A per-hop security scheme for highly dynamic wireless sensor networks

The collaboration between wireless sensor networks and the distributed robotics has prompted the making of mobile sensor networks. However, there has been a growing enthusiasm in developing mobile sensor networks, which are the favoured family of wireless sensor networks in which autonomous movement assumes a key part in implementing its application. By introducing mobility to nodes in wireless sensor networks, the capability and flexibility of mobile sensor networks can be enhanced to support multiple mansions, and to address the previously stated issues. The reduction in costs of mobile sensor networks and their expanding capacities makes mobile sensor networks conceivable and useful. Today, many types of research are focused on the making of mobile wireless sensor networks due to their favourable advantage and applications. Allowing the sensors to be mobile will boost the utilization of mobile wireless sensor networks beyond that of static wireless sensor networks. Sensors can be mounted on, or implanted in animals to monitor their movements for examinations, but they can also be deployed in unmanned airborne vehicles for surveillance or environmental mapping. Mobile wireless sensor networks and robotics play a crucial role if it integrated with static nodes to become a Mobile Robot, which can enhance the capabilities, and enables their new applications. Mobile robots provide a means of exploring and interacting with the environment in more dynamic and decentralised ways. In addition, this new system of networked sensors and robots allowed the development of fresh solutions to classical problems such as localization and navigation beyond that. This article presents an overview of mobile sensor network issues, sensor networks in robotics and the application of robotic sensor networks.

Although advance network planning and dense node deployment, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) may achieve the required performance, it still face the fundamental challenge of meeting stringent power and time requirements using nodes with limited sensing capacities. To better cope with the power consumption problem, mobile sensor nodes can be introduced to dynamically reconfigure the sensor network capacity in an on-demand manner. Through data gathering and relaying, mobile nodes can reduce the amount of data transmitting between the static nodes then conserve the power of these nodes to prolong the lifetime of network. In this paper we describe the DataTruck, a new open-source sensing platform specifically designed to support our experimental research in mobile sensor networks, which is used to collect or relay data from static sensors. The DataTruck node is designed around the S3C2440A ARM920T RISC microprocessor and the IEEE 802.15.4 compliant CC2431 radio from Chipcon. Mobility is enabled with an additional accessory board that allows the node to drive its 4 linear motion actuators. To reduce power consumption, a long term sleep mode is supported through different power supplying methods for main board and clock. Furthermore, we integrated a smart antenna system to gather the data from multiple static nodes concurrently which transmitting data using the same frequency of channel. The experiments show that DataTruck collects data efficiently to reduce the average data transmission delay by using SDMA technology.

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 3rd ACM Workshop on Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN'05), held in conjunction with the 12th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS'05), November 7, 2005, in Alexandria, Virginia.This year we received a total of 39 submissions on various aspects of ad-hoc and sensor network security. The program committee selected 6 as regular papers that cover a variety of topics, including trust establishment in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs), security of vehicular ad-hoc networks, secure group communication, key pre-distribution for sensor networks, jamming attacks against sensor network MAC protocols, and defense against Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks. This year we continue the tradition of SASN'03 and SASN'04 to encourage the presentation and discussion of work-in-progress on ad-hoc and sensor network security. Among the 39 submissions, the program committee selected 7 papers to present in work-in-progress sessions, covering topics on anonymous routing for MANETs, key distribution for inter-group multicast in ad-hoc networks, improved topology assumptions for threshold cryptography in MANETs, RFID security, tracing in mobile wireless sensor networks, time synchronization attacks in sensor networks, and coordinated deployment for improving secure communications and sensing coverage in wireless sensor networks. In addition, the program includes a panel on Advances in Sensor and Ad-hoc Network Security and an invited keynote talk by Radha Poovandran (University of Washington) on Information Assurance in MANETs and Wireless Sensor Networks. We hope that these proceedings will serve as a valuable reference for security researchers and developers.

A Wireless sensor network (WSN) comprises several sensor nodes such as magnetic, thermal, and infrared, and the radar is set up in a particular geographical area. The primary aim of sensor network is to transmit reliable, secure data from one node to another node, node to base station and vice versa and from base station to all nodes in a network and to conserve the energy of sensor nodes. On the other hand, there are several restrictions such as large energy consumption, limited storage/memory and processing ability, higher latency, and insufficient resources. The related security issues in wireless sensor network are authenticity, confidentiality, robustness, integrity, and data freshness. The sensor nodes are susceptible to several attacks such as DOS, Sybil, flood, black hole, selective forwarding which results in the leakage of sensitive and valuable information. It is therefore necessary to provide security against these critical attacks in the network. Wireless sensor network were earlier used for military applications with the objective of monitoring friendly and opposing forces, battlefield surveillance, detection of attacks, but today Wireless Networking have a huge number of applications-environmental, healthcare, home, industrial, commercial and are still counting. This paper is an extensive review of the security requirements, attacks that are to be avoided and resolved for achieving a secure network connection. This paper also emphasizes various limitations and defense strategies to prevent threats and attacks. The issues of applications of wireless sensor network for smooth and reliable transmissions are also discussed. The sensor networks are popular for mission-critical-tasks and security is immensely required for such hostile environment employed networks.

