A Privacy-Preserving Payment Model for EV Charging

A study on electromagnetic interference restraining of electrical vehicle charging system is presented. The reason why the charging system would generate electromagnetic interference, the propagation ways and the hazard of electromagnetic interference are presented in this paper, through analysis of the structure and control strategy of charging system. And it takes corresponding technology to restrain electromagnetic interference, such as the selection of power devices, system grounding, electromagnetic shielding technology, filter isolation technology, mechanism design, and cables reasonable distributing. The results of electromagnetic emission test of electrical vehicle charging system show that the charging system designed by electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) technology has good electromagnetic interference restraining performance.

In this paper, a secure energy trading mechanism based on blockchain technology is proposed. The proposed model deals with energy trading problems such as insecure energy trading and inefficient charging mechanisms for electric vehicles (EVs) in a vehicular energy network (VEN). EVs face two major problems: finding an optimal charging station and calculating the exact amount of energy required to reach the selected charging station. Moreover, in traditional trading approaches, centralized parties are involved in energy trading, which leads to various issues such as increased computational cost, increased computational delay, data tempering and a single point of failure. Furthermore, EVs face various energy challenges, such as imbalanced load supply and fluctuations in voltage level. Therefore, a demand-response (DR) pricing strategy enables EV users to flatten load curves and efficiently adjust electricity usage. In this work, communication between EVs and aggregators is efficiently performed through blockchain. Moreover, a branching concept is involved in the proposed system, which divides EV data into two different branches: a Fraud Chain (F-chain) and an Integrity Chain (I-chain). The proposed branching mechanism helps solve the storage problem and reduces computational time. Moreover, an attacker model is designed to check the robustness of the proposed system against double-spending and replay attacks. Security analysis of the proposed smart contract is also given in this paper. Simulation results show that the proposed work efficiently reduces the charging cost and time in a VEN.

This paper presents a study of the influencing factors on magnetic leakage field of a 7 kW wireless electric vehicle charging (WEVC) system. The leakage field was measured in different test configurations and environments which afterwards were used to validate simulation models. The impact on magnetic leakage field distribution when varying the test environment and the test setup is presented in this paper. These results will be used to support discussion and recommendation in standards bodies related to the measurement of the magnetic leakage field of WEVC systems.

Energy trading with electric vehicles provides opportunities to eliminate the high peak demand for electric vehicle charging while providing cost saving and profits for all participants. This work aims to design a framework for local energy trading with electric vehicles in smart parking lots where electric vehicles are able to exchange energy through buying and selling prices. The proposed architecture consists of four layers: the parking energy layer, data acquisition layer, communication network layer, and market layer. Electric vehicles are classified into three different types: seller electric vehicles (SEVs) with an excess of energy in the battery, buyer electric vehicles (BEVs) with lack of energy in the battery, and idle electric vehicles (IEVs). The parking lot control center (PLCC) plays a major role in collecting all available offer/demand information among parked electric vehicles. We propose a market mechanism based on the Knapsack Algorithm (KPA) to maximize the PLCC profit. Two cases are considered: electric vehicles as energy sellers and the PLCC as an energy buyer, and electric vehicles as energy buyers and the PLCC as an energy seller. A realistic parking pattern of a parking lot on a university campus is considered as a case study. Different scenarios are investigated with respect to the number of electric vehicles and amount of energy trading. The proposed market mechanism outperforms the conventional scheme in view of costs and profits.

In the last decade, the development of electric taxis has motivated rapidly growing research interest in efficiently allocating electric charging stations in the academic literature. To address the driving pattern of electric taxis, we introduce the perspective of transport energy supply chain to capture the charging demand and to transform the charging station allocation problem to a location problem. Based on the P-median and the Min-max models, we developed a data-driven method to evaluate the system efficiency and service quality. We also conduct a case study using GPS trajectory data in Beijing, where various location strategies are evaluated from perspectives of system efficiency and service quality. Also, situations with and without congestion are comparatively evaluated.

Electric vehicle (EV) dynamic wireless charging system has become an emerging application in the area of the intelligent transportation system (ITS). However, an integrated design of the EV dynamic wireless charging system requires the considerations of both the economical and technical perspectives of a smart city. Specifically, most of the existing researches unilaterally consider the application of either placement strategy for power tracks (PTs) or dynamic vehicle-to-grid (V2G) scheduling. In this article, we propose a multistage system framework to account for an integrated EV dynamic wireless charging system in a smart city. First of all, an optimal placement strategy for PTs is developed based on city traffic information and EV energy demand. Then, having the optimal locations of PTs through the previous stage approach, the proposed dynamic V2G scheduling scheme is formulated to coordinate the schedules of EVs with the provision of daytime V2G ancillary services. Our simulation results present that the proposed multistage system model achieves improvements on both the placement strategy and V2G scheduling scheme. In addition, relatively low economic system costs can be obtained through our proposed model.

