A Quick Review on Machine Learning Techniques in Code Comprehension and Code Review Estimated by Neurophysiological Data

Autonomic function classification and sleep quality among young adults in Central Java, Indonesia: A cluster analysis.

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM OVERACTIVITY IN MEN WITH LOWER URINARY TRACT SYMPTOMS SECONDARY TO BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA

Introduction: Vigorous physical exertion, such as a marathon, evokes long lasting changes in the autonomic cardiac regulation and peripheral fatigue. Aim of the study: We investigated changes in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity simultaneously with the subjective feeling of fatigue from the 67 hours following a race (42.195 km) in 31-year-old male amateur athlete. Methods: The ANS activity was assessed by spectral analysis of heart rate variability (SA HRV) during orto-clinostatics maneuvers. Both frequency-domain measures and age-dependent complex indexes of the SA HRV were used. Post-race ANS activity was assessed at the beginning of the 7 th , the 19 th , the 34 th , the 44 th , the 58 th , and the 67 th hour of the recovery period. Results: At the 19 th hour after the race, the overall spectral power had risen above the initial level, primarily owing to the prevailing sympathetic activity over the increasing vagal activity. By the 44 th hour, a further significant increase in ANS activity had occurred, this time due to the overriding vagal activity. A high level of subjectively perceived fatigue persisted throughout the entire recovery period monitored. Conclusion: This work demonstrated that the ANS activity was completely restored by the 44 th hour of post-marathon recovery. The high level of subjectively perceived fatigue persisted throughout the entire recovery period monitored and was not correlated to the ANS activity.

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity is a fundamental component of emotional responding. It is not clear, however, whether positive emotional states are associated with differential ANS reactivity. To address this issue, we conducted a meta-analytic review of 120 articles (686 effect sizes, total N = 6,546), measuring ANS activity during 11 elicited positive emotions, namely amusement, attachment love, awe, contentment, craving, excitement, gratitude, joy, nurturant love, pride, and sexual desire. We identified a widely dispersed collection of studies. Univariate results indicated that positive emotions produce no or weak and highly variable increases in ANS reactivity. However, the limitations of work to date – which we discuss – mean that our conclusions should be treated as empirically grounded hypotheses that future research should validate.

Several cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (e.g., hypertension, poor glycemic control) can affect and be affected by autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Since excess adiposity can influence CVD development through its effect on hypertension and diabetes mellitus, it is important to determine how adiposity and altered ANS activity are related. The present study employed structural equation modeling to investigate the relation between adiposity and ANS activity both directly and indirectly through biological variables typically associated with glycemic impairment and cardiac stress in older adults. Utilizing the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) dataset, 1,145 non-smoking adults (74±4.8 yrs, 62.8% female) free from known CVD, hypertension, and diabetes and not currently taking beta-blockers were evaluated for fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, and HbA1c concentrations, waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), and markers of ANS activity. WC was recorded just above the iliac crest and was used to reflect central adiposity. Resting 2-minute electrocardiograph recordings, pulse wave velocity, and ankle-brachial index data were used to assess the root mean square of successive differences in RR intervals (RMSSD) and the pre-ejection period (PEP), markers of parasympathetic and sympathetic activity, respectively. FBG, insulin, and HbA1c inferred a latent variable termed glycemic impairment (GI), whereas heart rate and diastolic BP inferred a latent variable termed cardiac stress (CS). The structural equation model fit was acceptable [root mean square error of approximation = 0.050 (90% CI = .036, .066), comparative fit index = .970, Tucker Lewis Index = 0.929], with adiposity having both significant direct (β = 0.208, p = 0.018) and indirect (β = -.217, p = .041) effects on PEP through GI. Adiposity displayed no significant direct effect on RMSSD. CS displayed a significant pathway (β = -0.524, p = 0.035) on RMSSD, but the indirect effect of WC on RMSSD through CS did not reach statistical significance (β = -0.094, p = 0.137). These results suggest that adiposity's relation to ANS activity is multifaceted, as increased central adiposity had opposing direct and indirect effects on markers of sympathetic activity in this population of older adults.

The purpose of this study was to examine the association of birth weight and infant growth with childhood autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity and to assess whether ANS activity mediates the associations of birth weight and infant growth with energy-balance-related behaviours, including energy intake, satiety response, physical activity and screen time. In 2089 children, we prospectively collected birth weight, infant growth defined as conditional weight and height gain between birth and 12 months and-at 5 years-indices of cardiac ANS activity and parent-reported energy-balance-related behaviours. A mediation analysis was conducted, based on MacKinnon's multivariate extension of the product-of-coefficients strategy. Birth weight and infant height gain were inversely associated with sympathetic, but not parasympathetic, activity at age 5. Infant weight gain was not associated with childhood ANS activity. Infant weight gain was predictive of increased childhood screen time and infant height gain of diminished childhood energy intake, but sympathetic activity did not mediate these associations. Low-birth-weight children have higher sympathetic activity, which is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Height gain in infancy seems to be beneficial for childhood sympathetic activity. However, sympathetic activity was no mediator of the associations of infant growth with childhood energy-balance-related behaviours. As individual differences in ANS activity predict increased risk of cardiovascular disease, these differences may offer insight into the early-life origins of chronic diseases and provide further basis for public health strategies to optimize birth weight and infant growth.

