A Review on Modified Montmorillonite-Based Catalysts for Biofuel and Recycled Carbon Fuel Production.

Zeolite β was cost-effectively synthesized by the direct crystallization conversion of silicic and aluminium source powders using tetraethylammonium bromide (TEABr) as the structure-directing agent. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed desorption of ammonium (NH3-TPD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and N2 adsorption-desorption techniques. The characterization results indicated that the acidity and the pore structure of the synthesized zeolite were consistent with the standard zeolite β, although a trace of stray crystal of mordenite was observed. The lab-synthesized zeolite β, which was used as the additive in the USY-based fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst, exhibited a performance in catalytic cracking reaction of heavy oil feed that was similar to the performance of the standard zeolite β.

Study on reaction performance and competitive adsorption effect during coker gas oil catalytic cracking

Catalytic co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes over metal-modified HZSM-5: A mini critical review

Recent advances on strategies for upgrading biomass pyrolysis vapour to value-added bio-oils for bioenergy and chemicals

Resolving challenges in biomass catalytic pyrolysis by co-optimization of process and catalyst: Removal of heavy fraction in pyrolysis vapours and application of novel zeolite catalyst with high thermal conductivity

Hierarchical zeolites, composed of microporous frameworks integrated with secondary mesoporosity that mitigate diffusion limitations and improve accessibility to active catalytic sites. The presence of mesopores enhances diffusion, facilitates reactant access, and improves resistance to deactivation, leading to superior performance in CO₂ capture, hydrocarbon separation, catalytic cracking, and biomass conversion. Numerous synthesis strategies have been developed, including hard and soft templating, desilication, one-pot crystallization, and 3D printing. Despite these advances, a clear framework connecting structural features to functional outcomes remains underdeveloped. This review examines diffusion mechanisms in porous media and evaluates how key structural descriptors such as mesopore size, pore connectivity, micropore volume, and external surface area influence adsorption, catalytic activity, and long-term material stability. Based on this analysis, we propose a structure-function framework that enables reproducible, semi-quantitative comparisons across studies. This review also discusses emerging research directions such as machine learning-guided synthesis, operando monitoring techniques, and modular integration approaches. Together, these insights pave the way for the development of scalable, adaptable chemical systems and support the rational design of next-generation hierarchical zeolites for industrial applications.

Effect of desilication of H-ZSM-5 by alkali treatment on catalytic performance in hexane cracking

Catalytic cracking of polystyrene pyrolysis oil: Effect of Nb2O5 and NiO/Nb2O5 catalyst on the liquid product composition

In this paper, new matrix and corresponding fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts were prepared by reutilizing the exhausted dust which was derived from fluidized catalytic cracking flue gas. The results showed that the new matrix has wider mesopore size distribution than pseudo-boehmite binder. With the increase of the additional amount of this new matrix, FCC catalyst possessed increased micro-activity test conversion of vacuum gas oil (VGO) from 68 % to 71 %. The catalytic cracking performance on a fixed fluidized bed unit showed that compared with CAT-1, the conversion of VGO on CAT-5 increased by 1.19 %, heavy oil yield and coke yield decreased by 2.16 and 1.65 %, respectively. Besides, the total liquid yield and light oil yield increased by 2.27 and 2.26 %, respectively. The reaction performance of CAT-3 and CAT-5 is obviously superior to CAT-1. The appropriate pore structures and crystallized Y zeolite component on this new matrix improve the cracking ability of FCC catalysts.

This study aims to characterizing zeolite Ende became a catalyst in the pyrolysis of polyethylene plastic waste; determine the influence of zeolite catalyst to the activation energy of the pyrolysis; determine the influence of temperature in the pyrolysis; determine the influence of a catalyst in the pyrolysis; determine the influence of the interaction between temperature and the catalyst. Based on the experimental results, it is known that the activation process can alter the chemical properties and physical properties of natural zeolite Ende include crystallinity, surface area, pore volume and pore, as well as its acidity to serve as a catalyst; zeolite catalyst on the pyrolysis process of polyethylene plastic waste can lower the activation energy of up to 4371.1 cal/mol; 0.10 is the best composition of the use of natural zeolite active Ende as a catalyst in the pyrolysis process of polyethylene plastic waste; the best interaction between temperature and active natural zeolite catalysts Ende is on the treatment temperature of 400 ° C and 0.10 catalyst composition.

Mordenite etching in pyridine: Textural and chemical properties rationalized by toluene disproportionation and n-hexane cracking

A critical review of the correlative effect of process parameters on pyrolysis of plastic wastes

Depletion of petroleum and environmental problem have led to look for an alternative fuel sources In many ways, biomass is a potential renewable source. Among the many forms of biomass, oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) is a very attractive feedstock due to its abudance, low price and non-competitiveness with the food chain. EFB can be converted bio-oil by pyrolysis process. but this product can not be used directly as a transportation fuel, so it needs upgrading bio-oil through a catalytic cracking process. The catalyst plays an important role in the catalytic cracking process. The objective of this research is to study the effect of Ni concentrations (1,3,5 and 7 wt.%) on the characteristics of the catalyst Ni / Silica-Alumina and the performance test for the catalytic cracking of bio-oil. Preparation of the catalyst Ni / Silica-Alumina was done by impregnation at 80°C for 3 hours, then done to calcination and reduction at 500°C for 2 hours. The performance test was conducted on catalytic cracking temperature of 500°C. Results show that increasing concentration of Ni from 1 to 7 %, the pore diameter of the catalyst decreased from 35.71 to 32.70 A and surface area decreased from 209.78 to 188.53 m2/gram. With the increase of Ni concentration, the yield of oil reduced from 22.5 to 11.25 %, while the heating value of oil increased from 34.4 to 36.41MJ/kg.

Hydrogen transfer reaction in butene catalytic cracking over ZSM-5

Distillation of Pyrolytic Oil Obtained from Fast Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes