A Single Phase Integrated Battery Charger with Active Power Decoupling for Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles (EVs) are one of the the promising solutions for the environmental issues such as carbon emission and global warming. The high voltage traction battery in EVs is charged from utility grid by an EV charger. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standardize EV charges into two categories on-board chargers and off-board chargers. Usually, the on-board chargers are located inside the vehicle whereas, off-board chargers are not mounted on the vehicle. For onboard chargers, size and power density of charger become a prior matter of concern. The only way to reduce the size of a converter and thereby increase the power density is to operate power electronic conversion system (PECS) at very high switching frequency (HSF) resulting in reduced size of magnetic component in the charger configuration. However, HSF operation may lead to a high electromagnetic interference (EMI), loss in switch and switch duty. The work in this paper is focused on the development of high frequency bi-directional DC-DC converter (BD2C) stage priory used in on-board chargers due to distributed sources of energy as well as to manage the power distribution in the configuration. The power electronic BDCs are derived from boost and buck unit. The boost derived converter are current fed converters and offers advantages in terms of inherent voltage gain, short circuit protection and lower input current ripple. The voltage spikes across switches, high rated device selection, hard switching, snubber and auxiliary circuit requirements are some of the undesirable factors. This occurrence happened due to unbalance power transfer by the power electronics converter. Similarly, voltage fed converter offers good voltage control during power transfer.

Wide-scale adoption and projected growth of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitate research and development of power electronic converters to achieve high power, low-cost, and reliable charging solutions for the EV battery. This paper presents a comprehensive review of EV off-board chargers that consist of ac-dc and dc-dc power stages from the power network to the EV battery. Although EV chargers are categorized into two types, namely, on-board and off-board chargers, it is essential to utilize off-board chargers for dc fast and ultra-fast charging so that volume and weight of EV can be reduced significantly. Here, we discuss the state-of-the-art topologies and control methods of both ac-dc and dc-dc power stages for off-board chargers, focusing on technical details, ongoing progress, and challenges. In addition, most of the recent multiport EV chargers integrating PV, energy storage, EV, and grid are presented. Moreover, comparative analysis has been carried out for the topologies and the control schemes of ac-dc rectifiers, dc-dc converters, and multiport converters in terms of architecture, power and voltage levels, efficiency, bidirectionality, control variables, advantages, and disadvantages which can be used as a guideline for future research directions in EV charging solutions.

Recently, electric vehicle (EV) technology has received massive attention worldwide due to its improved performance efficiency and significant contributions to addressing carbon emission problems. In line with that, EVs could play a vital role in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). However, EVs face some challenges such as battery health degradation, battery management complexities, power electronics integration, and appropriate charging strategies. Therefore, further investigation is essential to select appropriate battery storage and management system, technologies, algorithms, controllers, and optimization schemes. Although numerous studies have been carried out on EV technology, the state-of-the-art technology, progress, limitations, and their impacts on achieving SDGs have not yet been examined. Hence, this review paper comprehensively and critically describes the various technological advancements of EVs, focusing on key aspects such as storage technology, battery management system, power electronics technology, charging strategies, methods, algorithms, and optimizations. Moreover, numerous open issues, challenges, and concerns are discussed to identify the existing research gaps. Furthermore, this paper develops the relationship between EVs benefits and SDGs concerning social, economic, and environmental impacts. The analysis reveals that EVs have a substantial influence on various goals of sustainable development, such as affordable and clean energy, sustainable cities and communities, industry, economic growth, and climate actions. Lastly, this review delivers fruitful and effective suggestions for future enhancement of EV technology that would be beneficial to the EV engineers and industrialists to develop efficient battery storage, charging approaches, converters, controllers, and optimizations toward targeting SDGs.

Over the past decade, transportation electrification has emerged as a pivotal focus of the article. Electric vehicles (EVs) have progressively gained traction in the market, displacing conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. This surge in EV popularity has led to a corresponding increase in the number of charging stations, thereby significantly influencing the power grid (PG). Various charging strategies and grid integration approaches are being devised to mitigate the potential negative impacts of EV charging while optimizing the advantages of integrating EVs with the grid. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the EV market, standards, charging infrastructure, and the PG’s response to the impact of EV charging. The article provides a comprehensive assessment of how forthcoming advancements in EV technology, including connected vehicles, autonomous driving, and shared mobility, will intricately influence the integration of EVs with the PG. Ultimately, the article concludes by meticulously analyzing and summarizing both the challenges and recommendations pertinent to the prospective expansion of EV charging infrastructure and grid integration. The proliferation of venture capital investments in nascent start-up ventures specializing in EV and battery technologies has experienced a pronounced surge, reaching an impressive sum of nearly USD 2.1 billion in 2022. This notable increase represents a substantial uptick of 30% compared to the figures recorded in 2021. Furthermore, these investments have been directed towards two key areas: advancements in battery technology and the acquisition of critical minerals. This discernible shift in investment trends underscores the growing recognition of the strategic importance and potential profitability associated with innovations in EV and battery technologies. In 2022, global expenditures on EVs surpassed USD 425 billion, marking a substantial 50% increase compared to the previous year, 2021. Remarkably, a mere 10% of these expenditures can be attributed to governmental support, with the bulk stemming from consumer investments.

