A normalized autoencoder for LHC triggers

The discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 completed the particle content of the Standard Model (SM) and enabled detailed studies of its properties. While couplings to gauge bosons and third-generation fermions are well established, the coupling to charm quarks remains largely unconstrained. Direct searches for $\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{cc}$ decays face severe challenges from QCD backgrounds and jet flavor identification. This thesis presents a complementary, indirect approach based on the measurement of the charge asymmetry in associated WH production, which is sensitive to the charm Yukawa coupling. The analysis is performed using the full Run 2 dataset of the CMS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $138~\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$. Since the end of the Run 2 the data have been re-analyzed with improved and consistent simulation, detector alignments and calibrations throughout the data-taking years, by the CMS Collaboration. Events are selected in final states where the Higgs boson decays to a pair of $\tau$ leptons and the accompanying W boson decays to an electron or muon and a corresponding neutrino. Multiple $\tau\tau$ final states are reconstructed, and advanced analysis techniques are employed to enhance the sensitivity of the analysis. Backgrounds from jets misidentified as leptons are estimated with a data-driven $\ff$ method, while genuine multi-lepton backgrounds are modeled with simulation. A neural network classifier is trained to distinguish signal from background and to provide event categorization, improving statistical precision and control over systematic uncertainties. This work presents the first measurement of the WH charge asymmetry in $\mathrm{H}\to \tau\tau$ decays, along with measurements of the WH, $\mathrm{W^{+}H}$, and $\mathrm{W^{-}H}$ production cross sections. These measurements contribute to the global program of precision Higgs boson measurements, which aim to test the SM and probe for possible signs of physics beyond the SM.

In order to improve the security and performance of authentication protocol in manufacturing grid, identity-based authentication protocol under standard model is constructed. Combining with the environment of manufacturing grid, this protocol can work under escrow and non-escrow models and different trust domains model. By introducing pseudo random function set, new authentication protocol realizes explicit double authentication under standard model. Compared to identity-based authentication protocol under other standard models, this protocol has lower computation complexity, so it is fit for application in resources-constrained environment of manufacturing grid. At last, based on hypothesis of difficulty, the safety of new authentication protocol is proved under standard model.

Despite the great success of the Standard Model, many key questions in particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology are unanswered. In particular, more than 95% of the universe consists of unknown dark matter and dark energy. Today, a major goal of particle physics is to look for evidence of new physics beyond the Standard Model. Collider searches for new physics are well suited to the direct production of new high-mass particles, whereas low-energy precision experiments search for traces that new particles leave in known processes. Direct and indirect evidence of new physics are highly complementary. High-precision experiments with extremely slow, cold and ultra-cold neutrons address some of the unanswered questions, for instance, on the nature of the fundamental forces and underlying symmetries, the origin, evolution, and fate of the universe, or on the nature of the gravitational force at very small distances. For example, the limit on the electric dipole moment of the neutron constrains the CP violating phases, the lifetime of the neutron determines the relative helium abundance in the universe, and neutrons bouncing over a mirror probe dark matter and dark energy. New facilities and technological developments now give window for significant improvement in precision by one to two orders of magnitude. In this paper, we will give an overview of current and planned facilities and experiments, as well as an overview of some of the applications of neutrons to astrophysics, cosmology, and physics beyond the Standard Model.

As we approach the turn of the century, the Standard Model is still\nconsistent with all our experimental observations and the path to a more\ncomplete picture of the fundamental constituents and their interactions has yet\nto be clearly identified. Beauty flavored hadrons have provided crucial\nexperimental information on several fundamental parameters of the Standard\nModel and may lead to one of the most challenging test of its validity and\nprovide some clues on the path towards a more complete theory. Several\nexperiments will try to explore this rich phenomenology in the next few years.\nTheir physics goals and discovery potential will be compared.\n

ATLAS is one of the four experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. This experiment has been designed to study a large range of physics topics, including searches for previously unobserved phenomena such as the Higgs Boson and super-symmetry. The physics analysis package HiggsToFourLeptonsEV for the Standard Model (SM) Higgs to four leptons channel with ATLAS is presented. The physics goal is to investigate with the ATLAS detector, the SM Higgs boson discovery potential through its observation in the four-lepton (electron and muon) final state. HiggsToFourLeptonsEV is based on the official ATLAS software ATHENA and the EventView (EV) analysis framework. EventView is a highly flexible and modular analysis framework in ATHENA and it is one of several analysis schemes for ATLAS physics user analysis. At the core of the EventView is the representative “view” of an event, which defines the contents of event data suitable for event-level physics analysis. The HiggsToFourLeptonsEV package, presented in this paper, prepares the data for the given analysis context on the Analysis Object Data (AOD) files, the event-level physics analysis is performed and finally the output information is written as an Ntuple which can be read in stand-alone ROOT. This paper describes the HiggsToFourLeptonsEV package and its structure as a collection of EVTools and EVModules. It also presents some illustrative results from the SM Higgs baseline analysis, like the SM Higgs into four-lepton mass reconstruction for a nominal Higgs mass of 130 GeV. The lepton reconstruction performance as well as the SM Higgs to four leptons analysis performance is studied in detail, in particular the dependence on kinematics, lepton reconstruction algorithms, isolation cuts and Higgs masses. Finally the paper discusses plans to adapt the code in order to produce Derived Physics Data (DPD) in POOL format which can be read in ROOT or ATHENA, thus following the ATLAS analysis model recommendations.

