A reversible watermarking algorithm with error-drift elimination in H.264/AVC stream

Reversible watermarking inserts watermarks into digital media in such a way that visual transparency is preserved, which enables the restoration of the original media from the watermarked one without any loss of media quality. It has various applications where high capacity and high visual quality are major requirements for reversible watermarking. This work presents a new reversible watermarking algorithm that embeds message bits by modifying the differential histogram of adjacent pixels. To satisfy both high embedding capacity and visual quality, the proposed technique exploits the fact that the adjacent pixels are highly correlated. Also, we prevent overflow and underflow problems by designing a predicted error compensation scheme. Through experiments using multiple kinds of test images, we prove that the presented algorithm provides 100% reversibility, higher capacity, and higher visual quality than any previous method, while maintaining low induced distortion.

Overflow problem is essential to reversible watermarking algorithms, as it would lead to great distortion or irreversibility if not properly handled. In general, the existing algorithms handle overflow problem with methods that take a lot changes to pixels, which consequently brings a possibly poor quality or a high complexity. In order to solve the overflow problem specifically with a higher quality and a lower complexity, and improve the security of watermark, we put forward a new reversible watermarking scheme. We take the strategy of twice embedding-first, the proposed scheme uses wavelet histogram shifting to embed the watermark information; second, a proposed low-distortion overflow processing algorithm (LDOPA) is implemented to process the overflow problem occurred during the first step, which iteratively scans the pixels, modifies the overflow pixels one by one, and embeds the modification record with its authentication information on the image. In addition, we apply logistic mapping, torus mapping, and CRC to improve the security of the watermark, allowing users to extract watermark only when they hold the correct password. The experimental results prove that the scheme realizes the complete reversibility of watermark and carrier image. Especially, the proposed LDOPA can be easily combined with the existing watermarking methods to further improve their performance.

In this paper, we propose a new reversible watermarking algorithm based on additive prediction-error expansion which can recover original image after extracting the hidden data. Embedding capacity of such algorithms depend on the prediction accuracy of the predictor. We observed that the performance of a predictor based on full context prediction is preciser as compared to that of partial context prediction. In view of this observation, we propose an efficient adaptive prediction (EAP) method based on full context, that exploits local characteristics of neighboring pixels much effectively than other prediction methods reported in literature. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has a better embedding capacity and also gives better Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) as compared to state-of-the-art reversible watermarking schemes.

A coding layer robust reversible watermarking algorithm for digital image in multi-antenna system

In the literature, robust reversible watermarking schemes (RWSs) allow the extraction of watermarks after the images have suffered attacks; however, the modified images are compromised. On the other hand, self-recovery schemes will restore the compromised regions of the images, but no secret messages are inserted in these schemes. A framework for robust reversible watermarking with signal restoration capabilities was previously proposed in the literature. This study selects four fragile reversible watermarking techniques and two self-recovery schemes to design different framework configurations. These configurations are evaluated to test the framework’s performance and determine the structure that yields better results in terms of perceptual transparency using a well-known image database as the signal input. It was found that fragile reversible watermarking schemes hold low perceptual distortion, while self-recovery schemes produce high perceptual distortion levels. The inherent characteristics of each algorithm determine, a priori, the behavior of the framework, which is approximated by a proposed equation.

Reversible Image Watermarking is a technique to losslessly embed and retrieve information (in the form of a watermark) in a cover image. We have proposed and implemented a reversible color image watermarking algorithm in the YCoCg-R color space, based on histogram bin shifting of the prediction errors, using weighted mean based prediction technique to predict the pixel values. The motivations for choosing the YCoCg-R color space lies in the fact that its transformation from the traditional RGB color space is reversible, with higher transform coding gain and near to optimal compression performance than the RGB and other reversible color spaces, resulting in considerably higher embedding capacity. We demonstrate through information theoretic analysis and experimental results that reversible watermarking in the YCoCg-R color space results in higher embedding capacity at lower distortion than RGB and several other color space representations.KeywordsColor SpaceCover ImageImage WatermarkColor ChannelReversible WatermarkThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

생물학적 유기체 모델에서의 바이러스 특성을 이용한 전염성 정보은닉 시스템은 비디오 인코더 및 디코더에 대해 각각 최적의 워터마크 은닉 및 검출 방법을 적용하고 비디오의 재생 또는 편집 등이 발생할 때마다 워터마크를 전이시킴으로써 각종 공격에 강인하게 함으로써 비디오 콘텐츠의 안전한 유통을 가능하게 하기 위한 방법이다. 본 논문은 전염성 정보은닉 시스템을 위한 전염성 정보의 생성과 빠르고 효율적인 가역 워터마킹 기법을 제안한다. 제안 기법은 비디오 콘텐츠 기반 가역 워터마킹을 위해 제어 코드및 콘텐츠 유효기간을 워터마크와 결합하여 전염시킨 후, 비디오 재생 시에 능동적으로 콘텐츠의 화질 및 워터마크 강도를 제어할 수 있으며, 실시간성을 만족하기 위해 계산복잡도가 낮게 설계되었다. 또한, 가역 워터마크 복원을 위한 시간지연이 발생하지 않도록 매크로블록 단위의 워터마크 및 부가정보 은닉이 수행된다. 실험결과 제안 기법이 실시간성을 만족하며, 공격받지 않은 비디오 비트스트림에 대해 가역 워터마크 검출 및 영상 복원 후 워터마크 손실은 0%였으며, 복원 후의 화질은 동일한 비트율로 압축한 비디오와 거의 동일함을 확인하였다. The infectious information hiding system(IIHS) is proposed for secure distribution of high quality video contents by applying optimized watermark embedding and detection algorithms to video codecs. And the watermark as infectious information is transmitted while target video is displayed or edited by codecs. This paper proposes a fast and effective reversible watermarking and infectious information generation for IIHS. Our reversible watermarking scheme enables video decoder to control video quality and watermark strength actively for by adding control code and expiration date with the watermark. Also, we designed our scheme with low computational complexity to satisfy it's real-time processing in a video codec, and to prevent time or frame delay during watermark detection and video restoration, we embedded one watermark and one side information within a macro-block. Experimental results verify that our scheme satisfy real-time watermark embedding and detection and watermark error is 0% after reversible watermark detection. Finally, we conform that the quality of restored video contens is almost same with compressed video without watermarking algorithm.