The development of electric vehicles is one of the government's objectives to save energy and reduce air pollution. The technology for electric vehicles, mainly for personal transportation, involves replacing conventional combustion engines with electric motors. Electric vehicles' advantage lies in eliminating fuel consumption, resulting in nearly zero emissions. To determine the type of electric vehicles that meet the needs of Indonesian society, this study employs the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method. The research surveyed 40 respondents in the Jabodetabek area to assess their responses to electric vehicle technology in Indonesia. The QFD matrix analysis revealed the priority customer requirements, which include after-sales service availability at every authorized dealer (ATPM), particularly for spare parts and mechanical support, to facilitate vehicle maintenance. The ideal price for electric vehicles is under 300 million IDR. They should have a passenger capacity of seven people and serve multiple functions as family cars, work vehicles, and commercial vehicles. The desired range on a full battery charge is 300 to 500 km, and features such as air conditioning (AC), radio, MP3 players, and comfortable seating are essential. The required motor power ranges from 30kWh to 50kWh.Currently, electric vehicles marketed by several ATPMs in Indonesia still require further development to align with the needs of Indonesian society, ensuring their acceptance in the domestic automotive market.

Transport is a vital sector for achieving sustainable development. The evolution of the electric vehicle is subject to the charging time, accessibility, and facility. On-board chargers are broadly used in the battery-electric and plug-in-electric fleets due to their easy installation and low cost. Also, it must be powerful and extremely efficient because of the constrained interior area and quick charging times. The minimization of hardware requirements and ease of interconnection problems are benefits of unidirectional charging. This review article presents an overview of charging levels, standards of chargers, and various topologies. On-board chargers pose a higher-power rating that reduces the anxiety of charging time and improves the charging facility on level-1 and level-2 grid supply. Unidirectional chargers reduce the charger size while other two-stage chargers pose a higher charging rate with various topologies. Finally, emerging charging trends in off-board charging, inductive charging, technology about vehicle-to-grid, wide-bandgap devices, and application of renewable energy uses are addressed.

Electric vehicles (EVs) are a solution to three major problems facing the USA today. The commercialization of EVs will reduce the growing trade deficit, provide economic gains from a new electric automobile industry, and help alleviate the air pollution problems encountered in many of America's largest cities. The existence of EVs is not the answer; their increasing use is. This increase in deployment will largely depend on vehicle price and not range limitations as many would have you believe. The price of an EV will be determined by the auto makers with their economics determining the ultimate price to the consumer. The cost of EV batteries is considered to be a major hurdle in achieving an affordable EV. Prices of EV batteries at this time cannot be controlled by the auto manufacturers. How high is this cost hurdle and what measures can be taken to reduce this obstacle and facilitate the successful commercialization of EVs? This paper discusses a variety of alternatives. Each sector of industry may favor a particular solution, but, in order for the EV industry to thrive, all sectors must agree to work together to provide for customer needs. >

In recent years, electric and hybrid vehicles have taken more and more attention due to their apparent advantages in saving fuel resources and reducing harmful emissions into the environment. Even though electric vehicles can solve the ecological problem, their operation is faced with a number of inconveniences associated with a limited driving distance from a single charge due to limited storage of energy from an independent power source and a lack of the required service and repair infrastructure. In hybrid and electric vehicles one of the main parameters is the curb weight, which affects energy consumption, vehicle speed, stability, controllability and maneuverability. In this regard, leading car manufacturers use parts with a low specific weight (non-metallic, aluminum alloys, etc.) in the design and also exclude some units from the design. Due to these technical solutions, the vehicle's operating is improved. One of the groups of parameters to be defined when designing a new electric vehicle is the parameters relating to the electric motor. The purpose of the article is determination of the mechanical characteristics of a two-rotor electric motor during magnetic flux control and assessment of the possibility of organizing the drive of the drive wheels of the vehicle. The electric motor has two mechanically independent outputs. For the study, an electrical equivalent diagram has been developed for the given two-rotor electric motor. A simulation model of the equivalent diagram has been built. Simulating the interaction processes of the rotors with the stator made it possible to obtain data for building the mechanical characteristics for each output of the electric motor. Analysis and processing of the mechanical characteristics data of the electric motors showed the conformity and the range of changes in the torque on each of the rotors when changing their slip and revolution, which are required when building algorithms for the operation of electric motor control systems as part of drives for various purposes. Analysis of the simulation results made it possible to assess the possibility of using the considered two-rotor electric motor for the drive of drive wheels in an electric and hybrid wheeled vehicle.