In connection with the adoption of the Strategy for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation with low greenhouse gas emissions until 2050, the agricultural sector requires a low-carbon transformation of production systems, which is a transitional dynamic process during which targeted changes occur in the structure of land use on agricultural lands, production structure and technological basis. The article proposes a standard economic and mathematical model of low-carbon transformation of regional agri-food systems as the basis for a methodology for designing efficient and sustainable systems. The study includes definitions of the basic concepts involved in model designs, the functional structure of a typical model and its mathematical description. The presented standard model has a block structure and consists of two interacting modules: a dynamic model of low-carbon transformation and a static model for optimizing the sectoral structure of crop production. The standard model allows solving various options for setting tasks for decarbonization of the functioning processes of the agri-food system: assessing the potential for maximum decarbonization; finding the maximum decarbonization subject to ensuring a minimum gross income; maximizing gross income while limiting greenhouse gas emissions at a given level; maximizing current gross revenue payback values for greenhouse gas emissions; finding the parameters of a strategy that realizes the possibility of an expert choice of a combination of different values of gross income and carbon emissions on a Pareto-optimal set when the condition of self-sufficiency of the region’s population with food is met. The article presents and analyzes interesting results from testing a standard model of low-carbon transformation using data from the Kostroma region, and also presents possible prospects for using such a model. The results of the conducted studies showed that model assessments of the various features of agri-food systems adapting to climate dynamics are an effective tool for strategic planning in this area, both for commodity producers and for agricultural management bodies.

Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) is a recently established methodology that enables the capability to examine the interior of the human body with a non invasive procedure. The key challenge in capsule endoscopic system is developing a compressor with reduced area and power while capable of compressing this enormous amount of data. This paper focuses on developing a low complexity, low power compressor for video capsule endoscopic applications. Here the characteristics of endoscopic images are analyzed first and an algorithm is developed around these characteristics so that it better suits the application. Taking the advantage of limited color content of endoscopic image, the proposed algorithm converts RGB image into YUV color space. This is followed by DPCM and Golomb Rice coding and the image is converted to compressed bit stream. The reconstructed images are analysed, the proposed compressor performs strongly with an average compression rate of 77.238% and overall PSNR of 33.434dB. The low complexity and low power design of the system make it worth for hardware implementation inside the capsule.

A possible goal of fundamental physics is to reduce all natural phenomena to a set of basic laws and theories which, at least in principle, can quantitatively reproduce and predict experimental observations. At the microscopic level all the phenomenology of matter and radiation, including molecular, atomic, nuclear, and subnuclear physics, can be understood in terms of three classes of fundamental interactions: strong, electromagnetic, and weak interactions. For all material bodies on the Earth and in all geological, astrophysical, and cosmological phenomena, a fourth interaction, the gravitational force, plays a dominant role, but this remains negligible in atomic and nuclear physics. In atoms, the electrons are bound to nuclei by electromagnetic forces, and the properties of electron clouds explain the complex phenomenology of atoms and molecules. Light is a particular vibration of electric and magnetic fields (an electromagnetic wave). Strong interactions bind the protons and neutrons together in nuclei, being so strongly attractive at short distances that they prevail over the electric repulsion due to the like charges of protons. Protons and neutrons, in turn, are composites of three quarks held together by strong interactions occur between quarks and gluons (hence these particles are called “hadrons” from the Greek word for “strong”). The weak interactions are responsible for the beta radioactivity that makes some nuclei unstable, as well as the nuclear reactions that produce the enormous energy radiated by the stars, and in particular by our Sun. The weak interactions also cause the disintegration of the neutron, the charged pions, and the lightest hadronic particles with strangeness, charm, and beauty (which are “flavour” quantum numbers), as well as the decay of the top quark and the heavy charged leptons (the muon μ− and the tau τ−). In addition, all observed neutrino interactions are due to these weak forces.

