A Secure Fog-Cloud Based Architecture for MIoT

Since the Internet of Things (IoT) will be entwined with everything we use in our daily life, the consequence of security flaws escalates. Smart objects will govern most of the home appliances and car engines yielding potential disaster scenarios. In this context, successful attacks could lead to chaos and scary scenarios (www.darkreading.com). Unprotected personal information may expose sensitive and embarrassing data to the public and attacks may threaten not only our computers and smart devices, but our intimacy and perhaps our lives too. Because persons and objects will be bonded with each other, user consent becomes critical. Therefore, thing, object, and user Identity will be the focus of future IoT security solutions, yielding a Trust, Security, and Privacy (TSP) paradigm, which may constitute the Achilles' heel of IoT. While security issues are quite straightforward, mainly from background knowledge, privacy issues are far more complex. Privacy constitutes a rather challenging task, even for the m...

Internet of Things (IoT) is being applied to areas as smart-cities, home environment, agriculture, industry, etc. Developing, deploying and testing IoT projects require high investments on devices, fog nodes, cloud nodes, analytic nodes, hardware and software. New projects require high investments on devices, fog nodes, cloud nodes, analytic nodes, hardware and software before each system can be developed. In addition, the systems should be developed to test them, which implies time, effort and development costs. However, in order to decrease the cost associated to develop and test the system the IoT system can be simulated. Thus, simulating environments help to model the system, reasoning about it, and take advantage of the knowledge obtained to optimize it. Designing IoT simulation environments has been tackled focusing on low level aspects such as networks, motes and so on more than focusing on the high level concepts related to IoT environments. Additionally, the simulation users require high IoT knowledge and usually programming capabilities in order to implement the IoT environment simulation. The concepts to manage in an IoT simulation includes the common layers of an IoT environment including Edge, Fog and Cloud computing and heterogeneous technology. Model-driven development is an emerging software engineering area which aims to develop the software systems from domain models which capture at high level the domain concepts and relationships, generating from them the software artefacts by using code-generators. In this paper, a model-driven development approach has been developed to define, generate code and deploy IoT systems simulation. This approach makes it possible to design complex IoT simulation environments and deploy them without writing code. To do this, a domain metamodel, a graphical concrete syntax and a model to text transformation have been developed. The IoT simulation environment generated from each model includes the sensors, actuators, fog nodes, cloud nodes and analytical characteristics, which are deployed as microservices and Docker containers and where elements are connected by using publish-subscribe communication protocol. Additionally, two case studies, focused on smart building and agriculture IoT environments, are presented to show the simulation expressiveness.

Remote correspondence frameworks are exceedingly disposed to security perils. The critical usages of remote correspondence frameworks are in military, business, human administrations, retail, and transportations. These structures use wired, cell, or ad hoc frameworks. Remote sensor frameworks, actuator frameworks, and vehicular frameworks have gotten a fantastic thought in the open eye and industry. Of late, the Internet of things (IoT) has become broad research thought. The IoT is considered as possible destiny of the Web. In future, IoT will accept a vital activity and change our living styles, standards, similarly to game plans. The use of IoT in different applications is required to rise rapidly in the coming years. The IoT grants billions of devices, society, and organizations to connect with others and exchange information. Due to the extended usage of IoT contraptions, the IoT frameworks are slanted to various security strikes. The presence of successful security and assurance shows that IoT frameworks are incredibly expected to ensure protection, get the chance to control, and decency, among others. In this chapter, a complete assessment on security and insurance issues in IoT frameworks is provided.

Recently, most of the Internet of things (IoT) infrastructures are highly centralized with single points of failure, which results in serious security and privacy issues of IoT data. Fortunately, blockchain technique can provide a decentralized and secure IoT framework to deal with security issues based on the characteristics of decentralization, non-tampering, openness, transparency, and traceability. However, the blockchain consensus protocol guarantees the safety and reliability of data, but it also brings problems such as scalability limitations and poor storage extensibility, resulting in the inability to directly integrate blockchain and the IoT in existing conditions. In this article, a private three-tier local blockchain, Three-tier architecture Blockchain (TBchain), is proposed to solve the problem by splitting part of the transactions in the public blockchain and locking them in a higher-level blockchain TBchain. Additionally, the private blockchain TBchain is connected to the public blockchain to build a hierarchical blockchain network to provide privacy protection for the IoT data stored on the blockchain. Finally, we implement an IoT framework based on TBchain and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to realize the decentralized IoT, which guarantees the user’s access control right to personal data. Experimental results show that the IoT framework based on TBchain and IPFS realizes the user’s access control right to personal data by verifying in advance to ensure the confidentiality and security of shared data, and improves the security and privacy of IoT data and transactions. Moreover, we prove that the scalability and storage extensibility of the blockchain is positively correlated with the number of data blocks in TBchain.

