A set packing model for the ground holding problem in congested networks

This paper builds on top of a collaborative ATFM framework previously published, which demonstrated a potential in significant pre-tactical system delay reduction over the current European ATFM practices. In this paper, we aim to raise the technology readiness level (TRL) of the original works, focusing on improving the tractability of its DCB optimizer. To this end, we apply a Dantzig-Wolfe (DW) decomposition approach and use high performance computing (HPC) techniques to attempt the solution in a short time. The main contribution of this paper is to mitigate the computational burden faced by previous approaches, which will make all the contributions demonstrated therein more operationally feasible.

The Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) is considered as an effective method for air safety and efficiency guarantee. However, as one of the vital part of flight efficiency, fuel consumption is easily affected by external factors induced by various uncertainties such as severe weather conditions, which impact decision making process. Therefore, a distributionally robust mixed integer programming model for ATFM problem (DR-ATFM) is introduced in this paper to handle the uncertainty of fuel consumption while minimizing the total cost of fuel consumption, flight cancellation and flight delays. By exploiting the moment information of the fuel consumption data, a moment ambiguity set is constructed which characterizes the actual distribution of fuel consumption influctation. Based on this, an equivalent reformulation of DR-ATFM is derived to transform the problem into a mathematically solvable one, which is further solved through a cutting plane-based decomposition algorithm proposed in this paper. Finally, the effectiveness and robustness of the method are verified based on computational results of small-sized instances.

A study on basic research priorities and development suggestions for the digital transformation of air traffic management

The rapid advancement of cutting-edge technology has reshaped the global dynamics of the airline sector, elevating the significance of service quality, effectiveness, and protection. As a vital contributor to national economic growth and a public utility, aviation's expansion has directly impacted businesses in the service sector, leading to increased operational opportunities for hotels, restaurants, and travel agencies. This article addresses the challenges within Air Traffic Management (ATM), focusing on the aviation industry's primary concerns. With the continuous growth of aviation traffic, there is a pressing need to enhance security, productivity, and environmental sustainability. The article aims to stimulate business innovation and collaboration in advanced study areas such as dynamic airspace management (DAM), air traffic flow management (ATFM), and collaborative/non-collaborative surveillance. The proposed frameworks, based on Clean Sky and NextGen, incorporate 4D Trajectory Optimization techniques, advanced surveillance technologies, and data link connections to establish a foundation for ATM industry development. Additionally, the research explores adaptive Human-Machine Interface and Interaction (HMI2) forms to automate the assessment and negotiation of aircraft intentions, thereby improving the efficiency and security of ATM operations. The study also addresses specific requirements for cooperative and non-cooperative Detect-and-Avoid (DAA) systems for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) within the evolving CNS+A process, ensuring their safe and unrestricted access to all airspace types.

Despite various planning efforts, airspace capacity can sometimes be exceeded, typically because of disruptive events. Air traffic flow management (ATFM) is the process of managing flights in this situation. In this paper, we present an ATFM model that accounts for different rerouting options (path rerouting and diversion) and preexisting en route flights. The model proposes having a central authority to control all decisions, which is then compared with current practice. We also consider interflight and interairline fairness measures in the network. We use an exact approach to solve small- to medium-sized instances, and we propose a modified fix-and-relax heuristic to solve large-sized instances. Allowing a central authority to control all decisions increases network efficiency compared with the case where the ATFM authority and airlines control decisions independently. Our experiments show that including different rerouting options in ATFM can help reduce delays by up to 8% and cancellations by up to 23%. Moreover, ground delay cost has much more impact on network decisions than air delay cost, and network decisions are insensitive to changes in diversion cost. Furthermore, the analysis of the tradeoff between total network cost and overtaking cost shows that adding costs for overtaking can significantly improve fairness at only a small increase in total system cost. A balanced total cost per flight among airlines can be achieved at a small increase in the network cost (0.2%–3.0%) when imposing airline fairness. In conclusion, the comprehensiveness of the model makes it useful for analyzing a wide range of alternatives for efficient ATFM.

