakthrough in designing various low-power, low-cost, ultrafast, and compact circuits.

After using side-channel information leaked by the FPGA chip which is embedded with a block cipher algorithm, there is a scheme called improved combinational side-channel attack. This scheme mainly aimed at logical circuits implemented in S-box in background of power consumption attack and we make a level of models by power consumption in combinational logic circuits which is engendered by glitches different from traditional sequential logical circuits which is engendered by flip in the output of register with the Hamming model. In addition, we take advantage of match algorithm in a linear model and in multivariate Gaussian model from template attack to process an important data twice and the key would be recovered. At last, we make a comparison between Hamming model and our model. And prove that this paper improved the attacking efficiency and accuracy and also provided a clue to the security cipher chip from countermeasures.

According to the goal of independent college to cultivate application service-oriented talents.The paper presents the field programmable gate array(FPGA),Quartus II and Verilog HDL knowledge to the teaching method in the teaching of digital logic circuit using the combinational logic circuits and sequential logic circuits as a design example.The teaching practice shows that this teaching method can motivate students interest in learning.It plays a positive role in promoting students practice ability and innovation consciousness,thus enhance the teaching quality.

Recent research in the vaccine and immunotherapy fields has revealed that biomaterials have the ability to activate immune pathways, even in the absence of other immune‐stimulating signals. Intriguingly, new studies reveal these responses are influenced by the physicochemical properties of the material. Nearly all of this work has been done in the vaccine and immunotherapy fields, but there is tremendous opportunity to apply this same knowledge to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This review discusses recent findings that reveal how material properties—size, shape, chemical functionality—impact immune response, and links these changes to emerging opportunities in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. We begin by discussing what has been learned from studies conducted in the contexts of vaccines and immunotherapies. Next, research is highlighted that elucidates the properties of materials that polarize innate immune cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, toward either inflammatory or wound healing phenotypes. We also discuss recent studies demonstrating that scaffolds used in tissue engineering applications can influence cells of the adaptive immune system—B and T cell lymphocytes—to promote regenerative tissue microenvironments. Through greater study of the intrinsic immunogenic features of implantable materials and scaffolds, new translational opportunities will arise to better control tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.

Recently, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, especially bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have developed rapidly. Bone tissue engineering is a complicated and dynamic bone remodeling process that starts with recruitment and migration of osteoblasts and then regulates their proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization. Scaffold is typically biodegradable material that plays a crucial role as one of the three elements of bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Bone scaffold provides the mechanical support during reformation and repair of damaged or diseased bone. For more than a decade, a large amount of research work has been carried out on the designing of scaffolds, processing techniques, performance assessment, and medical application. Significant progress has been made toward scaffold materials for structural support for desired osteogenesis and angiogenesis abilities. To date, depending on the advanced technologies, the bioresorbable scaffolds possess controlled porosity and high mechanical properties are possible used as bone scaffold. Natural bone has delicate architectural structure that spans nanoscale to macroscopic dimensions, which determine the unique mechanical properties of bone. The hierarchical structure of natural bone can be defined as a nanocomposite consisting of inorganic nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA), organic components (mostly are collagens) and water. The outside proteins assemble together to form an extracellular matrix (ECM) with nanostructured which influences the adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of several cell types, such as bone lining cell, mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. To better mimic the nanostructure in natural ECM, many research groups over the past decade developed nano-based scaffolds (nanotubes, nanofibers, nanoparticles, and hydrogel) to resemble the ECM for promising candidates in replacing defective tissues. The high biomimetic properties and excellent mechanical features of nano-based scaffolds plays a vital role in stimulating cell adhesion and proliferation, as well as directing bone tissue formation through mimetic the nanometer dimension of natural bone tissue. Besides, mechanical properties are key factors for bone regeneration and bone local function. Nowadays, a large number of research groups have tried to manipulate the mechanical properties of scaffolds through designing the different nanosturctures, including nanofiber, nanoparticle, polymer matrices to mimic the nanocomposite structure of natural bone. These materials have highly stiffness, strength, and toughness properties that are promising in bone tissue engineering. Nanobiomaterials, especially inorganic nanobiomaterials, have excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, and are ideal for the preparation of scaffold materials for bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, showing a broad application prospect. In this article, we systematically review the application of inorganic nanomaterials, including hydroxyapatite, silicon-based nanomaterials, carbon-containing nanomaterials and several metal nanomaterials in bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Although nanotechnology represents a major frontier with potential to significantly advance the field of bone tissue engineering, the application in the clinical regenerative engineering has limited. Currently, there are several limitations in regenerative strategies, including low efficient cellular proliferation, differentiation and mineralization, insufficient mechanical strength of scaffolds, and limited production of growth factors necessary for efficient osteogenesis. Therefore, there are still some issues on the nano-based scaffold should be cleared: (1) The interaction of nano-based scaffold and bioactive molecules, growth factors, and genetic material, (2) the biocomptibility, cytotoxicity, and biodegradation of nano-based scaffold, and (3) nano-based scaffold mechanical stability, cellular survival, and molecular mechanism of inducing bone formation. As the development of nanotechnology, ultimate translation to the clinical application may allow for improved therapeutic outcomes in patients with large bone deficits and osteodegenerative diseases.