A lightweight key management scheme for key-escrow-free ECC-based CP-ABE for IoT healthcare systems

The term "IoT" refers to the interconnection of intelligent objects and the global network and allows people to be connected to a network and any service in any given place. The mismatch between the development of interactive smart things, smart systems, human understanding, and experience poses challenges to security, privacy, boundless technical, and trust outcomes. Internet of Things (IoT) protection is primarily aimed at protecting the privacy, confidentiality, ensuring user safety, data, infrastructure, and IoT devices, and ensuring the availability of IoT services. This chapter, which is based on recent IoT security research and provides a basis for better understanding of the future potential, deals with key challenges for the construction of IoT, security issues, and vulnerability causing attacks and threats.

Technology advancements blend to masses with diverse and heterogeneous environments. The Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing has broken through reachability and availability of services. The security, privacy requirements and challenges manifest with the heterogeneity and the wide range of application domains posing a major concern in adoption of IoT. The literature addresses these changing requirements individually. The paper presents a top-down survey starting with general security challenges in IoT moving to security and privacy challenges, and later exploring security frameworks of IoT. The millions of wide range of devices produce a huge amount of data. Identifying and authenticating these devices and allowing them to process their data locally improves the performance, reduces the bandwidth usage, increases the battery usage and reduces the security risk of attacks making the devices self reliant. The survey identifies the less explored research gaps to group them and address the concerns related to device management, user management, key management, trust management and data management. The surveyed secured frameworks in IoT address the multiple dimensions of security concerns and their aspects.

With the continuous evolution of technology, the prevalence of the Internet of Things (IoT) has grown significantly. However, with this rise comesa number of challenges for integrated Cloud Computing (CC), including security, performance, latency, and network issues. Fortunately, Fog Computing is a solution that addresses these concerns by bringing CC closer to IoT devices. Essentially, fog serves as a data hub that processes and stores information locally on the fog node, rather than sending it to a cloud server. This results in faster response times and higher- quality services compared to those offered by traditional cloud servers. Fog Computing can optimize service delivery for multiple IoT clients by allowing the administrationof services and resource provisioning outside of CC, nearer to devices, or at specific locations for Service Level Agreements (SLAs). It's important to note that Fog Computing is not intended to replace CC, but rather to complement itas a critical component. In this paper, we explore various computing paradigms, examine the features and architecture of Fog Computing, analyze its relationship with IoT, and assess differentalgorithms used in Fog Computing systems. Furthermore, we tackle the distinctive challenges that emerge with Fog Computing as an intermediate layer between IoT sensors/devices and data centers. Keywords: Fog Computing, Internet of Things(IOT), Cloud Computing (CC).

In today's era, when technology is growing rapidly, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology having massive applications, which are employed in various domains. Similarly, the Healthcare Internet of Things (IoT) applies IoT to the healthcare industry. The IoT is indeed a networked platform comprising connectable devices that can acquire, transfer, and store data without human or computer intervention. The IoT promises a plethora of benefits for refining and improving healthcare delivery, including the potential to diagnose, examine, and cure the patient. It reduces the need for human intervention while also allowing for the early diagnosis of health hazards. It is becoming equally important to consider how existing, as well as upcoming, IoT technologies might help healthcare systems provide therapeutic benefits. The goal of this chapter is to provide an understanding of recent IoT in healthcare and to illustrate how the Internet of Things devices are boosting healthcare delivery and how IoT technology may revolutionize and disrupt global healthcare in the coming decade. Healthcare IoT capabilities are additionally investigated in order to theorize how IoT might assist us in moving away from our existing different levels of health systems towards a more integrated, progressive, and continuous approach. Patient care may be ensured on time, and with on-time assistance, treatment expenses can be decreased, and therapies can be made more effective by employing IoT in healthcare practitioners. From smartwatches to cancer care, smartwatches are used to monitor one's health and wellbeing. Finally, this chapter will look into potential concerns with IoT, such as impediments to market acceptability from healthcare providers and consumers, interoperability, security and privacy, remuneration and standardization, information storage, and control and ownership. Policy support, cybersecurity-focused guidelines, rigorous strategic planning, and open policies will be critical enablers of IoT in contemporary healthcare within healthcare organizations. IoT has a lot of potential for enhancing the efficiency of the healthcare system and societal well-being.

