A Preemption-Based Timely Software Defined Networking Framework for Emergency Response Traffic Delivery

The key of building smart platform in information security is the emergency response and handle events of the realization mechanism of the system intelligence response and the control center. It is equal to the role of the human brain, the basis of knowledge base of problem-solving strategy based on system security incident, case base, and network security expert knowledge base. It consists of an emergency report subsystem and emergency response system, providing emergency response and processing services to assist the emergency response database and emergency response of the expert system. Information security emergency response and processing system focus on information security of the emergency response technology, they are: intrusion detection technology, accident diagnostic technology, against source separation technology and rapid recovery technology, network attack technology, and computer forensics tracking technology.KeywordsInformation securityInformation security emergency responseComputer forensics

Of recent, a handful of machine learning techniques have been proposed to handle the task of intrusion detection with algorithms taking charge; these algorithms learn, from traffic flow examples, to distinguish between benign and anomalous network events. In this paper, we explore the use of a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) ensemble to detect anomalies in a Software-Defined Networking (SDN) environment using the Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI) testbed over geographically separated instances. A controllerbased framework is proposed, comprising several components across the detection chain. A bespoke dataset is generated, addressing three of the most popular contemporary network attacks and using an SDN perspective. Evaluation results show great potential for detecting a wide array of anomalies.

The evolution and advancements in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have enabled large scale distributed computing with a huge chunk of applications for massive number of users. This has obviously generated large volumes of data, thus severely burdening the processing capacity of computers as well as the inflexible traditional networks. State-of-the-art methods for addressing datacenter level performance fixes are yet found wanting for sufficiently addressing this huge processing, storage, and network movement with proprietary protocols for this voluminous data. In this chapter the works have focused on addressing the backend server performance through effective reducer placement, intelligent compression policy, handling slower tasks and in-network performance boosting techniques through effective traffic engineering, traffic classification, topology discovery, energy minimization and load balancing in datacenter-oriented applications. Hadoop, the defacto standard in distributed big data storage and processing, has been designed to store data with its Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) and processing engine MapReduce large datasets reliably. However, the processing performance of Hadoop is critically dependent on the time taken to transfer data during the shuffle generated during MapReduce. Also, during concurrent execution of tasks, slower tasks need to be properly identified and efficiently handled to improve the completion time of jobs. To overcome these limitations, three contributions have been made; (i) Compression of generated map outputs at a suitable time when all the map tasks are yet to be completed to shift the load of network onto the CPU; (ii) Placing the reducer onto the nodes where the computation done is highest based on a couple of counters, one maintained at the rack level and another at node level, to minimize the run-time data copying; and (iii) Placing the slower map tasks onto the nodes where the computation done is highest and network is handled by prioritizing. Software defined networking (SDN) has been a boon for next generation networking owing to the separation of control plane from the data plane. It has the capability to address the network requirements in a timely manner by setting flows for every to and fro data movement and gathering large network statistics at the controller to make informed decisions about the network. A core issue in the network for the controller is traffic classification, which can substantially assist SDN controllers towards efficient routing and traffic engineering decisions. This chapter presents a traffic classification scheme utilizing three classifiers namely Feed-forward Neural Network (FFNN), Logistic Regression (LR), Naïve Bayes and employing Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for improved traffic classification with less overhead and without overlooking the key Quality of Service (QoS) criterion. Also lowering energy minimization and link utilization has been an important criterion for lowering the operating cost of the network and effectively utilizing the network. This issue has been addressed in the chapter by formulating a multi-objective problem while simultaneously addressing the QoS constraints by proposing a metaheuristic, since no polynomial solution exists and hence an evolutionary based metaheuristic (Clonal Selection) based energy optimization scheme, namely, Clonal Selection Based Energy Minimization (CSEM) has been devised. The obtained results show the efficacy of the proposed traffic classification scheme and CSEM based solution as compared with the state-of-the-art techniques. SDN has been a promising newer network paradigm but security issues and expensive capital procurement of SDN limit its full deployment hence moving to a hybrid SDN (h-SDN) deployment is only logical moving forward. The usage of both centralized and decentralized paradigms in h-SDN with intrinsic issues of interoperability poses challenges to key issues of topology gathering by the controller for proper allocation of network resources and traffic engineering for optimum network performance. State-of-the-art protocols for topology gathering, such as Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) and Broadcast Domain Discovery Protocol (BDDP) require a huge number of messages and such schemes only gather link information of SDN devices leaving out legacy switches’ (LS) links which results in sub-optimal performance. This chapter provides novel schemes which unearth topology discovery by requiring fewer messages and gathering link information of all the devices in both single and multi-controller environments (might be used when scalability issue is prevalent in h-SDN). Traffic engineering problems in h-SDN are addressed by proper placement of SDN nodes in h-SDN by utilizing the analyzing key criterion of traffic details and the degree of a node while lowering the link utilization in real-time topologies. The results of the proposed schemes for topology discovery and SDN node placement demonstrate the merits as compared with the state-of-the-art protocols.