Energy-efficient Vienna rectifier for electric vehicle battery charging stations

Indonesia has significant solar energy potential, ranging from 4.88-5.78 kWh/m2 /day with a production of 444 GWh by 2022, which is supported by various government initiatives and research projects focused on renewable energy-based two-wheeled electric vehicles. The increasing prevalence of electric vehicles in Indonesia necessitates the adaptation of photovoltaic (PV)-based renewable energy infrastructure to provide power sources for battery-operated two-wheeled electric vehicle charging stations. This paper presents proposals for the implementation of two-wheeled electric vehicles, utilizing various battery technologies combined with PV-based renewable energy systems, incorporated into various plans and schemes. The research methodology was developed by evaluating the electric vehicle battery requirements and system component capacities, while the charging cycle describes the relationship between the battery capacity and the capacity of 200 Wp, 400 Wp, and 500 Wp photovoltaic panels. The calculation results show that the charging system uses various PV panel capacities. The 200 Wp PV panel requires the longest charging duration. The 400 Wp photovoltaic panel serves as an intermediate charging station. The 500 Wp photovoltaic panel shows the fastest charging duration among the three types of panels, ranging from 1 to 3.7 hours, depending on the battery load rating of the electric wheeled vehicle. In addition, the proposed PV charging system provides various battery capacity options with consideration of autonomous time (1-4 days) where the charging time of 4 days for electric vehicle battery capacity 2000 Wh will be in line with the battery demand in the charging station.

The problem of energy and reserve exchange between electric vehicles (EVs) and fast charging station (FCS) is studied using a Stackelberg game. In this game, the FCS operator, who acts as a leader, needs to set its energy and reserve prices to optimize its revenue while ensuring EV users' charging demand. On the other hand, EV users, who act as the followers, needs to decide their charging and reserve strategies to optimize a tradeoff between the benefit from battery charging and reserves provision. It is shown that the proposed game possesses a social optimal Stackelberg equilibrium, in which the FCS operator optimizes its prices and the EV users choose their equilibrium strategies. A mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) reformulation of the game is proposed and can be solved efficiently by commercial software packages. The reformulation enables the FCS operator and EV users to reach the equilibrium and is assessed by extensive simulations.

Electric vehicles are a new and upcoming technology in the transportation and power sector that have many benefits in terms of economic and environmental. This study presents a comprehensive review and evaluation of various types of electric vehicles and its associated equipment in particular battery charger and charging station. A comparison is made on the commercial and prototype electric vehicles in terms of electric range, battery size, charger power and charging time. The various types of charging stations and standards used for charging electric vehicles have been outlined and the impact of electric vehicle charging on utility distribution system is also discussed.

Current mobility trend indicates that the number of private cars will decline in the near future. One of the reasons for this trend is the development of Mobility as a Service (MaaS), which in conjunction with information and communication technologies (ICT) drive the application of transport services in smart city, respond to environmental issues, and provide users with reliable mobility. Electric vehicle sharing (EVS) travel has been regarded as a feasible mainstream model of sustainable mobility services in the future, which can effectively improve the utilization rate of motor vehicles, solve the problems of traffic congestion, environmental pollution and urban land, and promote low-carbon and sustainable development. To help electric vehicle operators improve service quality, the establishment of EVS program service performance evaluation is an urgent problem to be solved. Based on this, this paper firstly constructs the evaluation index system from 5 aspects: electric vehicle, charge station, user experience, payment and intelligent services through literature review and Delphi method. Secondly, the criteria importance though intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) and the improved G1 method are introduced to overcome the shortcomings of the single method, and the combined weights are calculated by the multiplication normalization method. Finally, a decision model based on intuitionistic fuzzy soft set (IFSS)-prospect theory and VIse Kriterijumski Optimizacioni Racun (VIKOR) method is constructed to select the best service performance of EVS program, and its feasibility and effectiveness are verified by sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis. The result shows that EVCARD is the best performing EVS program, and shared electric vehicle and charge station are the key factors to be considered in the selection. This study provides scientific and feasible guidance for the optimal service performance selection of EVS programs, which is of great significance for users to choose EVS programs.