Air traffic flow management under emission policies: Analyzing the impact of sustainable aviation fuel and different carbon prices

Air Traffic Management (ATM) is defined as a broad domain that consists of complex activities such as Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM). Within this context this paper presents two prototypes of a module (MAAD) assembled in a decision support device that is based on Artificial Intelligence, which generates suggestions for air traffic flow control according to each traffic saturation scenario. The device known as Distributed Decision Support System for Air Traffic Flow Management (SISCONFLUX) was built with a computational agent based on Reinforcement Learning (Module MAAD), which uses Q-learning algorithm. Two prototypes were built and one of them incorporated the specialist's (human agent) experience. The performance of the prototypes was evaluated through a case study modeled from real traffic demands verified on certain dates. The results obtained in the case study are promising; the behavior of the prototypes demonstrated that the Q-learning algorithm converged in a satisfying way. The prototypes generated actions that contributed effectively to the reduction of saturation in the air traffic scenarios under test.

The high cost of flight delays for airlines has motivated scientific research in air traffic flow management (ATFM). The majority of ATFM models in the literature are deterministic and do not take into account stochastic factors such as weather. In this paper, new stochastic programming models for ATFM are proposed. The models include as tactical control options: ground holding, airborne holding and rerouting. To solve the models, a new heuristic method that takes advantage of the problem structure is derived and illustrated. Computational results show that the heuristic method provides practical computation times. Furthermore, the value of the stochastic solution is up to 14% for cases where adverse weather affects a significant part of the network. This implies that using the proposed approach to make air traffic flow decisions can lead to tangible monetary benefits for airlines.

<bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Two-Stage Scalable Air Traffic Flow Management Model Under Uncertainty</b> <p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>G. G. N. Sandamali, R. Su, K. L. K. Sudheera, Y. Zhang, and Y. Zhang</i> <p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">In order to efficiently balance the current and future air traffic demands with the system capacity, a proper air traffic flow management (ATFM) approach is required. The current focus of ATFM is generally on optimally utilizing the available airspace and airport capacities while maintaining the required safety separation between aircraft. Yet, only a minor focus is given to the inherent uncertainty in the air transportation system (ATS), especially to its adverse effect on safety and day-to-day operations. To this end, the authors propose an ATFM framework for scrutinizing the stochastic nature of ATS through a chance-constraint-based probabilistic approach. Moreover, anticipating the high volumes in air traffic in the future, the authors propose to split the model into two stages, in which the first stage scrutinizes the behavior of a set of flights as a flow, while the second stage transforms them into individual flight plans, enhancing scalability. The two models are formulated as an integer linear programming (ILP) problem, and a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem at stages I and II, respectively. The NP-hard nature of the overall problem is minimized by transforming the problem into a maximum weighted independent set (MWIS) finding problem.

Many Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) demonstrate high-dimensional environmental uncertainties that modulate the physical system dynamics and complicate the computational decision-making tasks. As an example, strategic air traffic flow management (ATFM) aims to resolve air traffic congestion through managing traffic flows at a long look-ahead time. The convective weather, a dominant factor of traffic congestion, is very uncertain and significantly complicates the decision-making process. Other uncertainties such as traffic demands further expand the uncertainty space and complicate the design of optimal control solutions that are robust to uncertainties. In this paper, we formulate the strategic ATFM as a stochastic optimal control problem, and use scalable sampling based dynamic programming and Q-learning approaches to address high-dimensional uncertainties. Simulation studies demonstrate the effectiveness of these approaches. These approaches generally apply to CPSs that operate under high-dimensional environmental uncertainties.

Air traffic flow management (ATFM) attempts to maintain a safe and efficient flow of aircraft given demand-capacity mismatches while ensuring an equitable distribution of delays among stakeholders. There has been extensive research addressing network effects (such as the presence of multiple airports, sectors, and connectivity requirements) in ATFM, but it has not explicitly incorporated the equitable distribution of delays, as well as work on the equitable distribution of delays in a single-airport setting, such as ration-by-schedule (RBS) as introduced under the collaborative decision-making paradigm. In this paper, we develop a two stage approach for network ATFM that incorporates fairness and airline collaboration. In Stage 1, we propose a discrete optimization model that attempts to incorporate an equitable distribution of delays among airlines by introducing a notion of fairness in network ATFM models—controlling the number of reversals and total amount of overtaking, which is a natural generalization of RBS. For two flights f and f′, a reversal occurs when flight f′ arrives before f, when f was scheduled to arrive before f′. In the event a reversal occurs, the number of time periods between the arrival times constitutes overtaking. In Stage 2, we allow for airline collaboration by proposing a network model for slot reallocation. We provide extensive empirical results of the proposed optimization models on national-scale, real-world data sets spanning six days that show interesting trade-offs between fairness and efficiency. We report computational times of less than 30 minutes for up to 25 airports and provide theoretical evidence that illuminates the strength of our approach.