Preparedness is the main criteria for immediate response for any emergency response provider (ERP) and decision support system. Emergency Response System can be either for fire emergency response system, or police station emergency response system and healthcare emergency response system. Emergency decision support system is imperative for the reduction of disaster losses and the efficiency improvement of emergency resources allocation. The objective of this paper is to establish a Geographic Information System (GIS) based healthcare emergency response system for services that can identify the optimal route from the location of incident to any healthcare service providers, and the optimal route was modeled based on the distance (the shortest path) to the closest healthcare service providers. Therefore, the main outcome from this research is to provide immediate response to any request for incidents or accidents. Basic idea behind developing this web application is that a case (patient) or incident occurs at a particular location (latitude and longitude). Knowing those locations and mapping them using (GIS) would greatly help in analyzing and visualizing the various factors associated with the incident and thus would help in providing better decision making and quicker response for any incident or accident using ArcGIS Server and web application. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the aims and objective of the research, Section 3 discusses the methodology which includes the description of the study area, data inputs and healthcare emergency response model parameters. In section 4, analyses including shortest path, spatial queries and also service area for healthcare providers are displayed. Results are presented and interpretation is illustrated in Section 4. Conclusions and discussions of future research works are outlined in Section 5

To study the occupational safety and health systems used for emergency response workers in the USA, we performed interviews with related federal agencies and conducted research on related studies. We visited the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the USA and performed interviews with their managers on the agencies' roles in the national emergency response system. We also obtained information prepared for our visit from the USA's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). In addition, we conducted research on related studies and information on the website of the agencies. We found that the USA had an established emergency response system based on their National Incident Management System (NIMS). This enabled several organizations to respond to emergencies cooperatively using a National Response Framework (NRF) that clarifies the roles and cooperative functions of each federal agency. The core system in NIMS was the Incident Command System (ICS), within which a Safety Officer was positioned as one of the command staff supporting the commander. All ICS staff were required to complete a training program specific to their position; in addition, the Safety Officer was required to have experience. The All-Hazards model was commonly used in the emergency response system. We found that FEMA coordinated support functions, and OSHA and NIOSH, which had specific functions to protect workers, worked cooperatively under NRF. These agencies employed certified industrial hygienists that play a professional role in safety and health. NIOSH recently executed support activities during disasters and other emergencies. The USA's emergency response system is characterized by functions that protect the lives and health of emergency response workers. Trained and experienced human resources support system effectiveness. The findings provided valuable information that could be used to improve the occupational safety and health function in the Japanese system.

