A Novel Self-created Tree Structure Based Multi-view Face Detection

A support vector machine-based multi-view face detection and recognition framework is described. Face detection is carried out by constructing several detectors, each of them in charge of one specific view. The symmetrical property of face images is employed to simplify the complexity of the modelling. The estimation of head pose, which is achieved by using the support vector regression technique, provides crucial information for choosing the appropriate face detector. This helps to improve the accuracy and reduce the computation in multi-view face detection compared to other methods. For video sequences, further computational reduction can be achieved by using a pose change smoothing strategy. When face detectors find a face in frontal view, a support vector machine-based multi-class classifier is activated for face recognition. All the above issues are integrated under a support vector machine framework. Test results on four video sequences are presented, among them the detection rate is above 95%, recognition accuracy is above 90%, average pose estimation error is around 10/spl deg/, and the full detection and recognition speed is up to 4 frames/second on a Pentium II 300 PC.

In this paper, we propose a hardware computing architecture for face detection that classifies an image as a face or non-face. The computing architecture is first designed, modeled and tested in MATLAB Simulink using Xilinx block set and was later tested using a Virtex-6 FPGA ML605 Evaluation Kit. The system uses learned filters which were previously extracted by training on a set of face and non-face patterns. The system is fully feature based and does not require any assumptions on specific image processing techniques. The proposed approach takes an input image as a whole and passes it through different modules that apply sub-algorithms based on image convolution and sub-sampling followed by a non-linear signal processor containing artificial neurons. The architecture takes the form of a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) which can classify if a search window inside a picture contains a human face or not.

Refine BING using effective cascade ranking

Neural networks are adaptive information processing systems that offer attractive solutions for video surveillance. This application aims at identifying particular patterns. Also, MPEG-4 standard profiling strategy in facial animation guarantees that the standard can provide adequate solutions for video surveillance. The main goal of this presentation is to provide face detection for video surveillance using neural network based method. After providing the corresponding architecture for face detection, the emphasize is on the detector which is trained with multilayer back propagation neural networks. Three different face representations are taken into account, i.e. pixel representation, partial profile representation and eigenface representation. Based on this, three independent sub-detectors are generated. The detection rates are measured. The circle at about 94 % indicates the position where the neural network achieves the optimal performance.

Face detection is the cornerstone of a wide range of applications such as video surveillance, robotic vision and biometric authentication. One of the biggest challenges in face detection based applications is the speed at which faces can be accurately detected. In this paper, we present a novel SoC (System on Chip) architecture for ultra fast face detection in video or other image rich content. Our implementation is based on an efficient and robust algorithm that uses a cascade of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) classifiers on AdaBoost trained Haar features. The face detector architecture extracts the coarse grained parallelism by efficiently overlapping different computation phases while taking advantage of the finegrained parallelism at the module level. We provide details on the parallelism extraction achieved by our architecture and show experimental results that portray the efficiency of our face detection implementation. For the implementation and evaluation of our architecture we used the Xilinx FX130T Virtex5 FPGA device on the ML510 development board. Our performance evaluations indicate that a speedup of around 100X can be achieved over a SSE-optimized software implementation running on a 2.4GHz Core-2 Quad CPU. The detection speed reaches 625 frames per sec (fps).

It is necessary to track human movements in crowded places and environments such as stations, subways, metros, and schoolyards, where security is of great importance. As a result, undesired injuries, accidents, and unusual movements can be determined and various precautionary measures can be taken against them. In this study, real-time or existing video sequences are used within the system. These video sequences are obtained from objects such as humans or vehicles, moving actively in various environments. At first, some preprocesses are made respectively, such as converting gray scale, finding the edges of the objects existing in the images, and thresholding the images. Next, motion vectors are generated by utilizing a full search algorithm. Afterwards, k-means, nearest neighbor, image subdivision, and a competitive learning network are used as clustering methods to determine dense active regions on the video sequence using these motion vectors, and then their performances are compared. It is seen that the competitive learning network significantly determines the classification of dense active regions, including motion. Moreover, the algorithms are analyzed in terms of their time performances.

The analysis of video footage regarding the identification of persons at defined locations or the detection of complex activities is still a challenging process. Nowadays, various (semi-)automated systems can be used to overcome different parts of these challenges. Object detection and their classification reach even higher detection rates when making use of the latest cutting-edge convolutional neural network frameworks. Integrated into a scalable infrastructure as a service data base system, we employ the combination of such networks by using the Detectron framework within Docker containers with case-specific engineered tracking and motion pattern heuristics in order to detect several activities with comparatively low and distributed computing efforts and reasonable results.