Autonomic cardiac control of very preterm newborns: A prolonged dysfunction

The present study evaluated the relationship between acute chest syndrome (ACS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity in patients with hemoglobin SS disease (Hb SS). Nine patients had suffered ACS were matched by age and gender to patients who had not suffered ACS and ANS activity, pulmonary function and history of painful crisis were compared. Correlations between number of episodes of ACS suffered and these variables were determined. The results demonstrated that 1) patients with a history of ACS ever had lower parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity and lower global ANS activity than patients with no ACS ever (p < 0.05), 2) the number of ACS episodes ever negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with PNS activity and global ANS activity and 3) There were no significant associations between lung function or a history of painful crisis in these patients. In conclusion, a history of ACS was associated with ANS dysfunction in adults with Hb SS disease.

Background: Training preparation in soccer is thought to improve body composition and performance level, especially the maximal aerobic capacity (VO 2 max). However, an enhancement in performance may be attenuated by the increase of fatigue. Heart rate variability (HRV) as a non-invasive index of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity has been considered to be a sensitive tool in fatigue assessment. Objective: This study was focused to evaluate the response of ANS activity and morpho-physiological parameters to eight week training preparation. Methods: Study included 12 trained soccer players aged 17.2 ± 1.2 years. Athletes underwent pre- and post-preparation testing that included the ANS activity assessment by spectral analysis of HRV in supine and upright position. Further, body composition was analyzed via electrical bio-impedance method and physiological parameters were assessed during maximal stress tests. ANS activity and subjective feeling of fatigue was assessed continuously within subsequent weeks of preparation. Results: No significant differences in all HRV variables within weeks were found. Pre vs. post analyses revealed a significant (p < .05) increase in body weight, fat free mass, body mass index, and peak power. A significant decline in mean maximal heart rate (HR) and resting HR at standing was identified at the end of preparation. Since no significant changes between pre- post-preparation in the mean VO 2 max occurred, the positive correlation between the individual change in VO 2 max and the vagally related HRV [supine LnHF (r = .78), Ln rMSSD (r = .63), and the standing LnHF (r = .73, p < .05)] was found. Conclusions: This study showed that an 8 week training program modified particularly fat free mass and short-term endurance, whereas both the autonomic cardiac regulation and the feeling of fatigue remained almost unaffected. Standing position seems to be more sensitive in terms of the HR response in relation to fatigue perception than supine.

Background and Aims While being a GFR biomarker with comparable performance than serum creatinine (SCr), Serum cystatin C (ScysC) is a better predictor of morbi-mortalilty in the general as well as the CKD population. The mechanisms underlying the prognostic dimension of ScysC are unclear. Unlike SCr, ScysC is known to strongly and positively correlate to C Reactive Protein (CRP) and thereby could reflect autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction. Transversal studies have underlined the association between the decline in autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity and all-cause mortality. ANS is thought to reflexively regulate the inflammatory response (« inflammatory reflex ») and autonomic dysfunction has been shown to be associated with deleterious sustained inflammatory stress. The Proof study is a prospective observational cohort of 1011 individuals, all aged 65 years at baseline (i.e. 2001), that was designed to assess the prognostic values of the ASN activity and its decline for the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We took advantage of the Proof cohort to explore the relationship between ScysC and ANS activity. Method The PROOF Cohort Study (PROgnostic indicator OF cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events) is constituted of elderly subjects aged 65 years in 2001 recruited from the electoral list of Saint-Etienne, France. Three initial 2-year examination were scheduled (2001–2007) along with late events monitoring which is still ongoing. At each examination, ANS activity was evaluated (baroreflex sensitivity by TILT testing) along with clinical and biological cardiovascular risk factors. Individuals with diagnosed CKD, history of myocardial infarction or stroke, heart failure, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and a severe disease that limited life expectancy to 5 years or less could not be included in the Proof cohort. SCr and ScysC were measured from sera drawn at baseline and stored at -80°C, using IDMS-traceable enzymatic method and immunoturbidimetry calibrated method, respectively. Relationhip between SCysC and baroreflex sensitivity was analysed by univariate linear and multivariate logistic regressions. Results SCr and ScysC were measured in 803 patients of the Proof Cohort (71% of men) follow up to December 2019. Mean (+/- SD) SCr was 77 (+/- 15) micromol/l. ScysC was significantly associated to 18 years - all cause mortality (OR=4.1, p=0.01) and baseline CRP (p= 0.002). In univariate analysis, ScysC was the covariate most strongly associated to impaired BRS (coeff=-1.62, p=0.02), followed by diabetes (coeff=-0.73, p=0;04), gender (coeff=-0.59, p=0.001), hypertension (coeff=-0;48, p=0.009), active smoking (-0.47, p=0.01), CRP (-0.03, p=0;04) and SCr (-0.01, p= 0;02). Dyslipidemia and age were not significantly associated to BRS. In multivariate analysis, ScysC and gender (male) were the 2 covariates that independently and significantly associated with BRS. Conclusion By reporting for the first time an association between ScysC and BRS, our data suggest a new mechanism by which ScysC could predict excess risk of morbi-mortality beyond its sole ability to predict GFR. ScysC could be an easy-to-monitor marker of the “inflammatory reflex”.