In general, the onshore production of oil and gas in North Germany takes place in densely populated areas. Approximately 800 MMSCFD of gas are produced from sour gas reservoirs, with H2S-concentrations of up to 20 Vol.-% being involved. Despite a high technical safety standard and different organizational measures in the production of sour gas, emergency cases cannot be absolutely ruled out. An accidental sour gas release can cause health problems even if inhaled at low concentrations. H2S concentrations of more than 700 ppm will cause immediate death. In Germany the production of hydrocarbons is regulated by the Federal Mining Law. According to these regulations an extensive gas protection plan and gas alarm plan have to be set up for sour gas operations. This includes establishing an emergency response organization and a gas alarm management guide. Beyond the legal requirements Mobil Erdgas-Erdoel GmbH (MEEG) has implemented an emergency response management system in compliance with Mobil Oil's worldwide safety philosophy to minimize the risk for the population, the employees and the environment. The installation of two electronic data systems enables the crisis management team to respond faster, more safely and in a less complicated manner to accidental sour gas releases. The introduction of the Emergency Information and Response System (EMIS) makes possible the display and manipulation of maps in different scales and geographically oriented data. The expansion of the process master computer by installing an H2S-Gas alarm system has achieved the online measurements of H2S concentrations, wind direction and wind velocity at sour gas production facilities. The system, which is operated at the gas dispatcher center, gives the crisis response team the opportunity to predict the location of sour gas release and the area being impacted. Consequently rescue parties will be directed to the location in a safe manner and, if necessary, measures will be managed for evacuating the residents living in the danger zones around sour gas facilities. Introduction The onshore production of sweet and sour gas in North Germany takes place in generally densely populated regions. Among others MEEG operates sour gas fields in the State of Lower Saxony. The production areas of the Scholen concession are located between the cities of Hanover and Bremen (Figure 1). Joint venture partner of the Scholen concession is BEB Erdgas and Erdoel GmbH (50 % Shell and 50 % Exxon). More than 50 billion cubic metres of sour gas have been produced, transported and purified in this area since 1963. Today, sour gas is produced from 12 main reservoirs with an infrastructure of 35 production wells, 9 booster compressor stations and more than 100 km of sour gas pipeline network (Table 1). The sour gas is purified at the MEEG operated purification plant Norddeutsche Erdgas-Aufbereitungs-GmbH (NEAG). After conditioning of the treated gas to sales gas specifications the sweet gas is fed into the sales gas pipeline network. All gas production as well as the gas conditioning process is managed by MEEG's dispatcher center. P. 467

The importance of disaster management systems is undeniable and is unable to be underestimated because of the numerous manmade and natural disasters now days like theearthquake in Japan, the tsunami disaster in 2011 and the Hurricane Sandy in 2012. The Japan disaster estimated cost was more than 300 billion US dollar. The role of telecommunications and transport is an indispensable resource to manage disaster in averting the human life loss, economic cost and in controlling the disruption. Focusing on the emergency transporting systems, an emergency response system was proposed for disasters at various levels of scale. The system exploits the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) developments, in addition developing a new tool/model to assess the suggested intelligent disaster system within the transportation evacuation strategies performance. The Speed Strategy (SS) and Demand Strategy (DS) were evaluated separately and simultaneously, for traffic in urban networks. In this work the intelligent disaster system Intelligent which utilizes the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) were employed. In other words, varied substitute technologies which includes VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks) and mobile technologies are applied to suggest and examine an evacuation strategy called (Destination Strategy) while using the proposed Intelligent Disaster Management System. The effectiveness of the current developed system was observed by comparing the modelled consequences of a disaster on the transport environment with that of when the disaster management was implemented. Moreover, a balance and improvement in the traffic flow with effortless evacuation was observed as an outcome of the developed current work along with the implemented Designation Strategy.

