A Secure Collaborative Spectrum Sensing Strategy in Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are the intelligent systems that offer an interaction among computational, software, and networking resources in a continuous and dynamic fashion. Future systems are likely to be created and developed using CPSs, which have been recognized as a significant area of research. The electric power grid, energy systems, body area networks, modern vehicles, smart homes, cooperative robotics, and smart transportation are the examples for CPS. The security aspects of CPSs can be enhanced with blockchain (BC) technology. For instance, with the combination of CPSs and blockchain, a peer-to-peer energy market is made possible where machines may automatically buy and sell energy based on parameters specified by the user. In this chapter, we summarize recent developments in the creation and applications of CPS, the state-of-the-art and pertinent concepts, numerous CPS applications that have employed blockchain, relevant solutions, and open challenging issues.

Editorial: This special issue features eight selected papers with high quality. The first article, “A Cost-Effective Methodology Applied to Videoconference Services on Hybrid Clouds” by Javier Cervino, Pedro Rodriguez, Irena Trajkovska, Fernando Escribano and Joaquin Salvachua, tackles the optimization of applications in multi-provider hybrid cloud scenarios from an economic point of view. However the approach was intended to introduce a novel solution by making maximum use of divide and rule. Also this article describes a methodology to create cost aware cloud applications that can be broken down into the three most important components in cloud infrastructures: computation, network and storage. A real videoconference system has been modified in order to evaluate this idea with both theoretical and empirical experiments. The proposed system has become a widely used as a tool in several national and European projects for e-learning and collaboration purposes. The second article, “An Efficient Dynamic Integration Middleware for Cyber-Physical Systems in Mobile Environments” by Young-Sik Jeong, Sang Oh Park and Jong Hyuk Park, proposes a cyber-physical system (CPS) middleware framework that ensures interoperability and communication between heterogeneous components in a global CPS network. A CPS is a tight integration of the system’s computational and physical elements. The CPS technology builds on the older discipline of embedded systems, and CPS applications can be found in diverse industry sectors, such as smart home, health care, and transportation. The article assume that a global CPS network that integrates different CPS networks appears in the near future. Through local and global communications, the proposed middleware makes mobile devices in different networks interoperable. The third article, “Particle Swarm Optimization with Skyline Operator for Fast Cloud-based Web Service Composition” by Shangguang Wang, Qibo Sun, Hua Zou, Fangchun Yang, proposed a fast Cloud-based web service T. Shon (*) Division of Information and Computer Engineering, College of Information Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea e-mail: taeshik.shon@gmail.com

Real world engineering problems often involve selecting between alternatives. As cyber-physical systems (CPS) become more prevalent in society, including smart cities, intelligent transportation networks, smart homes, etc., these alternatives will increasingly not only include variations in hardware but also in software. Stakeholders will have to decide between competing designs consisting of varying sensor sets and varying machine learning models. Ensuring that these selections are well guided and include multiple objectives such as performance, cost, and sensitivity is paramount. Many of these CPS will include machine learning classification models. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis is useful for selecting between alternative classification models based on performance and sensitivity, however, this analysis fails to treat classification models as a system of hardware and software, a CPS. Therefore, the ROC analysis ignores additional stakeholder objectives such cost and reliability. This thesis presents methods to extend the ROC analysis to include an additional objective of system cost. The methodology is demonstrated on three real world data sets that include additional cost information. The presented methodology is shown to drastically reduce the stakeholder decision space and guide stakeholder decisions using performance, cost, and sensitivity objectives.