We summarize the status of the kaon theory 50 years after the seminal paper of Kobayashi and Maskawa [Prog. Theor. Phys. 49, 652 (1973)], who pointed out that six quarks are necessary to have CP violation in the Standard Model (SM) and presented a parametrization of a 3 × 3 unitary matrix that, after the discovery of the charm quark in 1974 and the b quark in 1977, dominated the field of flavor-changing processes. One of the main goals of flavor physics since then has been the determination of the four parameters of this matrix, which we will choose here to be |Vus|, |Vcb|, and the two angles of the unitarity triangle, β and γ, with |Vus| introduced by Cabibbo in 1963. I will summarize the recent strategy for determination of these parameters without new physics (NP) infection. It is based on the conjecture of the absence of relevant NP contributions to ΔF = 2 processes that indeed can be demonstrated by a negative rapid test: the |Vcb|–γ plot. This in turn allows one to obtain SM predictions for rare K and B decays that are the most precise to date. We present strategies for the explanation of the anticipated anomaly in the ratio ε′/ε and the observed anomalies in b → sμ+μ− transitions that are consistent with our ΔF = 2 conjecture. In particular, the absence of NP in the parameter εK still allows for significant NP effects in ε′/ε and in rare kaon decays, moreover, in a correlated manner. Similarly, the absence of NP in ΔMs combined with anomalies in b → sμ+μ− transitions hints at the presence of right-handed quark currents. We also discuss how the nature of neutrinos, Dirac vs. Majorana ones, can be probed in $K\rightarrow \pi \nu \bar{\nu }$ and $B\rightarrow K(K^{*})\nu \bar{\nu }$ decays. The present status of the ΔI = 1/2 rule and ε′/ε is summarized.

<p indent="0mm">Recently, the future of particle physics and high energy accelerators aroused extensive attention from society. The view that current accelerators will soon be replaced by those based on the new acceleration mechanism, is widely spread. This view implies that next-generation high energy accelerators shall not be built until the new mechanism is ready. This paper introduces the near and mid-term science goals of particle physics, and the needed accelerators with the energy and luminosity requirements. By analyzing current status and possible future achievements of the new acceleration mechanism, or more precisely, plasma wakefield acceleration mechanism driven by laser or particle beams, we conclude that traditional accelerators will still be the main choice in the next <sc>20–30 years.</sc> First of all, we argue that studies such as neutrino physics, cosmic-rays physics, dark matter searches and dark energy studies may not rely on accelerators, but they do not represent the main-stream of particle physics. After the discovery of the Higgs boson, the particle physics community reached a consensus that our next priority is the study of Higgs couplings with all the other elementary particles. This study will not only test precisely the Standard Model, but also be the best probe to new physics beyond the Standard Model. For this purpose, a very high luminosity Higgs factory, based on the electron-positron collision, is needed. After a short introduction of different types of traditional accelerators and their related technologies, we conclude that linear electron (positron) accelerators are limited by their acceleration capabilities while their luminosity is much smaller than circular electron (positron) accelerators. Circular electron (positron) accelerators are limited by the synchrotron radiation hence their energy cannot reach <sc>300 GeV</sc> or above for a reasonable power consumption. Below this energy limit, circular colliders have advantages on luminosity, power consumption, cost, etc., over linear ones. Circular proton accelerators have very little synchrotron radiation, hence the acceleration goal is easy to achieve but the bending power of the magnet becomes the limit of energy. For linear proton accelerators, they have no advantages at all on energy, luminosity, power consumption, cost, etc., except at very low energies. From the above analysis, it is evident that the plasma-acceleration mechanism can only play a role on linear accelerators to improve acceleration capabilities if luminosity is not highly demanding. Obviously, even if plasma-accelerators are applicable, they are still not suitable for Higgs factories where the luminosity is a key while the energy is in the comfort zone of circular accelerators. Laser-driven accelerators are still far away to be applicable since their average power, power efficiency, beam quality and beam intensity are several orders of magnitude off, while beam-driven accelerators are off by a few factors to one order of magnitude. In addition, issues such as positron and proton acceleration mechanism, high efficiency multi-stage cascade acceleration need to be resolved and experimentally demonstrated. It is a common understanding that there are still <sc>20–30 years</sc> for the new acceleration mechanism to be a viable choice of high energy accelerators. However, plasma-based accelerators may find applications in irradiation, radiation imaging, free-electron laser, etc. in coming years. It may also be combined with traditional accelerators to form an injector. The future of high energy accelerators becomes then very clear: We shall build a circular electron-positron collider as a Higgs factory while actively working on R&amp;D for possible future very high energy (1–10 TeV) e⁺e^– linear colliders, as well as on high <italic>T</italic>_c superconducting technologies, in particular iron-based superconducting materials for future circular proton colliders.