Background. Life expectancy is an important health status indicator based on average number of years a person at a given age may be expected to live given current mortality rates. Given this significance, it would be necessary to probe into the factors affecting the life expectancy. Ensuring that information and communication technology (ICT) services are properly used could contribute to development and achievement, as it represents an important issue for the countries moving toward knowledge-based and information-based societies. Therefore, this study explored the impact of the information and communication technology on life expectancy. Methods. This study covers annual data from 2008 to 2018 for a group of countries in the Middle East. Data were retrieved from the Annual Reports such as World Bank and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) data sets. The effects of ICT on life expectancy are estimated with the Panel model. We also used the Hausman test to investigate fixed versus random effects. The data were analyzed by Stata 14 software. Results. The core findings of this study confirm the significant impact of ICT on life expectancy in the Middle East. The calculated Coefficient of the regression was 0.551 indicating how much life expectancy changes when ICT variable increases by one unit. Moreover, the rho (intraclass correlation) was found to be 0.975 showing that 97.5% of the variance is due to differences across panels. Conclusion. Considering the effect of ICT on life expectancy, policymakers of the Middle Eastern countries should integrate the use of ICT with the existing programs and systems. Technology is not an end in itself but merely the means to reinforce the existing system and to meet the locally determined goals. It can be used as a tool to attain broader health and development goals. Background Life expectancy is an important health status indicator based on average number of years a person at a given age may be expected to live given current mortality rates. Given this significance, it would be necessary to probe into the factors affecting the life expectancy. Ensuring that information and communication technology (ICT) services are properly used could contribute to development and achievement, as it represents an important issue for the countries moving toward knowledge-based and information-based societies. As ICT affects everyday lives, it also impacts the macroeconomic growth, which in turn further affects everyday lives by allowing improvements in infrastructures and a higher standard of living. ICTs inherently entail the economic development of countries, regions and cities, while also improving social inclusion, well-being and therefore quality of life. Therefore, this study explored the impact of the information and communication technology on life expectancy. Methods This study covers annual data from 2008 to 2018 for a group of countries of in the Middle East. Data were retrieved from the Annual Reports such as World Bank dataset and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) data set. The effects of information and communication technology on life expectancy were estimated through the Panel model. First, stationary tests were performed with the Fisher’s generalized unit root test. In the Fisher test for panel data, the null hypothesis of a unit root was rejected at the 5% level of significance. The cross-section correlation test was performed with the Freeze test. The null hypothesis of no correlation was rejected at the 5% level of significance. We also used the Hausman test to investigate fixed versus random effects. The null hypothesis of no fixed effects was accepted so the random effects model was used. The Hausman test detects endogenous regressors in a regression model. Endogenous variables have values that are determined by other variables in the system. The data were analyzed by Stata 14 software. Results The core findings of this study confirm the significant impact of information and communication technology on life expectancy in the Middle East. The Coefficient of the regression was 0.551 indicating how much life expectancy changes when information technology variable increases by one unit. The coefficient of ICT shows that 1% increase in ICT variable causes 0.551 % incline in life expectancy and this result is significant at 5% level of significance. Regarding control variables, we found that all have expected statistically significant effects on life expectancy. The intra-cluster correlation coefficient (rho) is a measure of the relatedness, or similarity, of clustered data. Values of rho range from 0 to 1 in human studies, and as the rho increases, more individuals within the clusters resemble one another. The rho (intraclass correlation) was found to be 0.975 showing that 97.5% of the variance is due to differences across panels. This research recommends that human development programs need to focus on polices which foster digital inclusion. Conclusion Considering the effect of information and communication technology on life expectancy, policymakers of the Middle Eastern countries should integrate the use of information and communication technology with the existing programs and systems. The digital citizen is happier and values living in regions with technological capacity, investing in research & development, and committed to achieving sustainable growth. ICT use leads to improved assessments of the efficiency and management of the public administration by more technological users, underlining the importance of an understanding between users and public services in the virtual sphere. Technology is not an end in itself but merely an instrument to reinforce the existing system and to meet the locally determined goals. It can be used as a tool to attain broader health and development goals. The findings from this study provide key insights that explain how life expectancy may be enhanced through ICTs. Practical Implications of Research According to the influence of information and communication technology (ICT) on life expectancy, policymakers should provide ICT infrastructures and adopt strategies integrating ICT policies with human life criteria such as education, health and work to improve life expectancy. Ethical Consideration The paper reflects the author’s own research and analysis in a truthful and complete manner. Conflict of Interests This study was an independent research and the author declares no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Acknowledgement I would like to thank Dr Marzieh Ronaghi for her guidance and assistance throughout this research.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based emergency response systems have emerged as critical enablers of smart infrastructure safety, offering enhanced real-time decision-making, risk assessment, and disaster mitigation strategies across various domains. This systematic literature review, encompassing 424 eligible studies, investigates the integration of machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), computer vision, IoT-enabled predictive analytics, and AI-powered robotics in optimizing emergency response mechanisms. The study comprehensively examines AI applications in disaster management, real-time incident detection, healthcare emergency response, industrial hazard prevention, cybersecurity frameworks, and intelligent traffic control, providing a detailed assessment of technological advancements and challenges in AI adoption. The findings reveal that AI has significantly improved predictive accuracy, automated hazard detection, and emergency resource optimization, leading to faster response times, minimized human error, and enhanced situational awareness in crisis management. AI-driven predictive analytics models have enabled early warning systems for earthquakes, floods, and wildfires, facilitating proactive disaster preparedness and risk mitigation. In real-time emergency response, AI-powered computer vision and sensor-based surveillance technologies have improved incident detection, reducing intervention delays and ensuring more efficient allocation of emergency resources. In the healthcare sector, AI-enhanced diagnostic tools, triage automation, and geospatial analytics for ambulance dispatch have streamlined medical crisis management, improving survival rates and reducing treatment delays. Additionally, AI-integrated industrial safety frameworks, robotic automation, and cybersecurity intelligence systems have strengthened workplace hazard prevention, cyber threat detection, and emergency communication resilience, ensuring safer and more secure operational environments. Despite these advancements, several challenges related to interoperability, regulatory constraints, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, algorithmic biases, and ethical concerns persist, hindering large-scale AI adoption in emergency response systems. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of AI’s transformative role in modern emergency management, offering insights into technological developments, limitations, and policy considerations necessary to enhance AI-driven crisis response strategies and ensure more effective, scalable, and resilient emergency safety infrastructures worldwide.