The paper describes security issues of Internet of Things (IoT)-based applications like healthcare application systems. In recent years, because of increased usage of IoT devices the IoT networks are becoming prone to various security attacks. In this paper, a comprehensive study on security and privacy issues in IoT networks is provided. The IoT which has become a popular technology in recent days is a concept reflecting a connected set of anyone, anything, anytime, anyplace, any service and any network. The IoT builds smart objects, the ultimate devices in the development of healthcare information system. The usage of IoT technologies is a boon to the modern healthcare environment. Since IoT is the next stage of technological revolution, it has become a necessity to incorporate it in the medical field for the convenience it provides. Further, this paper surveys intelligent collaborative security model to minimise security risk. As opposed to the traditional Internet, in addition to humans, an IoT connects a large number of machines mobile, tablet, pc, resource-constrained devices and sensors using heterogeneous wired and wireless networks. An IoT typically has three conceptual layers consisting of perception, network and application layers.

Recently, the internet of things (IoT) has evolved into a breakthrough for creating intelligent settings. Any technology's reliance on the IoT model is seen as having major security and privacy issues. The various conceivable attacks carried out by intruders give rise to privacy and security considerations. Therefore, creating an intrusion detection system is crucial for identifying attacks and anomalies in the IoT system. In this work, a deep belief network (DBN) algorithm model for the intrusion detection system has been proposed. The CICIDS 2017 dataset is used for the performance analysis of the current IDS model in terms of assaults and anomaly detection. Accuracy, recall, precision, F1-score, detection rate, and other characteristics were all improved by the proposed method. IoT technology has revolutionized how healthcare is provided to patients. Medical institutions are very concerned about IoT security because of the network enabled IoT devices' integration with healthcare network infrastructure.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a domain where the transfer of big data is taking place every single second. The security of these data is a challenging task; however, security challenges can be mitigated with cryptography and steganography techniques. These techniques are crucial when dealing with user authentication and data privacy. In the proposed work, a highly secured technique is proposed using IoT protocol and steganography. This work proposes an image steganography procedure by utilizing the combination of various algorithms that build the security of the secret data by utilizing Binary bit-plane decomposition (BBPD) based image encryption technique. Thereafter a Salp Swarm Optimization Algorithm (SSOA) based adaptive embedding process is proposed to increase the payload capacity by setting different parameters in the steganographic embedding function for edge and smooth blocks. Here the SSOA algorithm is used to localize the edge and smooth blocks efficiently. Then, the hybrid Fuzzy Neural Network with a backpropagation learning algorithm is used to enhance the quality of the stego images. Then these stego images are transferred to the destination in the highly secured protocol of IoT. The proposed steganography technique shows better results in terms of security, image quality, and payload capacity in comparison with the existing state of art methods.

With rapid advancements in the technology, almost all the devices around are becoming smart and contribute to the Internet of Things (IoT) network. When a new IoT device is added to the network, it is important to verify the authenticity of the device before allowing it to communicate with the network. Hence, access control is a crucial security mechanism that allows only the authenticated node to become the part of the network. An access control mechanism also supports confidentiality, by establishing a session key that accomplishes secure communications in open public channels. Recently, blockchain has been implemented in access control protocols to provide a better security mechanism. The foundation of this survey article is laid on IoT, where a detailed description on IoT, its architecture and applications is provided. Further, various security challenges and issues, security attacks possible in IoT and their countermeasures are also provided. We emphasize on the blockchain technology and its evolution in IoT. A detailed description on existing consensus mechanisms and how blockchain can be used to overpower IoT vulnerabilities is highlighted. Moreover, we provide a comprehensive description on access control protocols. The protocols are classified into certificate-based, certificate-less and blockchain-based access control mechanisms for better understanding. We then elaborate on each use case like smart home, smart grid, health care and smart agriculture while describing access control mechanisms. The detailed description not only explains the implementation of the access mechanism, but also gives a wider vision on IoT applications. Next, a rigorous comparative analysis is performed to showcase the efficiency of all protocols in terms of computation and communication costs. Finally, we discuss open research issues and challenges in a blockchain-envisioned IoT network.

A lightweight attribute-based encryption scheme for the Internet of Things

Elderly population in the Asian countries is increasing at a very fast rate. Lack of healthcare resources and infrastructure in many countries makes the task of provding proper healthcare difficult. Internet of things (IoT) in healthcare can address the problem effectively. Patient care is possible at home using IoT devices. IoT devices are used to collect different types of data. Various algorithms may be used to analyse data. IoT devices are connected to the internet and all the data of the patients with various health reports are available online and hence security issues arise. IoT sensors, IoT communication technologies, IoT gadgets, components of IoT, IoT layers, cloud and fog computing, benefits of IoT, IoT-based algorithms, IoT security issues, and IoT challenges are discussed in the chapter. Nowadays global epidemic COVID19 has demolished the economy and health services of all the countries worldwide. Usefulness of IoT in COVID19-related issues is explained here.