A Scalable and Secure Data Analytics Framework for Decentralized Autonomous Healthcare Systems using Fuzzy Logic, Blockchain Sharding, Dynamic Network Slicing, and ECC

The security of Internet of Things (IoT) devices is one of the most important problems to be addressed by the cryptographers and security engineers. The processing ability of IoT devices is limited, therefore light-weight and secure cryptographic tools are necessary for security of them. This paper shows the implementation of 256-bit Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) on an 8-bit microcontroller. The proposed implementation applies towering technique for extension field of degree 32 with a certain 8-bit prime characteristic instead of the 256-bit prime characteristic. It enables to execute 256-bit ECC operations without complicated multiple-precision arithmetic on small computers like 8-bit microcontrollers. This approach efficiently realizes the scalability of the ECC encryption strength. In addition, the authors use a twisted Montgomery curve with a Montgomery ladder technique which enables fast calculations without inversions referring to Curve25519. It is considered resistant to the Side Channel Attack (SCA) since it applies the Montgomery ladder technique for scalar multiplication (SCM). This ECC implementation on Arduino UNO, an 8-bit microcontroller board, can be utilized for a key agreement protocol among IoT devices.

The Internet of Things (IoT) as an important technology consists of a heterogeneous and huge number of devices that generates an enormous amount of data in various applications. However, generating and transmitting huge amount of data in the IoT makes it crucial to implement a secure and safe data transmission scheme. Cryptography methods can secure the confidentiality, data integrity, access control, and authentication. Due to constrained resources in IoT devices, providing classical cryptography schemes isn’t efficient for IoT applications, so a lightweight cryptography scheme is one of the most important solutions to overcome security challenges in IoT. In this paper, a new security scheme called ECCCSASHA256 based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256) using Crow Search Algorithm (CSA) has been proposed for secure data transmission in IoT devices. The ECCCSASHA256 model uses the CSA for generating a private key to encode the elliptic curve. Furthermore, the proposed scheme uses SHA-256 model for hashing the incoming encoded data using ECC. The simulation results indicate that the average throughput of the proposed model was about 8.22% and 8.97% higher in encryption and 8.72% and 9.81% higher in decryption compared to 3DES&ECC&SHA-256 and RC4&ECC&SHA-256, respectively.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a promising technology for improving services and reduction of cost in health care. Accurate almost real time data acquisition and analysis of patient data and the ability to update such a data is a way to improve patient’s care and reduce cost in health care systems. This article employs wireless radio frequency identification technology to acquire patient data and integrates wireless technology for fast data acquisition and transmission, while maintaining the security and privacy issues. An intelligent agent framework is proposed to assist in managing patients’ health care data in a hospital environment. A data classification method based on fuzzy logic is proposed and developed to improve the data security and privacy of data collected and propagated.

A lightweight key management scheme for key-escrow-free ECC-based CP-ABE for IoT healthcare systems

Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is a promising public key cryptography, probably takes the place of RSA. Not only ECC uses less memory, key pair generation and signing are considerably faster, but also ECC's key size is less than that of RSA while it achieves the same level of security. However, the magic behind RSA and its friends can be easily explained, is also widely understood, the foundations of ECC are still a mystery to most of us. This paper's aims are to provide detailed mathematical foundations of ECC, especially, the subgroup and its generator (also called base point) formed by one elliptic curve are researched as highlights, because they are very important for practical ECC implementation. The related algorithms and their implementation details are demonstrated, which is useful for the computing devices with restricted resource, such as embedded systems, mobile devices and IoT devices.

Health Systems Need to Transform Data Collection to Advance Health Equity.

Elliptic‐curve cryptography (ECC) is a popular technique of public‐key cryptography used for secure communications in Internet of Things (IoT) applications. In this study, the implementation and analyze the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) with NIST‐256 on MicroBlaze processors based on RISC‐V architecture. This implementation aims to enhance secure communication and data exchange between IoT devices and also provides a detailed account of our ECDSA implementation on a RISC‐V processor and evaluates its performance, achieving a reduction of 11.8% in execution time compared to existing techniques. The implementation takes 483 clock cycles and utilizes approximately 4096 bytes of memory. These results demonstrate that ECDSA can be efficiently implemented on RISC‐V processors, making it a promising option for secure communication in IoT applications. Furthermore, the study highlights specific security considerations critical to implementing ECC on RISC‐V processors, ensuring robust and reliable security in IoT environments.

In the current ongoing world of IoT (Internet of things) devices, it is vital to have a safe, secure and reliable cyberspace. Cyberspace or network is free from all sorts of unethical activities like hacked systems, data breaches and stolen data. For that goal to be accomplished, we need to have a modern, solid and rigid cybersecurity system to stay safe from harm's way. Our research includes recent IoT data security issues and a robust security model that ensures the IoT devices' data security based on a smart city's perspective. According to the recent research data on the vulnerable IoT devices we propose an intelligent and effective security approach to tackle the modern IoT security issues because our data needs to be protected as the IoT devices or “things” as we call it needs to have proper security. A few areas of future research indicate the use of blockchain to resolve the cybersecurity issues of IoT devices are the most promising and exciting.

SPHA-VC: Secure passengers health assessment via vehicular communications

Security risks are increasingly concerning as the Internet of Things (IoT) expands. Authentication, access control, and authorization present significant challenges for resource-constrained IoT devices. Traditional authentication methods often require enhancements for these devices, but Blockchain technology presents a potential solution. Decentralized and distributed, Blockchain eliminates a single point of failure and relies on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) for robust security. We have introduced a cutting-edge solution to fortify communication security within IoT devices across supply chain ecosystems. By harnessing the power of Blockchain technology, our framework incorporates smart contracts, adheres to ES256 encryption standards, and seamlessly integrates with Infura API. These components establish stringent access controls, ensure data integrity, and enhance transparency throughout supply chain processes. The framework’s robust architecture facilitates swift and secure transactions, bolsters traceability efforts, and effectively mitigates potential security risks. With its scalable design and reliable functionality, this framework emerges as a pivotal asset for optimizing IoT device communication within dynamic supply chain environments. The use of ProVerif in our analysis provides a formal guarantee of the correctness of our access control mechanisms.

Internet of Things (IoT) is heterogeneous in nature and has diverse application areas. Smart healthcare (s-health) is one of the most significant applications of IoT that handles sensitive health-related data, which can be manipulated to cause fatal safety consequences. Hence, security and privacy must be considered as the most important factors during the design of wearable s-health. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a secure communication channel between wearable sensors or devices and the remote server of the IoT network. In this work, we propose a protocol for authentication and key agreement using ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography) to protect the health-related data in s-health. In this work, trusted sensors take the responsibility of completing the complex cryptographic operations on behalf of resource-constraint sensors. The smartphones accelerometers data and the data received from sensors installed on the body are used to do the trust verification by finding data correlations. Moreover, through security and performance analysis we have shown that the proposed protocol is secure against all relevant cryptographic attacks and is lightweight due to the use of ECC.

The Internet of things (IoT) is on the rise, and it is increasingly becoming a ubiquitous computing service that requires large data storage and processing. Due to the limited capabilities of most IoT devices, they always rely on cloud services for storage and computing, posing security and privacy risks. Due to its significant aspects, such as data security and privacy, Blockchain (BC) has drawn significant interest in alleviating these concerns. Despite its potential benefits, Blockchain’s high complexity and limited scalability make it computationally expensive and incompatible with IoT devices requiring lightweight solutions. Although several models have been proposed for this purpose, the issue is still far from being resolved. These models have significant constraints, such as resource optimization during operation. By presenting a scalable lightweight Blockchain integrated model (LightBlock), the primary objective of this work is to enable the usage of BC in the IoT environment. LightBlock is implemented by optimizing the components of a lightweight, scalable Blockchain. Lastly, the study’s findings should provide IoT users with a high level of security and privacy by ensuring applicability and offering end-to-end security.

Traditional healthcare systems have difficulties such as delayed diagnosis, resource constraints, and data security issues, particularly during pandemics. Lightweight CNNs, capsule networks, and DAG-based blockchain alternatives are all included in a next-generation healthcare system to improve diagnostic precision, scalability, and decentralized data security. With GANs creating synthetic datasets for training, this method uses DAGs for safe and scalable data sharing, lightweight CNNs for feature extraction, and capsule networks for spatial representation. The real-time performance and interoperability of a modular design are confirmed by measurements for accuracy, sensitivity, and latency. In terms of safe data sharing and real-time pandemic detection, the suggested system outperformed traditional techniques with 99.9% data integrity, 96.4% accuracy, 97.1% sensitivity, 23.3 ms latency, and 1200 TPS scalability. It is an efficient option for healthcare settings with limited resources and real-time demands because of its scalability, robust security, and excellent diagnostic precision.

Internet of Things (IoT) is growing too fast and it is being deployed in various domains such as Smart Homes, Smart City, Healthcare, etc. Security in IoT environments is critical, as information between IoT devices and end-users needs to be shared securely. Therefore, IoT systems require protecting two critical aspects, which are confidential data and identity management. However, IoT devices have many constraints, including limitations in computation, power, memory and energy. In this paper, we present a fast and secure authenticated key agreement protocol based on elliptic curve cryptography. The proposed protocol is used for distributed IoT applications. Therefore, a Trusted Third Party (TTP) is used to perform the registration phases for users and IoT devices. With respect to distributed networks, and after the registration phases are accomplished, the end-user can communicate and obtain information straightaway from the sensor nodes. The informal security of the proposed protocol is analyzed, and the analysis shows that our protocol can resist a variety of attacks. Our proposed protocol uses ECDigital Signature Algorithm (EC–DSA). It offers significantly improved performance, in terms of the required computational amount and energy usage, compared to many other authenticated protocols.

Authentication is a fundamental part of essential security operations and is a cornerstone for the Internet of Things (IoT) security. In this work an energy-efficient and secure mutual authentication protocol is proposed for constrained IoT devices wherein a combination of RC5 (Rivest Cipher) and ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography) cryptosystems are used. The protocol is implemented, and its functionality is verified on Zolertia RE-mote IoT devices. It supports secure data transmission along with authentication. Unlike existing schemes, mutual authentication in the proposed protocol is achieved with only two flights between client and server. The security against most common attacks is analysed, furthermore energy consumption of our protocol is evaluated and compared with existing protocol e.g. DTLS handshake. Our protocol saves up to 57% energy compared to the DTLS handshake protocol per authentication cycle.