Without flavor physics, we would not have the standard model of elementary particles today. The goal of flavor physics is to get at the most fundamental theory of nature. This is done by looking for phenomena which can not be explained by the standard model. To do this, we need to study flavor physics from every angle possible. In support of this, we review how flavor physics has contributed to our understanding of nature over the past 60 years.

This article reviews the discovery of the Higgs boson, discusses the studies of its properties, and introduces the physical prospects of the future Higgs factories. The greatest goal of particle physics is to understand the fundamental particles of the universe and how they interact with each other (or more generally, how the universe operates). In the standard model of particle phyiscs, the Higgs mechanism is proposed to explain the origin of elementary particle mass and predict the existence of the Higgs boson. Higgs physics is one of the most important research areas in particle physics. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN (Geneva, Switzerland) accelerates proton beams to collide at center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, thus defining the world’s energy frontier. The ATLAS and CMS detectors are two general-purpose detectors at the LHC for studying the debris from the collisions. The Higgs boson was discovered in the ATLAS and CMS experiments in 2012. This discovery completed the fundamental particle spectrum of the standard model and was an important milestone for particle physics. Since then, many studies have been conducted on the properties of Higgs boson, including spin, mass and couplings, to deepen our understanding of the Higgs mechanism. In particular, the Higgs boson couplings to fermions and to themselves present new kinds of fundamental interactions with paramount significance, which have not been fully confirmed. Additionally, the Higgs bosons has become an important tool to search for dark matter, heavy resonance, and other new physical phenomena. So far, there has been no deviation from the predictions of the standard model. Looking forward to the future, it is proposed to use the electron-positron collisions to study the Higgs boson in more depth. Physics studies have shown that these Higgs factories can significantly improve the accuracy of many properties of the Higgs boson, including width and couplings, and provide great physics prospects.

We study signals at the LHC for the Kaluza-Klein (KK) excitations of electroweak charged gauge bosons in the framework of the standard model (SM) fields propagating in the bulk of a warped extra dimension. Such a scenario can solve both the Planck-weak and flavor hierarchy problems of the SM. There are two such charged states in this scenario with couplings to light quarks and leptons being suppressed relative to those in the SM, whereas the couplings to top/bottom quarks are enhanced, similar to the case of electroweak neutral gauge bosons previously studied. However, unlike the case of electroweak neutral gauge bosons, there is no irreducible QCD background (including pollution from possibly degenerate KK gluons) for decays to top+bottom final states so that this channel is useful for the discovery of the charged states. Moreover, decays of electroweak charged gauge bosons to longitudinal W, Z and Higgs are enhanced just as for the neutral bosons. However, unlike for the neutral gauge bosons, the purely leptonic (and hence clean) decay mode of the WZ is fully reconstructible so that the ratio of the signal to the SM (electroweak) background can potentially be enhanced by restricting to the resonance region more efficiently. Wemore » show that such final states can give sensitivity to 2(3) TeV masses with an integrated luminosity of 100(300) fb{sup -1}. We emphasize that improvements in discriminating a QCD jet from a highly boosted hadronically decaying W, and a highly boosted top jet from a bottom jet will enhance the reach for these KK particles, and that the signals we study for the warped extra dimensional model might actually be applicable also to a wider class of nonsupersymmetric models of electroweak symmetry breaking.« less

We motivate and detail the new GTAP-based recursive dynamic economic model (G-RDEM), a computable general equilibrium tool for long-term counterfactual analysis and baseline generation from given gross domestic product (GDP) and population projections. It encompasses an implicitly directly additive demand system (AIDADS) demand system with non-linear Engel curves, debt accumulation from foreign saving and introduces sector specific productivity changes, endogenous aggregate saving rates, as well as time-varying cost shares for value added and individual intermediates. Parameters for these relationships are econometrically estimated or taken from published work. The core of the model is derived from the Global Trade Anaylsis Project (GTAP) standard model and seamlessly incorporated into the modular and flexible CGEBox modelling platform, allowing for combined applications with various other extensions, such as GTAP-agro-ecological zones (AEZ) or GTAP-Water. G-RDEM maintains the flexible aggregation from the GTAP Data Base. It is open source, encoded in General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS) and can be steered by a Graphical User Interface, which also encompasses a tool to analyse results with tables, graphs and maps. Existing GDP and population projections from the Socio-Economic Pathways (SSP) 1-5 can be directly incorporated for baseline construction. A comparison of the generated long-term structural composition of the economy against a simple recursive-dynamic variant, derived from the standard GTAP model, shows that G-RDEM brings about much more plausible results, as well as a more realistic, internally consistent representation of the economic structure in a hypothetical future.

Stiffness modulation-driven wrinkle-free membrane