Aim. Threats of a non-physical nature have a significant effect on the security of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). They may have the form of unlawful interference in the development and implementation of ITS. The creation of a trusted framework for the development and implementation of ITS is examined as in the case of intelligent water transportation systems (IWTS). Problems. By decree of the President of the Russian Federation, ITS, telecommunications and security of information processing are among the priority areas of scientific and technological development. ITS technologies, as well as those involved in the creation of trusted, secure system and application software are among the most important critical high technologies. The operation of ITS involves wide use of computerised systems that implement the latest information and telecommunication technologies, automated and automatic control technologies, artificial intelligence that can pose security threats. ITS are to be developed and operated in a trusted environment. Methods. The paper used the methodology for ensuring the security of IWTS, development of secure hardware and software platforms for secure automated systems, methods of system analysis, dependability theory, information protection, and law. Results. The paper defines the problem of creating a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS, the applicable terminology is developed. The author examined the effect of IWTS on the security of critical information infrastructure (CII) and national security, developed a model of relationships between the IWTS security domains taking into account threats of physical and non-physical origin. Examples of computer incidents within IWTS that caused consequences at the national and international levels are given. The composition of the IWTS facilities attributed to CII is defined, critical processes implemented by standard CII facilities as part of the IWTS are set forth. The author lists conceptual problems of IWTS security, defines the principles of creating a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS. Conclusion. Ensuring the security of IWTS against modern threats requires solving a number of problems associated with the creation of a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS. For the purpose of improving the timeliness and quality of their solution, the paper proposes an intuitive terminology that reflects the subject area and helps finding a common understanding of the security domain by experts from various industries. IWTS facilities have an effect on CII security and national security in general. That is taken into account in the model of relationships between IWTS security domains, demonstrated using cases of computer incidents within IWTS that caused consequences at the national and international level. Given the above, the paper lists IWTS facilities attributed to CII and sets forth examples of critical processes implemented by standard CII facilities as part of the IWTS. The defined list of conceptual IWTS security problems take into account the growing landscape of IWTS security threats that includes insecure software, hardware and software platforms, software and hardware systems and emerging technologies. When developing the principles for the creation of a trusted IWTS development and implementation framework, the author took into account the best practice of implementing the methodology for creating national secure hardware and software platforms of CII facilities that enables the creation of secure automated systems for various applications that are based on domestically-developed solutions. The examined matters are of a systemic nature, which allows using the findings in the development and implementation of ITS in other modes of transportation.

A multi-level structure of safe intellectualization of society's infrastructure 'objects - cyber-physical systems' in the functional space 'selection - exchange of information - processing - management' is proposed according to the profiles - confidentiality integrity availability for 'smart environmental monitoring' 'smart education' 'smart energy' 'intelligent transport system' and other subject areas. The multi-level structure 'objects - cyber-physical systems' of safe intellectualization is revealed by the paradigm 'multi-level cyber-physical system - multi-level information security' which is the basis for building complex security systems of technologies of physical space communication environment and cyberspace. A hierarchical model of Internet of Things security is built based on a three-layer architecture and the concept of 'object - threat - protection'. The complex security model of the wireless communication environment of cyber-physical systems for segments of the intellectualization of society's infrastructure is analysed. The presented methodology of safe processes of intellectualization allows the implementation of complex security systems of technologies for the functioning of society's infrastructure objects. Key words: intellectualization information security objects cyber-physical system multi-level structure security paradigm Internet of Things hierarchical model complex model.

In modern times, the world is heading toward smart city advancement to overcome the present and future challenges of urban crowding. Millions of smart devices communicate with each other to provide more innovative services ranging from smart health to smart homes. Smart city services endeavor urban socioeconomic development with the most significant opportunities to improve the quality and ease of life. One of the promising key enablers and drivers in the smart city is the Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN). Inevitably, this imperative promotes smart cities for urban socioeconomic and the caliber of life enrichment. Security and privacy threats must be considered when the aforementioned Low-Power Wide Area Networking (LPWAN) technology is deployed in smart cities. Considering smart cities, security and privacy threats are prominent issues that may hamper the adoption and growth of smart city services. The existing literature discussed the possible threats in various smart city services and did not focus on LPWAN layer-wise vulnerabilities and threats exploration. To fill this gap, this research work narrowed down and presented the layer-wise vulnerability and threats exploration of smart homes using LoRaWAN-based use case deployment. We further elucidated the importance of federated learning, enabling reliable management of smart home services.

Half of the world’s population resides in cities and this percentage is going to rise in the coming years. This rapid transformation of the economy and society is making traditional city management redundant. Intensive urbanization has brought with it some challenges. Scanty resources, population growth, increased carbon footprint, reduced air quality, congestion on roads, depriving health status, and falling food quality, all are prominent parts of cities. Does this bring a question in mind is accelerated growth sustainable? The answer and solution to this is an adaption of the Smart City Concept. A smart city integrates all the available technology with the requirements of city development and builds infrastructure which can improve the quality of life of citizens. Smart cities are designed in a manner to use minimum resources with maximum efficiency in all areas of urban life. It provides smart solutions using smart technologies. Urban needs and technological advancements meet in smart cities. It manages cities more quickly and effectively by using AI, IT technologies, and robotic process automation. Intelligent transportation, intelligent energy, intelligent governance, intelligent security, intelligent healthcare are all central to the idea of smart cities. The emphasis of this essay is on smart transit as a component of smart cities. The movement of people and goods across several geographical boundaries has been significantly aided by the transportation sector. Globally, the majority of smart cities face logistical and transportation issues. Both the fast growing human population and the increase in the number of cars on the road are to blame for this. In order to design and run a sustainable transportation system, technology may be of great assistance. Robotic systems for real-time vehicle data collection, traffic management, and using mobility on demand in trip planning through a single user interface have emerged as cities struggle with traffic congestion. The transportation industry, which faces difficulties including traffic congestion, unanticipated delays, and routing issues that cause businesses to lose money, has successfully used robotic process automation. Robotic process automation provides reliable results and affordable solutions while reducing uncertainty in the decision-making process. It is very helpful in designing and running a successful transit system. Robotic Process Automation (RPA) systems for obtaining real-time data from vehicles, buses, and trucks for traffic management and using mobility on demand in trip planning through a single user interface have emerged as cities struggle with poor management and congestion. By examining different uses of robotic process automation, it is possible to evaluate precise prediction and detection models that are intended to forecast traffic volume, an appropriate route, traffic conditions, accurate information about timing, incidents, and which time and roadway for transport are suitable for running and mobility. The application of RPA in smart cities could be seen in Intelligent Transportation Systems’ Traffic Management, Public Transportation, Safety Management, Manufacturing, and Logistics. The research focuses on areas of concern for smart cities in the sphere of the transportation sector and related difficulties that may be solved via robotic process automation. The article emphasizes the challenges and solutions for making smart transportation more effective by using Intelligent Robotic Transportation Systems.

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is an emerging technology closely related to the Internet of Things (IoT) schemes, but CPS centers on the occurrence of computation processes, networking, and physical layers. The CPS involves many interconnected systems that can manipulate and monitor the operations of real objects. The evolution of CPS has significantly affected several aspects of the public’s way of life, thereby permitting the integration of different applications and services like smart homes, smart healthcare systems, electronic commerce, and smart campuses, among others. But their creation has posed security challenges for people in the world of an interconnected system and given rise to dangerous security problems. One of CPS’s most complex issues is ensuring information security against cyber-attacks. These problems have attracted significant attention from both industries and many researchers. Therefore, this chapter reviews CPS security vulnerabilities, attacks, and threats in securing information on the internet by identifying the key challenges and issues. The limitations of existing security measures are analyzed and presented, and their effects on the features of people’s lives are explored. The CPS principal types of security threats and attacks are presented and analyzed. Finally, the challenges of CPS, possible solutions, and areas for future research are discussed. In this field, cybersecurity has become a global issue, so the design of stable, healthy, and effective CPS is a popular area of study. Security challenges are not new, but technological innovations make it possible to develop new methods to secure data from detrimental effects. Novel threats will remain exploited, and cyber-attacks will continue to occur, resulting in the need for new CPS security methods.

Security and Privacy Aspect of Cyber Physical Systems

Cyber-physical systems are a kind of emerging large-scale distributed systems that are integrations of computation, networking, and physical worlds. Cyber physical systems are increasing scale and complexity with the growing pervasiveness of ICT and the development of the smart worlds such as smart factory, smart robotics, smart grids, smart cities, smart vehicles, smart healthcare systems, and smart homes. The growing interconnection of physical and virtual worlds of complex cyber physical systems, and the development of increasingly sophisticated intelligence techniques, has given rise to the next generation of CPS, that is referred to as smart cyber-physical systems (sCPS) which can efficiently operate, manage and control physical world and virtual world, and offer broad range of novel applications and services. Thus, smart cyber physical systems are complex cyber physical systems endowed with intelligent abilities. The main characteristic of such a new generation of smart cyber physical systems is the ability to interact with the physical worlds and adapt to new working environments through distributed intelligent mechanisms that executing and operating at the unit (single device), cluster (groups of devices) and network level (the network of devices). The properties like uncertainties, safety, reliability, and performance requirement, spatial-temporal requirement, and adaptation ability are very important, modeling smart cyber-physical systems must face these challenges and satisfy these specific requiremnts. In order to specify and model such kind of systems, we propose a new paradigm for specifying and modeling smart cyber physical systems based on software defined approach using Modelicaml. Software defined approach is a new way that help abstract the real world and virtual world with software components, this approach can simplify system specification, modeling and design. The main aim of ModelicaML is to enable an efficient and effective way to use Modelica, UML and SysML models reusing notations that are also used for software modeling based on software defined approach. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated with a case study of Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork.

