A parametric 3D geological modeling method considering stratigraphic interface topology optimization and coding expert knowledge

<p>Besides the carrier bed, faults and unconformities are important migration pathways for the 3-D petroleum migration and accumulation simulation. The fault is often ignored or used only as simulated grid boundaries in the traditional 3-D geological modeling, so that the transport function of faults is neglected or weakened.</p><p>In view of the fact that the traditional geological modeling method cannot establish the interrelation of carrier-system (the carrier bed, fault, unconformity, etc.), we propose a hybrid-dimensional mesh modeling technology consisting of body (stratum), surfaces (faults and unconformities), lines and points. The stratum mesh cut by a fault consists of stratum body A, stratum body B and fault surface C. There are two methods: (1) The fault is neglected in the modeling of the geological body, in other words, the mesh form and volume remain unchanged; and (2) The fault is considered in the modeling of the geological body, and the geological body on the two sides of the fault are divided into two parts for modeling. We propose the third processing method. The fault is considered in the modeling of the geological body, and the geological bodies on the two sides of the fault are divided into two parts for modeling, forming stratum meshes. In addition, the fault surface is taken as the third mesh, i.e. surface mesh. At this point, the mesh system is not the original single stratum mesh (3D body mesh) any more, and it also contains the surface mesh (2D surface mesh), therefore it is called a hybrid-dimensional mesh system (hybrid mesh system).</p><p>Based on new hybrid-dimensional mesh of the carrier-system, a special 3-D invasion percolation model (3-DIP) is proposed. The fault transport ability can also be determined by shale gouge ratio (SGR) in the 3-DIP model.</p><p>The new method is applied to the Luliang uplift in Junggar Basin, China, with an area of 3502 km<sup>2</sup>. The strata are composed of Permian - Cretaceous, which are divided into 15 simulated layers. Key simulation parameters of the study area include 2884 plane simulation meshes, 59 faults and 1 unconformity. The total number of formed meshes is 54406, including 45972 body meshes, 7884 surface meshes, 549 line meshes and 1 point mesh.</p><p>The migration pathway of oil is traced by 3-DIP, and the oil accumulation and wax content of crude oil are simulated. By comparing the simulated wax content with the measured wax content, the results are consistent with each other. It is shown that the model is reliable and the results are credible.</p><p><strong>Key words: </strong>geological modeling, migration pathway, hybrid mesh, invasion percolation model, petroleum migration and accumulation simulation, Junggar Basin.</p>

Section-constrained local geological interface dynamic updating method based on the HRBF surface

Based on the project of single-hole tunnel with four lanes, we use the functions of solid works' 3D solidmodeling and parametric modeling to build a complex model. By means of the interface function of CAD/CAM procedure, we transform 3D parametric model into a finite element analysis grid model through general data format. After analyzing the results figured out by MIDAS/GTS, we feedback this information to the preprocessing model made by solidworks before, and realize information feedback between the model and computer.

Digital geological mapping has been widely applied in regional geological surveying in China since 2004. Using geological mapping data obtained by the digital geological mapping technique to build 3D geological modelling is the trend of the future. Based on previous research, a new method of constructing 3D geological models of shallow surfaces by using digital geological mapping routes and topographic data is proposed in this paper. The key steps of this modelling method are described systematically in the paper. These steps include data pre-processing, construction of an original database, construction of geological boundaries, and model combination. In particular, we introduce in detail the model construction methodologies of the model boundary surface, digital elevation model (DEM) surface, Quaternary interface, fault plane, overlying residual stratum interface, layered geological interface, rock mass interface, and others. During the geological interface construction, we should follow two principles: (1) use the boundary and occurrence data as the main modelling data, and use the high-precision subsurface interface data as constraint data; (2) construct younger geological bodies first, and then construct older geological bodies. The next step is to compose sectionalised geological interfaces and use them to generate a geological interface of wider range. The interface construction progresses from small to large and is constantly constrained and continuously improved. Based on this new modelling method, we successfully constructed two 3D geological models, the 1:25,000 Xiaosuangou and the 1:50,000 Tuoshang models, and achieved good results. This modelling method has the advantages of simple realisation, high speed, high accuracy, and good applicability. Using this method to build 3D geological models can facilitate further development and utilisation of existing digital geological mapping data. The 3D geological models can be used as a new way of expressing the regional geological survey results, as well as the constraint data of deep 3D geological modelling in the future.

A Reverse Engineering (RE) method for parametric modelling is presented in this paper. According to this method laser scanning data are processed by means of an algorithm and a parametric geometry is produced. The algorithm generates a spline used as a driving curve for a 2D profile, both approximated from the point cloud data, with the final geometry being produced through with a sweep based technique. The method was applied to digitize a commercial product, a bottle, and the geometry was reconstructed at high accuracy and surface quality. Finally the results of the proposed method were compared with auto surfacing from *.stl files and with surfaces generated by means of sweep commands without converting curves to splines.

Electromagnetic (EM) parametric modeling of microwave filters is a significant research direction in the microwave filter design and optimization field. The parametric model aims to predict the EM response (such as <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$S$</tex>-parameters) based on the input geometrical parameters, so it is crucial to establish an accurate and effective parametric model. In this paper, a parametric modeling method that combines artificial neural network (ANN) with coupling matrix (CM) is applied to the parametric modeling of a fifth-order filter. A center-out optimization algorithm combined with phase de-embedding is proposed to extract CM. Due to the strong continuity of the extracted coupling parameters, the established parametric model can be valid in a wider geometrical neighborhood.

Stepwise Application of BIM-based Parametric Modeling to Tapered Slip-Form System

Geological variables are the basic units to carry information and the basic material of the construction of the geological spatial modeling . The quality of geological space model depends on the quality of the model of geological variables , so the geological variables are the precondition of stability and effect the geological space model . The role of geological variables focuses on the function of the geological variables . This paper first introduces the scientific nature of geological variables function research.Then discusses the mathematical models that fit the five functions , Finally, discuss the process and technique method for the extraction of geological variable. The purpose is to provide a series of general rule and method for geological modeling. I. PROBLEM PRESENTATION In the quantitative prediction of Geology and mineral resources in mathematics, the variables that general geological signs or geological phenomena with the formation age, location and property changes and take different values , called the geological variables . Research on geological variables is a key content . Geological variable refers to the geological time and space observations of various geological , geophysical , geochemical , geography and other related digital symbol set . We define the all the effectiveness in the model as the geological variables function that is variable capacity in the overall evaluation model . The strong and the weak of functions of geological variables , advantages and disadvantages determine the quality and effect of the quantitative model.As we known , quantitative prediction of mineral resources often involves model to the unknown area ,its core content is the quantitative prediction model of structural stability . The optimal function equation problem depends on the geological variables .

A new method is described for calculating flare combustion efficiency (CE) and destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) using a numerical parametric model. The method combines key variables that affect flare performance including the flare vent gas net heating value (NHV), flare design, flow rate, exit velocity, and inert gas composition, alongside the environmental influence of crosswind speed. Each effect is characterized using a parametric model derived from experimental testing data and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The inclusion of CFD allows the model to be extended into the high-wind conditions that cannot be adequately controlled for in empirical testing yet represent some of the most challenging conditions in which to maintain good combustion. This new parametric model method (PMM) is coupled with ultrasonic flowmeters from which the molecular weight and net heating value of the flare gas can be derived using the vent gas speed of sound measurement. In doing so, this method provides a reliable continuous flare combustion efficiency measure that can be deployed at scale with minimum hardware updates. The system was verified using an extractive sampling method with tests conducted on three full-scale industrial flares including non-assisted, single-arm pressure-assisted, and multi-arm pressure-assisted flare designs. A total of seventy valid test points were carried out with varying flow rate and flare gas heating value, covering a CE range from 46–100%. The uncertainty of the method was assessed using both traditional error propagation and Monte Carlo methodology. The results from the new method agree with the extractive method to within 0.8% in the ≥98% DRE region where flares are expected to operate to limit the impacts of flaring as a source of methane as a greenhouse gas. Uncertainty analysis revealed that the larger DRE discrepancy for DRE ≤ 98% correlates to the measurement uncertainties for both methods.