Wireless industrial sensor networks are wireless sensor networks which have been adapted to industrial applications. Most techniques for wireless sensor networks can be applied to wireless industrial sensor networks. However, for industrial applications of wireless industrial sensor networks, new requirements such as real-time, reliable delivery need to be considered. In this paper, we propose EARQ, which is a novel routing protocol for wireless industrial sensor networks. It provides real-time, reliable delivery of a packet, while considering energy awareness. In EARQ, a node estimates the energy cost, delay and reliability of a path to the sink node, based only on information from neighboring nodes. Then, it calculates the probability of selecting a path, using the estimates. When packet forwarding is required, it randomly selects the next node. A path with lower energy cost is likely to be selected, because the probability is inversely proportional to the energy cost to the sink node. To achieve real-time delivery, only paths that may deliver a packet in time are selected. To achieve reliability, it may send a redundant packet via an alternate path, but only if it is a source of a packet. Experimental results show that EARQ is suitable for industrial applications, due to its capability for energy efficient, real-time, reliable communications.

Monitoring and automatic control of building environment is a crucial application of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) in which maximizing network lifetime is a key challenge. Previous research into the performance of a network in a building environment has been concerned with radio propagation within a single floor. We investigate the link quality distribution to obtain full coverage of signal strength in a four-storey building environment, experimentally. Our results indicate that the transitional region is of particular concern in wireless sensor network since it accommodates high variance unreliable links. The transitional region in a multi-storey building is mainly due to the presence of reinforced concrete slabs at each storey and the fac┬©ade which obstructs the radio signal and introduces an additional absorption term to the path loss.

The Wireless sensor network has a great applied prospect, so the military, academia and industry pay more and more extensive attention. The first, this article introduces the concept of sensor networks and development background; the second, compared with traditional networks, it summarizes the characteristics of sensor networks. In this basis, the application of the sensor network and the direction of the current study are a given brief introduction and a further discussion.

We derive a new representation for the collusive sensor nodes when the underlying fraudulent correlated environment has strong influence on wireless sensor networks performance. We have evaluated collusion effect with respect to static (SW) and dynamic (DW) wireless sensor networks to derive the joint resultant. Moreover accuracy, path length, and energy consumption of sensor node operations are also evaluated. Additionally, we emphasized over the satisfaction evaluation for linguistic fuzzy trust and reputation (LFTM) models in the deployed WSN framework. Finally, simulation analysis has been carried out to prove the validity of our proposal. However, collusion for wireless sensor networks seems intractable with the static and dynamic WSNs when varied with specified number of fraudulent nodes in the scenario.

Most existing research in wireless sensor networks focuses on optimally running a single application on top of a tailor-made and deployed network. However, as sensors become an integral part of our environments, we posit that sensor networks will be increasingly viewed as platforms that will be used to run several user applications simultaneously. Concurrently executing applications requires the network's resources to be shared across applications so as to make the best long-term utilization of the constrained devices and communications network. This resource sharing entails tradeoffs in the fidelity offered to individual applications. Fidelity is an application-dependent concept that can denote a variety of operational measures including communication latency, data quality, and redundancy. In this paper, we present a principled way to define the fidelity associated with an application given a particular allocation of the available resources. Given a desired set of applications to deploy, we also explore the impact of sharing resources among the applications in terms of fidelity degradation to individual applications. To this end, we provide an algorithm that determines the optimal subset of applications to deploy given the available resources and the potential impact on fidelity and evaluate it.

Wireless sensor networks consist of a large number of low-cost, low-power, and multifunctional sensor nodes that communicate over short distances through wireless links. Such sensor networks are ideal candidates for a wide range of applications such as monitoring of critical infrastructures, data acquisition in hazardous environments, industry control systems, vehicular networks, and military operations. Wireless sensor networks introduce new security challenges due to their dynamic topology, severe resource constraints, and absence of a trusted infrastructure. The purpose of this special issue is to publish high-quality research papers as well as review articles addressing recent advances of wireless sensor network security. In this special issue, we will explore the topic of security challenges and solutions for the wide application of wireless sensor networks in different areas, such as RFID and smart grid. RFID has been widely used in logistics and internet of things. Smart grid leverages sensor networks to better balance the load of the power grid. Both of them have great impact on the daily life and areweak points of thewhole economy,which attract the attention of terrorists. The feasible attacks and defense solutions are still not clear.The papers in this volume also cover several important foundational security services for wireless sensor networks, such as key management, key distribution, secure cluster formation, secure architecture for multihop communication, intrusion prediction, and secure localization. All these foundational security services are critical bases for application of wireless sensor networks. We hope that the papers in this volume engender further thinking about new security challenges for wireless sensor networks and even further “out-of-the-box” ideas about how to solve new security problems for wireless sensor networks.