Autonomic nervous system activity in premature and full-term infants from theoretical term to 7 years

BackgroundDistinct oral atypical antipsychotics have different effects on autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Among them, oral aripiprazole has been linked to dysfunction of the ANS in schizophrenia. Long-acting injectable aripiprazole is a major treatment option for schizophrenia, but the effect of the aripiprazole formulation on ANS activity remains unclear. In this study, we compared ANS activity between oral aripiprazole and aripiprazole once-monthly (AOM) in schizophrenia.MethodsOf the 122 patients with schizophrenia who participated in this study, 72 received oral aripiprazole and 50 received AOM as monotherapy. We used power spectral analysis of heart rate variability to assess ANS activity.ResultsPatients who received oral aripiprazole showed significantly diminished sympathetic nervous activity compared with those who received AOM. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the aripiprazole formulation significantly influenced sympathetic nervous activity.ConclusionCompared with oral aripiprazole, AOM appears to have fewer adverse effects, such as sympathetic nervous dysfunction.

Physiology of brain death is characterized by major disturbances of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity which can lead to graft dysfunction. These findings exhibit the importance of early diagnosis of brain death to improve transplantation outcome. The aim of this prospective study was to assess whether heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, a noninvasive method to investigate ANS activity in comatose patients, could achieve this goal. A total of 14 brain-injured patients were included in the study as soon as they exhibited the clinical signs of imminent brain death. The electrocardiogram was then recorded from two leads with a Holter digital monitor. The clinical diagnosis of brain death was considered after an autonomic storm had occurred. HRV was assessed from 6 h before to 6 h after brain death in both time domain and spectral analysis, estimating either global ANS activity (index of variability, total power), parasympathetic activity (percentage of delta of R-R interval >50 ms, root mean square for successive interval differences, LnHF) or sympathetic activity (LnLF). Hourly averages of these variables were compared by using one-way analysis of variance. To assess whether HRV could per se diagnose brain death, receiver operating characteristic curves were generated for total power, root mean square for successive interval differences, and LnHF. We observed, for 6 h before brain death, a progressive extinction of the influence of the ANS on cardiovascular regulation. There was no activity in the two components of the ANS as soon as brain death occurred. HRV analysis appeared to be a very sensitive but a less specific method of diagnosing brain death. A total of 14 brain-injured patients with the clinical criteria of imminent brain death were enrolled for electrocardiogram recording and heart rate variability analysis (a noninvasive method to investigate autonomic nervous system activity). For 6 h before brain death, we observed a progressive extinction of autonomic nervous system activity which was not present as soon as brain death was clinically evoked.

Person-centered approach to care, teaching, and research in fibromyalgia syndrome: Justification from biopsychosocial perspectives in populations

Objective An imbalance in autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity may play a role in asthma, but it is unclear whether this is associated with specific pathophysiology. This study assessed ANS activity by measuring heart rate variability (HRV) in eosinophilic (EA) and non-eosinophilic asthma (NEA) and people without asthma. Methods HRV, combined hypertonic saline challenge/sputum induction, exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), skin prick tests to measure atopy, and spirometry tests were conducted in teenagers and young adults (14–21 years) with (n = 96) and without (n = 72) generally well-controlled asthma. HRV parameters associated with sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS branches were analyzed. EA and NEA were defined using a 2.5% sputum eosinophil cut-point. Airway hyperreactivity (AHR) was defined as ≥15% reduction in FEV1 following saline challenge. Results HRV parameters did not differ between asthmatics and non-asthmatics or EA and NEA. They were also not associated with markers of inflammation, lung function or atopy. However, increased absolute low frequency (LFµs2; representing increased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity) was found in asthmatics who used β-agonist medication compared to those who did not (median: 1611, IQR 892–3036 vs 754, 565–1592; p < 0.05) and increased normalized low frequency (LF nu) was found in those with AHR compared to without AHR (64, 48–71 vs 53, 43–66; p < 0.05). Conclusion ANS activity (as measured using HRV analysis) is not associated with pathophysiology or inflammatory phenotype in young asthmatics with generally well-controlled asthma. However, enhanced SNS activity can be detected in asthmatics with AHR or who use β-agonist medication.