Increasing air pollution, increasing oil prices and diminishing oil reserves all together lead to the search of alternative fuels for mobility. This paper proposes an EV (Electric Vehicle) massification projection model for the city of Bogota, based on a dynamic system methodology. A three steps model was formulated: first step considers technical and economic requirements for different EV technologies, a second step includes the massification model proposed and the final step consider a projection for EV quantity. Results of an EV massive deployment potential study for Bogota are presented. The EV massive use projection model here presented considering both the needs of potential users and EV´s features; the proposed model also analyzes four different EV technologies considered as four different future scenarios. A growth of 2% to 8% in Bogota´s EV fleet for the next 20 years has been estimated by applying this model.

Electric vehicles (EVs) have been regarded as one of the promising alternatives to zero-emission transportation. New EV registrations have increased as a result of government policies and consumers’ awareness of climate change. Moreover, EV technology is being improved through ongoing research and development efforts. Among these, a powertrain with a combination of two electric motors has been proposed for high driving and efficiency performance. The study presents a comprehensive state-of-the-art review of architectures and energy distribution for a dual-motor equipped with dual-source EV system. In detail, various dual-motor configurations, and energy management strategies (EMSs) used in the literature are investigated and categorized. A comparison of the benefits and drawbacks of existing topologies and the EMSs of hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) is also discussed. Following that, research gaps have been considered. This study can be used as a reference for researchers who are interested in the design and optimal control of the dual-motor dual-source EVs.

Current legislation in European countries, as well as in other parts of the world, is putting stricter limits on pollutant emissions from road vehicles. This issue, in conjunction with the increase awareness of consumer for the environmental problems, will require the development of new clean propulsion systems in disruption with the current mobility solutions based on internal combustion engine. Electric, hybrid and fuel-cells vehicles (Chan, 2007) are now recognized as an indispensable mean to meet the challenges associated with sustainable mobility of people and goods. In this paradigm shift, the electric motor (EM) will assume a key role in the propulsion of future vehicles and, unlike vehicles based on internal combustion engines, the high energy and power densities will facilitate the development of new powertrains configurations. In particular, multi-motor configurations, where several EMs are allocated to each driven wheel of the vehicle, represent an attractive configuration for electric vehicles (EVs), due to the independent wheel torque control and the elimination of somemechanical systems, like the differential. These features, allied with the fast dynamics of EMs, are being explored to increase the vehicle maneuverability and safety (Geng et al., 2009) and improve the performance of the EV traction system (Hori, 2004). To cope with this rise in functional and computational complexity that current (and future) EVs require, in this work we explore the new Field-programmable Gate Array (FPGA) platform to address the powertrain control, i.e. involving the electric motor and the power converters control, of multi-motor EVs. In the past two decades, motor control applications have been dominated by software based solutions implemented in DSPs (Digital Signal Processors), due to the low cost and ease of programming (Cecati, 1999). However, these DSP solutions are facing increasing difficulties to respond to the ever-increasing computational, functional and timing specifications that modern industrial and vehicular applications require (Monmasson & Cirstea, 2007). For instance, when single-coreDSP based solutions needs to incorporate complex and time-critical functions, e.g. multi-motor control, the sequential processing of this approach decrease the controller bandwidth (see Fig. 1), which may compromise the application timing specification. Multi-core DSPs are a possible alternative to address this concern, but they also add costs and interconnection complexity. Consequently, in the last years, FPGAs received an increased interest by the academy and industry as an option to offload time-critical tasks from the DSPs (Lopez et al., 2008; Rahul et al., 2007; Ying-Yu & Hau-Jean, 1997), or even replace the DSPs control platform by a System on Chip (SOC) based on FPGAs (Idkhajine et al., 2009). 7