Three-dimensional (3D) geological modeling includes structure modeling and property modeling. Presently, numerous studies on 3D geological structure modeling theory and methodology exist; however, emphasis on 3D geological property modeling is lacking. Generalized triangular prism (GTP) models are a kind of spatial data model designed for building 3D geological structure models. In this study, we describe the characteristics of GTP models and its resolution form, summarize the relationship between interpolation times and control nodes, and define GTP volume coordinates. Coordinates are combined with the B-net method to design a B-spline interpolation method for GTP elements to express the spatial heterogeneity of geological properties. An example is given in which standard penetration test (SPT) N63.5 values for an area are modeled. Correlation distance is described and calculated for multiple stratigraphic layers. Based on the 3D geological structure model, the heterogeneity of the N63.5 value in each geological unit is simulated. The calculation method accounts for geotechnical parameters inherent to autocorrelation, adjusts the property values according to correlation distance, and solves problems caused by a spatial change in geotechnical parameters. Results of this study provide a new method for 3D geological property modeling, which can be also used to express other geological parameters.

This article studies the application of nonparametric modeling approach to model magnetorheological (MR) dampers. For comparison purposes, another typical parametric modeling method for electrorheological (ER) and MR dampers is reviewed. The existing parametric MR damper model includes a stiff Bouc-Wen model that is not friendly for simulation study and real time implementation of model-based advanced control algorithms. In order to avoid the difficulties by using the existing parametric model, the test data from a commercialized MR damper is employed to develop nonparametric models, which can consist of a series of numerically efficient mathematic functions. In addition, the selected functions are required to be continuous and differentiable for potential model-based control algorithms. The results of the nonparametric models show that such different models are comparable. Furthermore, one nonparametric model is selected to be compared with a parametric model and the test data to illustrate the accuracy of the model. The comparison shows that the proposed nonparametric models are able to accurately predict the damper force characteristics, damper bilinear behavior, hysteresis, and electromagnetic saturation. It is further shown that the nonparametric models can be numerically solved with an integration step size of the order of 10 2 s, much faster than the parametric models of the order of 10 5 s, which clearly shows that the proposed nonparametric models are feasible even for real time model-based control algorithms.

A 3D Multi-scale geology modeling method for tunnel engineering risk assessment

It is necessary to embeded the collision detection algorithm into 3D gravity & magnetic interactive interpretation platform because overlap of the geological bodies lead to repeated forward computation which will result in wrong interpretation of the data. In this paper, we applied the collision detection algorithm into the field of geology exploration initially to solve the problem of 3D geological shapes' overlap. We presented a new algorithm GSCDA (group selection collision detection algorithm) which can minimize the number of geogical bodies that to be computed and satisfy the requirement of real-time. Then, intersection algorithm for regular and arbitrary complex geological models are described. GSCDA is realized in my 3D gravity & magnetic interpretation system using VC++ and OpenGL. The algorithm also have referenced meaning to geological bodies' intersection in 3D geological modeling field.

Lower resolution is the main shortcoming for geometrical model. Mesh smoothing is a basic method for turning a coarse and lower resolution model into a smooth one. The paper proposed a mesh smoothing method for parameterized geometrical body model based on the Loop subdivision. A smooth surface can be expressed with a lot of subdivision control meshes that has higher resolution with mesh subdivision rules. It can effectively avoid the shortcomings of coarser and lower resolution of parameterized geometrical model. Experiment shows that the method is meaningful for the geometrical body model based on parameterized modeling method and can produce multi-curvature mesh surface. It is simple, efficient and can preserve the features of the original model.

The relative Ma number from rotor outlet is often quite large in high pressure turbine, especially in vaneless counter rotating turbine. Therefore, it is necessary that appropriate blades are adopted for high Ma working circumstances. In this paper, 13 design parameters are firstly chosen through analysis of the key factors that affecting the high Ma turbine performance. Then the non-uniform rational B spline method is employed to parameterize the model of turbine blade, and made the dynamic parameters of key geometric parameters associate. Furthermore, a parametric modeling method is developed for high Ma turbine cascade. Later, the method is applied to design a big bend angle and high Ma turbine blade used for a counter rotating turbine of VCE. Simulations are carried out to verify the modeling and the results prove that design demands under both working patterns can be satisfied, which implies that the blades modelling method developed in this paper is appropriate for high Ma turbine blades.