Diagnostic Performance and Clinical Impacts of Metagenomic Sequencing after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Written sentences can be more ambiguous than spoken sentences. We investigate this difference for two different types of ambiguity: prepositional phrase (PP) attachment and sentences where the addition of commas changes the meaning. We recorded a native English speaker saying several of each type of sentence both with and without disambiguating contextual information. These sentences were then presented either as text or audio and either with or without context to subjects who were asked to select the proper interpretation of the sentence. Results suggest that comma-ambiguous sentences are easier to disambiguate than PP-attachment-ambiguous sentences, possibly due to the presence of clear prosodic boundaries, namely silent pauses. Subject performance for sentences with PP-attachment ambiguity without context was 52% for text only while it was 72.4% for audio only, suggesting that audio has more disambiguating information than text. Using an analysis of acoustic features of two PP-attachment sentences, a simple classifier was implemented to resolve the PP-attachment ambiguity being early or late closure with a mean accuracy of 80%.

Face detection has been playing an important role in more and more fields, which makes it necessary and urgent to have its architecture reconfigurable to satisfy different requirements on detection capabilities. The paper proposes a face detection architecture, which could be adjusted by the users according to the environment, the sensor resolution, the different requirements of detection accuracy and speed. This user adjustable mode makes the reconfiguration simple and efficient, and especially benefits for the application of portable mobile terminals whose working condition often changes frequently. Experimental results show that the reconfiguration of the architecture is very reasonable in face detection and synthesized report also indicates its advantage on speed and accuracy.

Recognizing faces in a crowd in real-time is a key feature which would significantly enhance Intelligent Surveillance Systems. Previously we proposed a high resolution smart camera system that can be used for crowd surveillance. The challenge is with the increasing speed and resolution of the image sensors, a fast and robust face detection system is required for real time operation. In this paper, we proposed a face detection architecture that is suitable to be implemented on a smart camera system. The face detection algorithm is based on a new weak classifier type that we called square patch feature. The targeted platform is a low cost Spartan-3 FPGA. From The simulation result shows that the proposed face detection architecture could speed up the equivalent software based face detector up to 12 times. Parallelizing the feature classification modules could improve the performance further.

Networks have the problem of security attacks like denial of service attacks and others. The firewalls and encrypted software’s does not provide a complete security solution for those attacks. Network intrusion detection aims at distinguishing the attacks on the Internet from normal use of the Internet. It is an indispensable part of the information security system. Due to the variety of network behaviors and the rapid development of attack fashions, it is necessary to develop fast machine-learning-based intrusion detection algorithms with high detection rates and low false-alarm rates. In this paper, we have proposed an effective Intrusion Detection System in which local agent collects data from its own system and it classifies anomaly behaviors using SVM classifier. Each local agent is capable of removing the host system from the network on successful detection of attacks. The mobile agent gathers information from the local agent before it allows the system to send data. Our system identifies successful attacks from the anomaly behaviors. Experimental results show that the proposed system has high detection rate and low false alarm rate which encourages the proposed system.

This study evaluates the performance of a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier to learn and detect changes in single- and multi-temporal X- and L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images under varying conditions. The purpose is to provide guidance on how to train a powerful learning machine for change detection in SAR images and to contribute to a better understanding of potentials and limitations of supervised change detection approaches. This becomes particularly important on the background of a rapidly growing demand for SAR change detection to support rapid situation awareness in case of natural disasters. The application environment of this study thus focuses on detecting changes caused by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami disaster, where single polarized TerraSAR-X and ALOS PALSAR intensity images are used as input. An unprecedented reference dataset of more than 18,000 buildings that have been visually inspected by local authorities for damages after the disaster forms a solid statistical population for the performance experiments. Several critical choices commonly made during the training stage of a learning machine are being assessed for their influence on the change detection performance, including sampling approach, location and number of training samples, classification scheme, change feature space and the acquisition dates of the satellite images. Furthermore, the proposed machine learning approach is compared with the widely used change image thresholding. The study concludes that a well-trained and tuned SVM can provide highly accurate change detections that outperform change image thresholding. While good performance is achieved in the binary change detection case, a distinction between multiple change classes in terms of damage grades leads to poor performance in the tested experimental setting. The major drawback of a machine learning approach is related to the high costs of training. The outcomes of this study, however, indicate that given dynamic parameter tuning, feature selection and an appropriate sampling approach, already small training samples (100 samples per class) are sufficient to produce high change detection rates. Moreover, the experiments show a good generalization ability of SVM which allows transfer and reuse of trained learning machines.

Kernel-based learning (e.g., Support Vector Machines) has been successfully applied to many hard problems in Natural Language Processing (NLP). In NLP, although feature combinations are crucial to improving performance, they are heuristically selected. Kernel methods change this situation. The merit of the kernel methods is that effective feature combination is implicitly expanded without loss of generality and increasing the computational costs. Kernel-based text analysis shows an excellent performance in terms in accuracy; however, these methods are usually too slow to apply to large-scale text analysis. In this paper, we extend a Basket Mining algorithm to convert a kernel-based classifier into a simple and fast linear classifier. Experimental results on English BaseNP Chunking, Japanese Word Segmentation and Japanese Dependency Parsing show that our new classifiers are about 30 to 300 times faster than the standard kernel-based classifiers.

Comparison of rigid and flexible endoscopy for removing esophageal foreign bodies in an emergency.