Distributed generation (DG), battery storage (BS) and electric vehicles (EVs) in a microgrid constitute the combined power generation system (CPGS). A CPGS can be applied to achieve a reliable evaluation of a distribution network with microgrids. To model charging load and discharging capacity, respectively, the EVs in a CPGS can be divided into regular EVs and ruleless EVs, according to their driving behavior. Based on statistical data of gasoline-fueled vehicles and the probability distribution of charging start instant and charging time, a statistical model can be built to describe the charging load and discharging capacity of ruleless EVs. The charge and discharge curves of regular EVs can also be drawn on the basis of a daily dispatch table. The CPGS takes the charge and discharge curves of EVs, daily load and DG power generation into consideration to calculate its power supply time during islanding. Combined with fault duration, the power supply time during islanding will be used to analyze and determine the interruption times and interruption duration of loads in islands. Then the Sequential Monte Carlo method is applied to complete the reliability evaluation of the distribution system. The RBTS Bus 4 test system is utilized to illustrate the proposed technique. The effects on the system reliability of BS capacity and V2G technology, driving behavior, recharging mode and penetration of EVs are all investigated.

Developing cars is a major factor that has determined the increasing of the civilization degree and the continuous stimulation of the society progress. Currently, in Europe, one in five active people and in the US, one in four, directly work in the automotive industry (research, design, manufacture, maintenance) or in related domains (fuel, trade, traffic safety, roads, environmental protection). On our planet the number of the cars increases continuously and he nearly doubled in the last 10 years. With increasing number of cars entered in circulation every year, is held and increasing fuel consumption, increased environmental pollution due to emissions from internal combustion engines (ICE), used to their propulsion. Reducing oil consumption takes into account the limited availability of petroleum reserves and reducing emissions that affect the health of population in large urban agglomerations. The car needs a propulsion source to develop a maximum torque at zero speed. This can not be achieved with the classic ICE. For ICE power conversion efficiency is weak at low speeds and it has the highest values close to the rated speed. Pollution reduction can be achieved by using electric vehicles (EV), whose number is still significant. The idea of an electrical powered vehicle (EV) has been around for almost 200 years. The first electric vehicle was built by Thomas Davenport in 1834 [Westbrook, 2005]] But over time, the batteries used for energy storage could provide the amount of electricity needed to fully electric propulsion vehicles. Electric vehicles are powered by electric batteries which are charged at stations from sources supplied by electrical network with electricity produced in power plants. Currently, a lot of researches are focused on the possibility of using fuel cells for producing energy from hydrogen. EV with fuel cell can be a competitive alternative to the standard ICE that is used in today’s cars. If performance is assessed overall thrust of the effort wheel and crude oil consumed for the two solutions: classic car with ICE and car with electric motor powered by electric batteries, the difference between their yields is not spectacular. In terms of exhaust emissions is the net advantage for electric vehicles. Pollutant emissions due to energy that is produced in power plants (plant property, located) are much easier to control than those produced by internal combustion engines of vehicles that are individual and scattered. Power plants are usually located outside urban areas, their emissions affects fewer people living in these cities. By using electric motors and controllers efficient, electric vehicles provide the means to achieve a clean and efficient urban transport system and a friendly environment. Electric vehicles are zero emission vehicles, called ZEV type vehicles (Zero-Emissions Vehicles).

As the world's supply of fossil fuels declines, countries are shifting more and more toward green energy sources that are dependable, efficient, and sustainable. Electric vehicle (EV) components are becoming less expensive, and EV technology is developing quickly. As a result, EVs are becoming more and more popular as greener alternatives to conventional cars, which have a big impact on the environment. The State of Charge (SoC) of EV batteries is continuously monitored by the proposed paper, which also shows the SoC next to a map that shows the locations of local charging stations. Users are redirected to a website where they can reserve a space at the nearest charging station based on recommendations through the EV driver's interface. An effective slot booking system and additional charging infrastructure are becoming necessities as the use of EV s increases. Even though charging an Electric Vehicle (EV) can take a while, the suggested booking model aims to provide a practical and economical alternative.

The drivetrain components of an electric vehicle can be utilized to obtain an on-board battery charger (OBC) to save cost, volume and weight. Many integrated OBC topologies have been proposed in the past years, which involve a wide range of machine types, inverter topologies, and power levels. None of these ideas provide a universally acceptable alternative due to the disadvantages they inherit. Therefore, “drivetrain integrated on-board chargers” is still an interesting research topic. In this paper a single-phase, zero-torque integrated on-board charger control method, which utilizes the machine inductance very effectively and requires minimal intrusion to an existing drivetrain design with a 3-phase permanent-magnet synchronous machine and a three-phase inverter for plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles is investigated.