A Partnership Against Terrorism

Many scholars, government analysts and politicians point out that since the mid 1990s ‘terrorism’ has changed into an inherently new form with new characteristics. They have articulated the concept of ‘new terrorism”, which involves different actors, motivations, aims, tactics and actions, compared to the ‘old’ concept of terrorism used in the mid twentieth century. However, do the established characteristics of terrorism today justify the concept of ‘new terrorism’? The aim of this paper is not to challenge the established characteristics of terrorism today, but to question the validity of the term ‘new terrorism’ by showing that many of the trends underlying it can be identified in terrorism years ago. Nevertheless, ‘new terrorism’ is being used to justify ‘new’ counter-terrorism measures. The paper sets the foundations for a more in-depth look at the necessity and effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures after 9/11.

Terrorism is among the phenomena that has nowadays basically received the attention of political trends, media, and the researchers in the fields of politics, jurisprudence, and law. On the other hand, many of the distortions and unduly accusations made against Islam and the Muslims are related to this phenomenon. Thus, legal study of terrorism and its exploration from the viewpoint of jurisprudence seems necessary for providing an appropriate response to the onslaught of the enemies of Islam. This article, at first, addresses the semantics of the word terrorism in dictionaries of political sciences and re-examines the concepts synonym to it, such as: fatk (violent killing), ightiyāl (assassination), and irhāb (terror) in the earlier and modern literature and distinction of these concepts from each other as well as the words related to this discussion such as: baghy (injustice), muḥāriba (waging war), and jihād (holy war). In the section on legal study, while explaining the subject and the distinction of different kinds of terror, it examines different types of terror by the way of generic and specific proofs from the Qur’ānic verses and traditions. In the end, some of the propounded misconceptions are responded to and the jurists’ viewpoints about terror are touched upon. Keywords: terrorism, fatk, ightiyāl, irhāb, muḥāriba.

In this article, I deal with mental and terror relationship. Mental roots of terror are being examined. Religion has nothing to do with terrorism. Terrorist tries to misuse religion. Mental with prejudice and lack of knowledge occupies the personality of individual and his ability to judge. Purification of mind from any external and internal prejudices is the unique solution of terrorism. Only within extensive education we can overcome terrorism. Terrorism could not apply to a religion or a nation as we can not say English or French terrorism. Terrorism is a disease of humanity

Terrorism continues to have a significant impact on the lives of Australians. Whilst Australian cities remain untargeted during this present wave of terrorism, many Australians perceive the threat to be significant. Terrorism is offered for consumption daily in the news media and many Australians have seen the images of terrorism. In addition to television images, media consumers have been inundated with terrorism reporting on talkback radio, in feature films, and in newspapers. What impact does the perceptions wars on terrorism have on Australian society? Are the public more or less knowledgeable because of public debate? These are questions that need to be answered is Australia is to remain a safe and free country in which to live. In this paper, a content analysis is conducted on the Herald Sun newspaper in the week following the second Bali bombing on October 1, 2005. In particular the opinion editorials are examined. Australians have a right to know and understand the threat that terrorism poses in our cities. Public debate is not always a way that this can be achieved.

We model a game involving a terrorist, the terrorist’s benefactor, and a government protecting against terrorism. The terrorist generates terrorism effort using its own resources, funding from a benefactor, and crime. Crime can be lucrative for a terrorist but may deter benefactors, thus causing a strategic dilemma. The model accounts for resources, costs of effort, valuations of terrorism by the three players, and crime production characteristics. We determine how a variety of model parameters, the government, and the benefactor influence a terrorist’s terrorism and crime efforts, and relative ideological orientation along a continuum from ideological to criminal. We determine which factors impact government protection, for example that it is inverse U shaped in terrorism effort. We determine the implications of letting the benefactor choose optimal funding and/or punishment for crime, for example eliminating punishment if both are chosen optimally. The model parameters are estimated for sixty-five terrorist groups using the global terrorism database and the fragile states index.