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Convective weather&amp;amp;#160;represents a significant disruption to air traffic flow management (ATFM) operations. Thunderstorms&amp;amp;#160;are the cause for a substantial amount of delay in&amp;amp;#160;both the en-route and airport&amp;amp;#160;environment. Before the day of operations, poor prediction capability of convective weather prohibits traffic managers from considering weather mitigation strategies during the pre-tactical phase of ATFM planning. As a result, convective weather is mitigated tactically, possibly leading to excessive delays. &amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The skill of weather forecasting has greatly improved in recent years. Hi-resolution weather models can predict the future state of the atmosphere for some weather parameters. However, incorporating the output from these sophisticated weather products into an ATFM solution that provides easily interpreted information by the air traffic managers remains a challenge.&amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;This paper combines data from high-resolution&amp;amp;#160;numerical&amp;amp;#160;weather&amp;amp;#160;predictions&amp;amp;#160;with actual storm observations from lightning detecting and satellite images. It applies supervised machine learning techniques such as binary classification, multiclass classification, and regression to train neural networks to predict the occurrence, severity, and altitude of thunderstorms. The model predictions are given up to 36hr in advance, within timeframes necessary for pre-tactical planning of ATFM, providing traffic managers with valuable information for developing weather mitigation plans.&amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

Collaborative decision making (CDM) has been used as an essential paradigm to increase the efficiency of air traffic flow management (ATFM), including takeoff or landing operations at airports. Air traffic control (ATC) services and airlines have been involved in the current CDM, but airport management service, an important stakeholder, has not been involved yet, generally. This paper proposes a new CDM model, which is named satisficing CDM, that is based on the satisficing game theory. This model includes three main entities (ATC, airlines, and airport management) in ATFM. The complete set of functions (preference, rejectability, and selectability) is established for each of the entities. Because the delay due to ground or air holding potentially alters the takeoff or the landing order of a flight, the sequence of takeoff and landing is determined through the satisficing negotiation process. To demonstrate the utility of the developed intelligent system, experiments are run with real air traffic in the terminal area of Sao Paulo. The experimental results show the importance and effectiveness of including airport management services in CDM. The sequences of takeoff and landing determined by the proposed model mostly meet the preferences of the three stakeholders in the given real traffic scenarios.

ATFM (Air Traffic Flow Management) is introduced for safe and effective flight at each sector and to satisfy demand for air traffic increase. ATFM is conducted by "traffic management index" that represents a controller workload. This paper describes the relationship traffic conditions and the index based on parameter of controller workload at 15 sectors. The definition of parameter was based on the measurement, analysis and classification of the controller's task of each aircraft. It is time consuming to analyze controller's task. Therefore, this paper proposes improved method that provides an index for ATFM without analyzing the controller's tasks. We propose methods for index based on the number of proximity aircraft. Then, the close relationship between the proposed index and the current index has been shown.

This study aims to analyze workload management strategies, constraints in workload management strategies and planning and development of air traffic integration workload management strategies at Perum LPPNPI. Research data is data collected from interviews, literature studies and data observations obtained from the directorate of operations of the Perum LPPNPI office and evaluation of air navigation over a period of years to years. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive study that has a complete picture of a phenomenon or event that occurs according to its purpose. The method used by researchers in analyzing data is data collection, data reduction, data display and conclusion. Subjects in this study were 5 (five) sources as officials on duty at Perum LPPNPI. The results of this study indicate that the air traffic workload management strategy at Perum LPPNPI is in fulfilling the number of human resources and needs, restructuring air space, managing ATFM (Air Traffic Flow Management), paying more attention to FRMS (Fatigue Risk Management System).