This project introduces a solar-based wireless charging system for electric vehicles (EVs), designed to provide a contactless, automated, and sustainable energy transfer method using inductive coupling technology.The primary objective is to eliminate the need for physical connectors, reduce human intervention, and enable environmentally friendly EV charging using renewable energy sources.The system harnesses solar energy via a 12V, 10W polycrystalline solar panel, which charges a Li-Ion battery through a solar charge controller.The stored energy is then used to power a high-frequency wireless transmitter coil.When an EV is detected at the station using an IR sensor, the system automatically activates a servo motor that aligns the transmitter coil to maintain an optimal 10mm distance from the vehicle's receiver coil, ensuring maximum energy transfer efficiency.The receiver side of the EV includes a coil that captures the magnetic field, a rectifier to convert the received AC into DC, a 7805 voltage regulator, and a charging module for safe battery management.The energy is then stored in the EV's onboard battery and used to drive a DC motor, simulating EV movement.A voltage sensor continuously monitors the battery, and the status is displayed on a 16x2 I2C LCD screen, indicating states such as "Full", "Half", or "Not Charging".This system not only demonstrates wireless power transmission but also integrates automation, IoT-based monitoring potential, and renewable energy for a fully self-sustaining setup.Its compact and modular design makes it ideal for small-scale applications like autonomous delivery robots or prototype electric cars and opens the door to future scalability for full-size EVs.By eliminating wear-prone connectors and supporting real-time battery monitoring, the project addresses key challenges in modern EV charging.Furthermore, the implementation of smart alignment using servo motors, and the potential to extend the system with IoT platforms like Firebase/Blynk, makes it a next-generation charging model.

In electric vehicles (EVs), safety measures must be taken to prevent dangerous accidents. Safety regulations must be in place for two important things: electric or EV batteries and EV equipment. Operating an electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) is a challenging task. This holistic approach is used to evaluate when renewable energy is produced. It's best to focus on the popularity of EVs as more and more people choose this mode of transportation. It is important to know that power plants can be risky. Therefore, safety issues related to EV charging must be addressed quickly and appropriately. Potential safety issues with EVs include overcurrent, ground faults, and overheating. If the charging system does not work, the electric car's battery may heat up and catch fire, and overcharging may cause other problems. To avoid security risks, you must comply with security regulations, use payment devices that meet security requirements, and follow the manufacturer's instructions.

Problem. The proliferation of electric vehicles has underscored the need for the development of energy-efficient charging stations and systems. These systems must deliver high efficiency, maintain a power factor close to unity, adhere to electromagnetic compatibility standards, emit low levels of higher harmonics, and enable fast charging capabilities. Current electric vehicle charging devices encounter issues such as significant power losses, high harmonic emissions to the power grid, and challenges in implementing fast charging modes. Consequently, enhancing the energy efficiency of charging stations – by reducing power losses, minimizing harmonic emissions, ensuring a high power factor, and supporting modes for regulated current and voltage sources for fast charging – is a pressing concern. Goal. The aim of this work is to perform a comparative analysis of different types of batteries for electric vehicles, exemplified by TESLA cars, presenting comparative characteristics of lithium-ion, lithium-iron-phosphate, and lithium-titanate batteries. Methodology. The study showcases an evaluation of battery units for electric vehicles and outlines a comparative assessment of lithium-ion, lithium-iron-phosphate, and lithium-titanate batteries. The research focuses on enhancing the energy efficiency of electric vehicle charging station systems through the use of active rectifiers, with modes for active power factor correction and optimal configuration. Results. An examination of the quality of converters for electric vehicle charging stations was conducted, proposing schemes for a three-phase active voltage source rectifier and an active current source rectifier. Power circuitry and space-vector switching states for power transistors are introduced. Analysis concludes that an active current rectifier may be a more promising topology. Originality. A model of a charging station based on an active current source rectifier was developed using Matlab/Simulink. Transient processes of the converter's operation and the charging of a 60 kWh battery pack were examined. It was found that the active rectifier facilitates regulation of the battery charging current, achieves a power factor close to unity, and maintains a low level of higher harmonic emissions with a harmonic distortion factor of 2.52%. Practical value. The advancement of electric vehicles necessitates the ongoing development and enhancement of the energy indicators for electric vehicle batteries and the converters of charging stations, especially those that enable fast charging. Active progress is being made in each of these areas.

The world is moving rapidly from carbon-producing vehicles to green transportation systems. Electric vehicles (EV) are a big step towards a friendly mode of transport. With the constant rise in the number of electric vehicles, we need a widespread and seamless charging infrastructure that supports seamless charging and billing. Some users generate electricity using solar panels and charge their electric vehicles. In contrast, some use charging stations, and they pay for vehicle charging. This raises the question of trust and transparency. There are many countries where laws are not strictly enforced to prevent fraud in payment systems. One of the preeminent problems presently existing with any of the trading systems is the lack of transparency. The service provider can overcharge the customer. Blockchain is a modern-day solution that mitigates trust and privacy issues. We have proposed a peer-to-peer energy trading and charging payment system for electric vehicles based on blockchain technology. Users who have excess electricity which they can sell to the charging stations through smart contracts. Electric vehicle users can pay the charging bills through electronic wallets. We have developed the electric vehicle’s automatic-payment system using the open-source platform Hyperledger fabric. The proposed system will reduce human interaction and increase trust, transparency, and privacy among EV participants. We have analyzed the resource utilization and also performed average transaction latency and throughput evaluation. This system can be helpful for the policymakers of smart cities.