Watermarking is a very important technique for protecting the authorization of digital content, such as still images, video streams, audio streams, and 3-D models. Most fragile watermarking schemes for 3-D models are not reversible. Published reversible or irreversible fragile watermarking schemes for 3-D models have many drawbacks, such as the causality problem, not being blind, or being unable to locate changed regions. To overcome these drawbacks, a reversible fragile watermarking scheme for 3-D models in spatial domain is proposed. Principal component analysis (PCA) is employed to produce the PCA coordinate system and make the system robust against similarity transformation attacks. PCA, together with a novel interval embedding technique, provide the blind reversibility of the proposed scheme. Intervals larger than a threshold and smaller than another threshold are adopted as legitimate to avoid large distortion. Moreover, experimental results show that the proposed scheme can overcome the causality, convergence, and confusion problems; provide both tampering detection and better embedding rate and requiring a small key size.

Digital watermarking is a technique that embeds important data into host multimedia, such as video, image, audio, and so on, and it can be used to protect the copyright of digital cover information. One of its important techniques is reversible visible watermarking algorithm. It's not only can authenticate the reality of digital information, but also can recover the original image, and it can be used in some important special images, such as medical image, military images, and so on. In this paper, we will summarize the existing typical reversible visible watermarking algorithms, give the basic procedure of them, and analyze the performance of these algorithms.

Reversible watermarking is one of the main methods to authenticate and secure digital media security and revert to its original state without any losses. There are multiple reversible watermarking schemes proposed over the years. Often the proposed reversible watermarking scheme was focused on general grey-scale images. Their performance on medical images is not often evaluated. This study compares the performance of various general reversible watermarking schemes using multi-frame medical images and general grey-scale images in terms of 3 main factors, (1) computational complexity, (2) imperceptibility, and (3) embedding capacity. The result has shown that the Least Significant bits have the highest imperceptibility and embedding capacity. However, it is the least secure where outside can modify the watermarked images as long as they have the essential information.

A novel image scaling based reversible watermarking scheme for secure medical image transmission

Infectious video watermarking (IVW) is to embed the first watermark in encoder/decoder for the protection of video contents and to infect the watermark in different codecs whenever video contents are copied or edited. This paper presents an infectious reversible video watermarking for fast infection in the infectious watermarking model (IWM). Our method is designed by following main features. The first is that the watermark for the available period of video contents is combined with the control code for content-based video watermarking. This makes the video quality and strength be adaptively controlled in the infectious process. The second is the low complexity for fast infection. The third is to embed the infectious watermark as a unit of macro block (MB) for avoiding the delay time for extracting and recovering. Experiment results verified that the reversible watermark can be detected or recovered without loss in different codecs and the quality of recovered content has maintained in the same bit-rate.

Reversible watermarking has drawn extensive attentions in recent years due to its broad applications of digital forensics and data security. This paper proposes a novel reversible watermarking approach, which has the perfect reversibility of the embedded data and the original image. In order to increase the embedding capacity, the proposed approach utilizes the enhanced local prediction to reduce the prediction error of every pixel value. Different from traditional reversible watermarking algorithms considering all the image pixels equivalently before prediction, an enhanced image is first computed by multiplying the original image with its saliency map. By linearly formulating each pixel value in an original image as a weighted sum of the enhanced pixel values in its local neighborhood, the correlation coefficients as learned weights are then solved as a least squares solution. Based on two state-of-the-art datasets, the experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves large embedding capacity with relatively low visual distortion.

In this paper, based on the principle of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), a novel reversible data hiding scheme is presented. The to-be-embedded data are represented by different orthogonal spreading sequences and embedded into a cover image while degrading the image quality slightly. According to the feature of orthogonality, different spreading sequences are repeatedly embedded into the image without disturbing each other, and most elements of different spreading sequences are mutually cancelled in the process of multilevel data embedding. Thus, it keeps the distortion of the embedded image at a relatively low level even with a high embedding capacity. Moreover, the location-map of the proposed scheme can be highly compressed and thus the size is quite small; it further helps to obtain high net embedding capacity. Experimental results have demonstrated that the CDMA based reversible data hiding scheme can achieve higher image quality at the moderate-to-high embedding capacity than other state-of-the-art reversible data hiding works.

In this paper, a new reversible watermarking method based on ratio expansion for 3D mesh models is proposed. The distances between a vertex and its adjacent vertices are calculated respectively, each of which is then divided by the same reference value to form a series of ratios. Each ratio divided by 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</sup> is multiplied by 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</sup> and then the integer part of it is expanded to embed watermark information. The parameter M is adjusted to assure the invisibility. After translation, rotation and scaling, we could still extract the watermark and original model completely. With appropriate M and N, our algorithm is of good invisibility and high embedding capacity as well as robustness against some noises.