Information and communication technology (ICT) has changed and continues to change almost every aspect of our daily lives. Our personal lives, social interactions, educational systems, business atmosphere, and corporate culture-everything has changed in one way or another due to advances in the field of ICT. The construction industry is no exception. ICT provides an unprecedented opportunity as well as enormous challenges to the construction industry.

Emerging mega-trends (e.g., mobile, social, cloud, and big data) in information and communication technologies (ICT) are commanding new challenges to future Internet, for which ubiquitous accessibility, high bandwidth, and dynamic management are crucial. However, traditional approaches based on manual configuration of proprietary devices are cumbersome and error-prone, and they cannot fully utilize the capability of physical network infrastructure. Recently, software-defined networking (SDN) has been touted as one of the most promising solutions for future Internet. SDN is characterized by its two distinguished features, including decoupling the control plane from the data plane and providing programmability for network application development. As a result, SDN is positioned to provide more efficient configuration, better performance, and higher flexibility to accommodate innovative network designs. This paper surveys latest developments in this active research area of SDN. We first present a generally accepted definition for SDN with the aforementioned two characteristic features and potential benefits of SDN. We then dwell on its three-layer architecture, including an infrastructure layer, a control layer, and an application layer, and substantiate each layer with existing research efforts and its related research areas. We follow that with an overview of the de facto SDN implementation (i.e., OpenFlow). Finally, we conclude this survey paper with some suggested open research challenges.