Terrorism and radicalism have been a global threat since the United States declared war on terrorism in 2001. Since then, no country in the world has escaped the threat of terrorism. Terrorism itself not only happens because of radical understanding but also because of the threat to sense of identity. The threat to this sense of identity is often responded by a radical-minded person or group of people using open violence. The threat to sense of identity according to Johan Galtung is included in cultural violence, where if cultural violence continues to get ignored it will appear open acts of violence. The countries of the world continue to cope with the threat of terrorism and radicalism, both through the hard approach and soft approach, which both approaches the perpetrators of terrorism itself while referring to the triangle of the Galtung’s conflict, there are other approaches that can be done to prevent radicalism and terrorism namely by overcoming cultural violence and creating tolerant society conditions amid identity heterogeneity. Keywords: Terorism, Radicalism, Identity, Cultural Violence

The arguments on terrorism has been debated since long time, and yet ther has been no collective agreement of how to define terrorism. As a major Moslem country, Indonesia also has this problem, diversity of definitions. Here, terrorism is crossing path with religious and nationalism discourses. This writing is aimed to mapping the various definition of terrorism in both academia and government. This paper consist of three parts. First, explanation on how state‟s perspective on terrorism is always fluidly folow the political interest. Second, The academia definitions that has ontological precisition. The last students perception on terrorism that goes along with government‟s. Keywords: Terrorism, Definition, Indonesia, College Students

All the Iraqi state institutions and civil society organizations should develop a deliberate systematic policy to eliminate terrorism contracted with all parts of the economic, social, civil and political institutions and important question how to eliminate Daash to a terrorist organization hostile and if he country to eliminate the causes of crime and punish criminals and not to justify any type of crime of any kind, because if we stayed in the curriculum of justifying legitimate crime will deepen our continued terrorism, but give it legitimacy formula must also dry up the sources of terrorism media and private channels and newspapers that have abused the Holy Prophet Muhammad (p) and all kinds of any of their source (a sheei or a Sunni or Christians or Sabians) as well as from the religious aspect is not only the media but a meeting there must be cooperation of both parts of the state facilities and most importantly limiting arms possession only state you can not eliminate terrorism and violence, and we see people carrying arms without the name of the state and remains somewhat carefree is sincerity honesty and patriotism the most important motivation for the elimination of violence and terrorism and cooperation between parts of the Iraqi people and not be driven by a regional or global international schemes want to kill nations and kill our bodies of Sunnis, sheei , Christians, Sabean and Yazidi and others.

Although widely known as the so-called anni di piombo, the threat by terrorism in the 1970s was not a genuine Italian phenomenon. In the same time, other European states were struggling with subversive groups from diverse backgrounds; and slowly the mutual interest in the events abroad turned into consultations and reciprocal aid. Apart from West Germany, the United Kingdom was a highly important partner for Italy in these years. Overall, the fight against political left- and right-wing terrorism in Italy was perceived as largely different from the fight against nationalist terrorism in Northern Ireland. Nonetheless, the United Kingdom became an increasingly important partner, when the Italian counterterrorism approach evolved from a rather narrow public order policing towards a proper strategy against terrorism, including cooperation with other states. In this essay1, I will sketch the Italian-British relations regarding the common fight against terrorism during the decade 1972-1982. With a chronological approach, I trace the British perception of political violence in Italy and the correspondence between actors of both countries. Herein, I focus on concrete cooperation regarding problems of public order and terrorism. In the analysis, I concentrate on transfers of knowledge and techniques in counterterrorism, and on the relations between the involved actors. Although official communication occurs between offices and institutions, human characteristics of the signers must be considered in the analysis. The four British and twelve Italian governments included diverse personalities. Two cultures «clashed» at times over their diverse views on statehood and violence. Stereotypes shaped mutual estimations, and heritage from political history could have an impact on political representations.

Nations are seeking avenues to play bigger role in the global economy and the world at large. One of such quests led to the formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975 by a – 15 – member nation to promote socio-economic integration among member countries. As a result, this body has encountered numerous challenges in its quest to move West African countries to the desired direction. One of such challenges which reared its ugly head not too long ago is terrorism. The emergence of terrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, the Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa (Mujoo), the Niger Delta Avengers, Ansar – Dine, Boko Haram and Juma’ata Ansarul Muslimina (Ansaru) and their activities within and around West Africa have become a matter of serious concern to governments and citizens of the region as their activities, being violent in nature, had negatively affected the flow of commerce and socio-economic interaction among Member States. This, of course has been identified by ECOWAS leaders as a major threat to the integration effort of the body. To this end, several regional mechanisms and instruments for enhancing security, development, good governance and counter terrorism activities were adopted by the body to stem the tide of crime and terrorism in the region. Among the security tightening measures to forestall terrorism and other forms of insecurity within the region include effective police to police co-operation in borderless communities, enhancement of police co-operation with the international police organization (INTERPOL), soliciting some intelligence agencies of the western world, as well as regional cooperation among security and intelligence agencies against terrorism. These measures, it is believed, would go a long way to check-mating the activities of terrorist groups and criminal gangs in the region, thereby enhancing and promoting the socio-economic interaction among member states. This paper work concludes that regional integration in ECOWAS is necessary if West African countries must play crucial role in the global economy and occupy a crucial position among the committee of nations. The paper recommends among others that ECOWAS as a body must re-strategize and enhance its security and intelligence apparatus for more proactive response to all forms of security threats and terrorism.