Wireless sensor networks are being used in a variety of ways - from reconnaissance and detection in military to biomedical applications and a wide variety of commercial endeavors. We introduce a position-adaptive direction finding method using mobile sensor networks and present recent experimental results in localization of a non-cooperative sensor node using static and mobile sensor networks. Electromagnetic (EM) direction finding is a technique in which a group or a swarm of Micro-Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) cooperate their sensing missions, adapt their position in real-time autonomously, and localize an unknown, hidden EM source based on optimal detection algorithms. The MAVs are equipped with IRIS wireless sensor nodes that serve as the sensing agents by providing mobility to the otherwise stationary nodes. In order to localize the transmitter, we use the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) data to approximate distance from the transmitter to the revolving receivers. We provide an algorithm for on-line estimation of the Path Loss Exponent (PLE) estimation that is used in modeling the distance based on received signal strength (RSS) measurements. The emitter position estimation is calculated based on surrounding sensors RSS values using Least-Square Estimation (LSE).

Wireless sensor networks have a wide range of potential applications in recent years. One of the most important goals is to monitor and to detect interested environment. In order to reduce deployment cost and to maintain conveniently, there are increasing applications on mobile sensor networks. Specifically, there are many locations of interest in the deployed environment, and those locations must be visited by robotic mobile sensors many times within a predefined time interval in order to collect important information.

Recently, the use of wireless sensor networks has spread to applications areas that are not viable or costefficient to be run on other types of networks. Due to some critical tasks done in these types of networks, the majority of sensor networks applications should be dependable and should be run continuously and reliably without interruption. Hence, the two more significant dependability factors that should be nowadays taken into account in developing wireless sensor networks applications are ‘availability’ and ‘reliability’ of application services. The specific characteristics and constraints of wireless sensor networks require a different interpretation of these two factors when developing applications for such networks. In this paper, we propose a middleware layer mechanism for satisfying these two factors as more important dependability issues in sensor networks applications. We propose an event-based middleware service that is specifically designed for wireless sensor networks in which a group of sensor nodes forms a cluster and a replicated service is run on each cluster head. The communication model among cluster members and cluster head is based on the publish/subscribe scheme. We show how the replicated services and communication model in cluster nodes satisfy dependability issues and increase the availability and reliability of applications running under the proposed middleware.

Observing microclimate changes is one of the most popular applications of wireless sensor networks. However, some target environments are often too dangerous or inaccessible to humans or large robots and there are many challenges for deploying and maintaining wireless sensor networks in those unfriendly environments. This paper presents a mobile sensor network system for solving this problem. The system architecture, the mobile node design, the basic behaviors and advanced network capabilities have been investigated respectively. A wheel-based robotic node architecture is proposed here that can add controlled mobility to wireless sensor networks. A testbed including some prototype nodes has also been created for validating the basic functions of the proposed mobile sensor network system. Motion performance tests have been done to get the positioning errors and power consumption model of the mobile nodes. Results of the autonomous deployment experiment show that the mobile nodes can be distributed evenly into the previously unknown environments. It provides powerful support for network deployment and maintenance and can ensure that the sensor network will work properly in unfriendly environments.

Congestion in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) occurs when traffic load allocated to any sensor node is beyond its capacity. It is necessary to control the congestion traffic to support traditional quality of service (such as packet loss ratios, packet delay, wasting energy and throughput) especially, multimedia application of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN). Congestion control in WSN has been shown to be very effective with respect to extending lifespan of system. Hence to avoid the congestion in WSN, we proposed an efficient protocol called Priority-based Congestion Control Protocol (PCCP) which prevents an upstream congestion in WSN. The PCCP creates priority table based an importance of each node, and then sends this information to all the nodes within the network. Secondly, the major function of PCCP is to measure congestion level in the network using ratio of packet inter-arrival time along over packet service time. PCCP uses to control upstream congestion along with congestion degree and packet table. PCCP is hop-by-hop upstream congestion control protocol for WSN. PCCP provides work for packet-based computation to optimize congestion control. It can work under both single path & multipath routing. PCCP ensures guarantee of packet loss as well as delay, resulting each node can avoid unfairness and achieve flexible throughput. In this paper, we have proposed that PCCP provides better QoS by controlling network recourse management and network traffic to consuming efficient energy.