Mission-critical systems require increasing capability for fault handling and self-adaptation as their system complexities and inter-dependencies increase. Organic Computing (OC) architectures utilize biologically-inspired self-x properties which include self-configuration, self-reorganization, and self-healing which comprise the focus of this paper. To provide OC architectures with sufficient capability for exhibiting self-adaptive behavior, reconfigurable logic devices offer a suitable hardware platform. SRAM-based Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) logic devices can realize self-adaptation within their reconfigurable logic fabric using Evolvable Hardware techniques based on crossover, mutation, and iterative selection with intrinsic fitness assessment of the underlying hardware resources. In this paper, a dual-layer Organic Computing architecture called the Organic Embedded System (OES) is prototyped on a Xilinx FPGA reconfigurable fabric and assessed for maintainability metrics of completeness of repair, repair time, and degraded throughput during the repair phase. The approach used extends a widely known generic OC platform consisting of two layers: the Functional Layer and the Autonomic Layer. The Autonomic layer contains Autonomic Elements (AEs) that are responsible for correct operation of the corresponding Functional Elements (FEs) present on the Functional Layer. Innovations include autonomously degraded online throughput during regeneration, spare configuration aging and outlier driven repair assessment, and a uniform design for AEs despite the fact that they monitor different types of FEs. Using the OES approach; a malfunctioning or faulty AE among the population can be distinguished by its discrepant performance. The OES approach is implemented using high-level Hardware Description Language (HDL) which directs a Supervisor Element (SE) to function as a fault management unit through the collection of AE information. Experimental results show that the OES Autonomic Layer demonstrates 100% faulty component isolation for both FEs and AEs with randomly injected single faults. Using logic circuits from the MCNC-91 benchmark test set, throughput during repair phases averaged 75.05%, 82.21%, and 65.21% for the z4ml (2-bit adder), cm85a (high fan-in combinational logic), and cm138a (balanced I/O combinational logic) circuits respectively under stated conditions.

If basic quaternary logic circuits with low‐power consumption are designed in a simple way, they will be useful for high‐density VLSI implementations utilizing the feature of multivalued logic. This paper proposes a new low‐power quaternary CMOS logic circuit, which can be fabricated by a multilevel ion implant technique. The basic circuits realize functions defined by “([A‐Z]+)” and “([A‐Z]+)” operators. The circuit has two features which have not been observed so far. One is that the threshold detection of a multilevel input voltage can easily be realized by a multilevel ion implant technique. The other is that the design can be extended to any multivalued logic circuits, preserving the low‐power property, since CMOS analog switches are used for multiplexing the multivalued signals. Through the discussion of the mathematical properties of the basic operators, any combinational logic circuit can be synthesized in a very simple and systematic way. Finally, examples of the network synthesis are shown, and the operations are verified by the electronic circuit analysis program SPICE2.

Chapter 12 - Impacts of nanotechnology in tissue engineering

Biomaterial-based 3D bioprinting strategy for orthopedic tissue engineering.