Islam Versus Terrorism: A Legal Qur’anic Exegesis Approach. In the last decade, terrorism discourse has become one of the most important international issues. The West has claimed that Islam had supported terrorism and violence against other community, especially the West. This article attempts to elaborate the issue of terrorism in the context of Qur’anic exegesis and Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). The author argues that Islam as the grace for the whole universe (rahmatan li al ‘âlamîn), in its very doctrines, never support terrorism, radicalism, violent actions, and destructive actions on the earth (fasâd fi al-ardh). This paper attempts to discuss how the Qur’an responses to the issue of terrorism by analyzing the interpretation of legal related verses.

علاقة الفساد السياسي مع تفشي ظاهرة الارهاب هي علاقة وثيقة، ولكنها غير مباشرة ومثال ذلك المجتمع العراقي بين عامي 2003 - 2014 . تأتي اهمية هذه الدراسة ، في تشخيص طبيعة العلاقة بين ظاهرتي الفساد السياسي والارهاب و معرفة تداعياتها على امن واستقرار المجتمع العراقي ، مما يساعد المهتمين بالشأن السياسي على ايجاد الحلول السلمية لها . اما اشكالية البحث فتكمن في السؤال التالي هل العلاقة مباشرة ام غير مباشرة بين انتشار الفساد السياسي وممارسة الارهاب داخل المجتمع العراقي؟ واعتمد البحث على المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي كمنهجين من مناهج البحث العلمي كونهما متعددي الاتجاهات بالتالي وصل البحث الى نتيجة مفادها بان الفساد السياسي هو الاخطر مقارنة مع باقي انواع الفساد ، إذ يقود الفساد السياسي بشكل مباشر الى عدة مشاكل سياسية و اجتماعية و اقتصادية كالفقر و البطالة و التهميش و كل ذلك يؤدي الى نشوب ظاهرة الارهاب و بصورة مباشرة.

Foreign Direct Investment plugs the investment saving gap and a source for transfer of technology and productivity. The major reason for the flow of investment across borders is the difference in the rate of return. But the catch is that foreign investors are more risk averse as compared to the local investors. Investor confidence is sensitive to economic conditions especially like terrorist events which cause capital flight. This study tests the asymmetry in effects of terrorism on FDI, showing that in short run terrorism leads to increase in FDI, later on, it decreases the FDI and it is the time period where asymmetry between the effects of increasing and decreasing FDI occurs. While in long run, the effect of an increase and decrease in terrorism tend to become almost equal and opposite. This indicates that Pakistan needs to be patient as it will take more time to regain investor confidence.

Why did women join the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and why did they then become suicide bombers?” There is no single psychological profile of a terrorist. Terrorism is a political action, not a disease or mental health problem. Recognition of this fact removes the study of terrorists from the field of criminal psychology and demands the study of terrorists as rational, and violent, political actors. It also means that it is important to study the operations of individual terrorist groups and examine the historical, social, and political trends that inform their decisions. This paper studies female suicide bombers in the LTTE from both an organizational and individual level. I argue that “the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam’s break from traditional Tamil and Sri Lankan gender norms in a time of war, when women were particularly vulnerable to attack, made joining the LTTE an attractive option for Tamil women. On a personal level, women used suicide attacks to escape and seek revenge for rape, to find gender equality, and to deal with coercion from the LTTE and constraints within society.

The United Nations is an effective organization in the fight against the financing of terrorism, as it played an important role in the drying up and follow-up of terrorism. The recommendations of the General Assembly and the resolutions of the UN Security Council have played an important role in the development of international mechanisms to combat the financing of terrorism. The freezing of assets and cash transfers or deposits with financial and other institutions, as well as the obligation of States to freeze the assets of their members and to take the necessary measures against them and this is not a violation of the sovereignty of States as it threatens international peace and security. As for the national legislation, it has an important and complementary role in the fight against financing, the most important of which is the American legislation. The events of 11 September 2001 have had an important effect in the promulgation of many national legislations in this regard, as well as French, Lebanese and Egyptian legislation, but it had an effect that is well known to anyone.