This paper contributes to building a systematic view of the mobility characteristics of smart cities by reviewing the lessons learned from the best practices implemented around the world. The main features of smart cities, such as smart homes, smart infrastructure, smart operations, smart services, smart utilities, smart energy, smart governance, smart lifestyle, smart business, and smart mobility in North America, Asia, and Europe are briefly reviewed. The study predominantly focuses on smart mobility features and their implications in newly built smart cities. As a case study, the modern city of Lusail located in the north of Doha, Qatar is considered. The provision of car park management and guidance, real-time traffic signal control, traffic information system, active-modes arrangement in promenade and busy urban avenues, LRT, buses, taxis, and water taxis information system, and multimodal journey planning facilities in the Lusail smart city is discussed in this study. Consequently, the implications of smart mobility features on adopting Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) will be studied. The study demonstrates that the implementation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) when supported by Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), could result in making the most efficient use of existing transportation infrastructure and consequently improve the safety and security, mobility, and the environment in urban areas. The findings of this study could be considered an initial step in the implementation of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) in cities with advanced public transportation such as Doha, the capital of Qatar. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-10-09 Full Text: PDF

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are being developed to provide useful interactions between physical systems and environments and cyber world for a variety of applications. CPS are designed with a set of software and interconnected distributed hardware components that are linked with physical elements to provide advanced monitoring and control mechanisms geared towards enhancing the targeted physical system or environment. These components function seamlessly to offer specific functionalities that help enhance human lives, physical system operations and environments. While CPS can offer many smart enhancements for improving physical processes, the development of such complex systems composed of many distributed and heterogeneous components is extremely difficult. This is due to the many communication, computing, and networking challenges. Using an appropriate middleware that provides a framework to support developing and operating diverse CPS applications is a novel method to address these challenges. The availability of advanced middleware services and platforms can provide effective approaches for enhancing CPS application development processes as well as provide more robust environments for operating CPS applications. Such middleware can significantly reduce the time needed to design, build, test, and operate robust CPS applications. However, designing a common middleware platform for diverse types of CPS applications is not trivial. This paper investigates the middleware challenges for CPS, based on the different types of CPS applications being developed and their specific challenges. In addition, the paper discusses the current efforts of developing middleware platforms for CPS and the open research issues in the field.

Cyber-Physical System (CPS) networks represent distributed systems characterized by command, communication, and control elements, acting over the environment in order to fulfill complex interactions with it. The CPS applications need to be robust, error prone and to own dynamically self-reconfigurable and self-maintainable capabilities. In this paper we propose a Linear Programming based approach for solving the computational, error prone detection and dynamical reconfigurable aspects which CPS applications needs to achieve. To illustrate the usage and benefits of this approach, we discuss the design of an aircraft fuel management system implemented using a CPS solution.

The development of the legal framework for ensuring information security of cyber-physical systems in recent years is associated with their widespread use and equipment of industries and households. Various kinds of cyber attacks on cyber-physical systems bring benefits to the attackers in the form of data whose distribution is limited, as well as in the form of the failure of such systems. The article provides statistics on the most common attacks on cyber-physical information systems, as well as the consequences faced by a household or organization. The main stage of the research is the analysis of existing norms of legal regulation of the development and operation of cyber-physical systems. This analysis is the foundation for creating criteria on the basis of which a model for the development of legal support of information security in the field of the functioning of cyber-physical systems can be formed. The result of the research is a formed set of legal measures, the implementation of which will reduce both the number of attacks and the consequences of such attacks on cyber-physical systems.

In Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), cyber and physical components must work seamlessly in tandem. Runtime verification of CPS is essential yet very difficult, due to deployment environments that are expensive, dangerous, or simply impossible to use for verification tasks. A key enabling factor of runtime verification of CPS is the ability to integrate real-time simulations of portions of the CPS into live running systems. We propose a verification approach that allows CPS application developers to opportunistically leverage real-time simulation to support runtime verification. Our approach, termed B race B ind , allows selecting, at runtime, between actual physical processes or simulations of them to support a running CPS application. To build B race B ind , we create a real-time simulation architecture to generate and manage multiple real-time simulation environments based on existing simulation models in a manner that ensures sufficient accuracy for verifying a CPS application. Specifically, B race B ind aims to both improve simulation speed and minimize latency, thereby making it feasible to integrate simulations of physical processes into the running CPS application. B race B ind then integrates this real-time simulation architecture with an existing runtime verification approach that has low computational overhead and high accuracy. This integration uses an aspect-oriented adapter architecture that connects the variables in the cyber portion of the CPS application with either sensors and actuators in the physical world or the automatically generated real-time simulation. Our experimental results show that, with a negligible performance penalty, our approach is both efficient and effective in detecting program errors that are otherwise only detectable in a physical deployment.