The role of the cardiac extracellular matrix (cECM) in providing biophysical and biochemical cues to the cells housed within during disease and development has become increasingly apparent. These signals have been shown to influence many fundamental cardiac cell behaviors including contractility, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Consequently, alterations to cell phenotype result in directed remodeling of the cECM. This bidirectional communication means that the cECM can be envisioned as a medium for information storage. As a result, the reprogramming of the cECM is increasingly being employed in tissue engineering and regenerativemedicine as a method with which to treat disease. In this chapter, an overview of the composition and structure of the cECM as well as its role in cardiac development and disease will be provided. Additionally, therapeutic modulation of cECM for cardiac regeneration as well as bottom-up and top-down approaches to ECM-based cardiac tissue engineering is discussed. Finally, lingering questions regarding the role of cECM in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are offered as a catalyst for future research.

Synergistic interplay between human MSCs and HUVECs in 3D spheroids laden in collagen/fibrin hydrogels for bone tissue engineering

The Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine International Society-Asia Pacific (TERMIS-AP) annual meeting was held in Sydney, Australia from 15-17 September 2010 and highlighted the latest developments in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in the Asia-Pacific region. Several of the plenary lectures focused on the vascularization of tissue engineering constructs, an issue that is critical for the success of larger tissue engineered constructs and was central to the meeting overall. In addition, a wide range of research also presented developments in tissue engineering for a range of body tissues (including cardiac, neural, bone, cartilage, tendon, skeletal muscle and skin), as well as advances in technologies (high-throughput screening and microfluidics). Looking more broadly, the meeting incorporated developments covering the spectrum of fundamental research through to clinical studies, with discussions on how best to direct the scientific advances being made into realistic therapies that could be made widely available in the future. Overall, the meeting highlighted the promise of early strategies, which are now showing promising results in clinical trials, and the development of a strong foundation of research from which future therapies will no doubt be developed.

This paper presents the Clocked Differential Cascode Adiabatic Logic (CDCAL), the quasi-adiabatic dynamic logic that can operate efficiently at GHz-class frequencies. It is operated by two phase sinusoidal power clock signal for the adiabatic pipeline. The proposed logic uses clocked control transistor in addition to the less complex differential cascode logic structure to achieve low power and high speed operation. To show the feasibility of implementation of both combinational and sequential logic circuits using the proposed logic, the CLA adder and counter have been selected. To evaluate the energy efficiency of the proposed logic, an 8-bit pipelined carry look-ahead (CLA) adder is designed using CCDAL and it is also compared against the other high speed two phase counterpart available in the literature and conventional static CMOS. The simulation results show that the CCDAL logic can operate efficiently at high frequencies compared to other two phase adiabatic logic circuits. All the circuits have been designed using UMC 90nm technology library and the simulations are carried out using industry standard Cadence® Virtuoso tool.

The endothelial monolayer is a signal transduction interface for blood-borne mechanical as well as chemical stimuli. The structural deformation arising from a mechanical stimulus, such as a change of hemodynamic shear stress, is conceptually different from the binding of a hormone or other agonist to its specific receptor, yet both elicit important endothelial signaling responses. Mechanical and chemical signaling appear to use common as well as unique pathways downstream of the initial stimulus. For example, signaling pathways arising from membrane deformation and hormone-receptor coupling may appear to converge through activation of phospholipases1 or nuclear factor κB transcription factor complex2 but later diverge at the level of DNA binding3 (Figure 1). However, simple interpretations of mechanotransduction are confounded by intracellular and pericellular force transfer, principally by the cytoskeleton,4,5⇓ that results in the generation of transduction pathways at multiple sites throughout the cell, ie, decentralized mechanotransduction.6,7⇓ Thus, although flow-induced shear stress acts at the luminal surface of the endothelial monolayer, the forces are transmitted to cell junctions, nuclear structures, basal adhesion sites, and organelles that are structurally interconnected. This spatial organization of intracellular signaling may result in the stimulation of multiple parallel, convergent, and/or divergent mechanotransduction pathways. The mechanism of transduction of a purely mechanical signal to second messenger pathways such as IP3-driven intracellular calcium mobilization8 or mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation9 is unknown. Major efforts are therefore underway to understand endothelial mechanotransduction in terms of the initial stimulus, the generation of …

The scalability problem is hard to overcome in the evolutionary design of the logic circuits. In this paper, a hybrid algorithm of Generalized Disjunction Decomposition and Evolutionary Repair is proposed, which is also embedded with a novel technique for compressing outputs. This hybrid algorithm aims at evolving the relatively large combinational logic circuits automatically. The experimental results demonstrate that the hybrid algorithm could evolve the relatively large circuits successfully.