Reviewed by: Information and Communication Technology in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges for Development Kwame D. Dakwa Akpan-Obong, Patience Idaresit. 2009. Information and Communication Technology in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges for Development. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. 203 pp. Since the early 1980s, information and communication technology (ICT) has permitted people to participate in a world in which school, work, and other activities have been increasingly enhanced by access to varied and developing technologies. ICT tools have helped people find, explore, analyze, exchange, and present information—most importantly, without discrimination. When efficiently used, ICT can provide quick access to ideas and experiences from a wide range of people, communities, and cultures. It is this aspect of modern society that Patience Akpan-Obong's book presents in a useful report on her native country, Nigeria—a book in which she carefully presents Nigeria's efforts to use ICT to drive socioeconomic growth. Readers might wonder how ICT has been integrated into Nigerian life and how it could be used to alleviate poverty. Akpan-Obong covers Aso Rock (the Nigerian White House) and shows how ICT has permeated the seat of government. She mentions how a fringe sector of the Nigerian community has used ICT in criminal activities—what has globally been referred to as "419." To help readers understand the problems in ICT in Nigeria, she analyzes the evolution of Nigerian economic development by addressing the [End Page 95] economic plans of previous colonial governing entities and successive governments since the achievement of independence. Though the book was published in 2009, she does not mention how "Vision 2010," a plan proposed by the Abacha regime in 1996, has been realized; its impact on ICT is not heavily discussed. We are made aware that the colonial government improved communication to "facilitate the administration of the colony," and governments of independent Nigeria improved ICT "to be in line with the modernization zeitgeist." However, a whole chapter is devoted to Nigeria's National Policy on Telecommunications and other matters that have dogged Nigerian telecommunication. It brings to the fore issues pertinent to the question of how ICT is being used in national development. This is broken down into the number of telephones, fax machines, computers, printers, photocopiers, and internet usage (dial up or VSAT). This pattern of usage helps readers grasp how the government and private sectors have applied ICT. With 66 percent of Nigerians reported to be living in poverty, coupled with a literacy rate of 69.1 percent as of 2003, it would have been interesting for Akpan-Obong to have addressed how ICT has been used in Asia, particularly in India, to create job opportunities through outsourcing. Several books addressing the global phenomenon of outsourcing only mention in passing the capabilities of African countries. Thomas Friedman's The World Is Flat (2005) does not mention the potential that ICT can have in elevating poverty in Africa. In addition, ICT is present in interesting ways; for example, a small number of Nigerians and other Africans use it for fraudulent purposes. It is hoped that a future edition of the book will emphasize more strongly critical business opportunities in the ICT industry and the educational options for rural education via ICT. In fact, as Bonk (2009) has argued, "It is the opening up of education that ultimately makes a fatter or more robust economic world possible. In the twenty-first century, education trumps economy as key card to participation in the world" (2008:26). Though some chapters of Akpan-Obong's book point out how approaches in ICT do affect the Nigerian economy and serve larger political and educational purposes, there is a wish for more. Of course, there is a limit to what a book can do, especially this book, a foundational publication for anyone interested in the history of ICT in Nigeria. [End Page 96] Kwame D. Dakwa Indiana University, Bloomington Copyright © 2010 Indiana University Press

Reliability assessment of a power system with cyber-physical interactive operation of photovoltaic systems

The Advanced Fire Monitoring and Emergency Response System (AFMERS) presents an IoT-driven solution designed to reduce fire emergency response times and enhance firefighter safety. This integrated system includes automated fire detection, robotic firefighting, firefighter health monitoring, and a centralized command center. The system employs sensors to detect fires, assess type and severity, and immediately relay alerts to a firefighting robot and command center dashboard. The robot, equipped with adaptive extinguishing capabilities, is controlled by the operators in the command center to contain early-stage fires, while a wearable device monitors firefighter vitals and facilitates communication. A web-based and mobile dashboard consolidates live health, fire, and video data for real-time decision-making. Operators, using the AFMERS app, can activate the Help Me function to directly alert the Fire Department if the robot is unable to control the fire. Initial testing shows this research improves response efficiency and personnel safety, highlighting its potential to advance fire emergency response technology.

P1.001 Developing the City Emergency-health Response Capability (CERC) Tool