A STUDY ON DIRECT REDUCTIONS IN TERMS OF TWO-VALUED LOGIC –I: REDUCING SIMPLE PR

The second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) and cascade delayed signal cancellation (DSC) have been used respectively in the separation of positive and negative component. But they have their own disadvantages. In order to extract grid's positive and negative sequence fundamental component from unbalanced power system, the strategy of second-order generalized integrator eliminating higher harmonic and cascade delayed signal cancellation eliminating the specific frequency harmonic has been put forward in this article. It can quickly and accurately separate the positive and negative sequence fundamental component of the grid While grid voltage is distortion, symmetrical fault and asymmetric fault cases. Then, this new method is applied to unbalanced PWM rectifier.

Skin potential responses to tone, and tone plus light, were separated for analysis into positive and negative components. The positive component showed typical orienting response characteristics (in the Sokolov sense), whereas the negative seemed to reflect stimulus registration. Conditioning of the positive component did not occur.

The changes in latency and amplitude of the cranial evoked potentials (EP) generated by mechanically stimulating the whiskers were measured in adult rats, in which the unilateral infraorbital nerve innervating the whiskers was crushed.1. In normal rats with intact infraorbital nerves, disphasic EPs were recorded subcutaneously from the contra and ipsilateral hemisphere. Latency of the contralateral waves was always shorter than that of the ipsilateral ones.2. Immediately after crushing the unilateral infraorbital nerve, latency of the contralateral EPs evoked by stimulating the crushed side whiskers was prolonged with a significant correlation between the positive and negative component of the EPs. Latency of the EPs simulataneously recorded from the ipsilateral side showed no significant changes. As a result, in some cases latency of the ipsilateral EPs became shorter than that of the contralateral ones. Most of these changes were restored within 3 weeks.3. The contralateral positive and negative EPs evoked by stimulating the crushed side whiskers showed immediate amplitude reduction. Positive EPs recorded from the hemisphere ipsilateral to the stimulation was consistently reduced in amplitude, while in the negative component, increases and decreases in amplitude were found to occur at roughly the same frequency.In the ipsilateral evoked positive component, the amount of amplitude reduction tended to show a positive correlation with the length of time needed to recover control value.4. The ratio of the latency after crushed side stimulation to that after intact side stimulation (C/I ratio) was increased significantly for one week after the nerve crush. The ratio of amplitude of the negative component to the positive component of individual EPs (N/P ratio) was found to be smaller for one week in the EPs evoked on the contralaterral hemisphere by stimulating the crushed side whiskers. The N/P ratio of the EPs on the ipsilateral hemisphere by stimulating the crushed side whiskers was increased at the 1st week after the crushing.These changes returned to normal at the 2nd week. These results indicated that reliable parameters to predict recovery time course of the tactile function after infraorbital nerve crushing would be (1) the N/P ratio of amplitude of the EPs evoked simultaneously on both sides of the head following stimulation of the crushed side whiskers, and (2) the C/I ratio of latency of the EPs evoked through the crossed pathway on the contralateral hemisphere by stimulating the crushed or intact side whiskers.

The effect of dichotic, monaural and diotic verbal stimuli on auditory evoked potentials

To achieve low cost and compactness, small dc capacitance in dc-link is preferred in the cascaded H-bridge (CHB) static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). However, small dc capacitance will definitely result in high dc-link ripples among three clusters, and thus cause severe third-order harmonic currents under the asymmetric grid. In this study, to mitigate the third-order harmonic currents, a selective component compensation approach for the CHB STATCOM is proposed. To study the effect of the dc-link ripples on the phase currents, sequence component decomposition is employed to derive the relationship between the dc-link ripples and the converter voltages. The relationship reveals that the converter voltages contain positive, negative, and zero sequence components in both fundamental and third-order under the asymmetric grid, while only the positive and negative sequence components in third-order converter voltages result in third-order harmonic currents due to the three-wire system. Therefore, the third-order harmonic currents suppression method is proposed by only compensating the positive and negative components in third-order converter voltages. A 380 V/15 kVA STATCOM prototype is built to verify the proposed control method.

Evoked potentials of the lateral geniculate body were examined in cats during gaze holding and horizontal saccades elicited by a short flash against a homogeneous background. Statistical analysis showed that the positive component of evoked potentials recorded during gaze holding from the lateral geniculate body contralateral to the direction of the saccade did not differ from their positive component during saccades, but that the differences between the corresponding negative components were significant (p<0.01). Under the same conditions, both the positive and negative components of evoked potentials from the lateral geniculate body ipsilateral to the saccade's direction were found to be significantly suppressed during saccades but not during gaze holding.

Saliency-tracking self-sensing method was applied in this paper. The method was based on high-frequency voltage signals injection. Three-phase symmetrical high-frequency voltage signals were added to the system before SVPWM regulator, which produced high-frequency current signals containing positive component and negative component. The negative component included position and velocity signals of the mover. Position and velocity signals could be extracted from negative current component by rotating vector, filter and heterodyning tracking observers. All processes are discussed in detail in this paper. The simulation results of an instance verifies the correctness and availability of this method. Furthermore, merits and limitations of this method are also mentioned in this paper

I read with interest the critique of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) published in Mindfulness titled BProtection as the Mirror Image of Psychopathology: Further Critical Notes on the Self-Compassion Scale^ (Muris et al. 2016). The critique is based in large part on a recent article I published in Mindfulness (Neff 2016) titled BThe Self-Compassion Scale is a Valid and Theoretically Coherent Measure of SelfCompassion^ and readers interested in the topic should probably read this article in addition to the critique to make sense of the issues involved. Although I do not agree with most of the authors’ criticisms, it is my hope that an objective discussion can be had of the merits and drawbacks of using the SCS as it is currently designed. I will therefore consider each substantive issue in turn, briefly outlining the issues and providing my response, so that readers can decide for themselves. In my article, I responded to an earlier critique by Muris (2015) which had argued that inclusion of subscales measuring self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification in the SCS was a Bmismeasure^ of self-compassion, by pointing out that the SCS measures self-compassion exactly as I define it. In their new critique the authors write Bthis is just totally incorrect. In fact, even in her more recent papers, she still advocates that the construct basically contains three positive components that are dimensional in nature. The negative components in the SCS are merely described as the opposites of the three positive components.^ The issue appears to be whether describing the negative components as opposite to the positive components means they are not part of the definition of self-compassion, and more importantly, whether the negative components should be included in the definition of self-compassion in the first place. In the introduction to the SCS scale development paper, I wrote BSelf-compassion...entails three basic components: 1) extending kindness and understanding to oneself rather than harsh self-criticism and judgment; 2) seeing one’s experiences as part of the larger human experience rather than as separating and isolating; and 3) holding one’s painful thoughts and feelings in balanced awareness rather than over-identifying with them. These aspects of self-compassion are experienced differently and are conceptually distinct, but they also tend to engender one another. For instance, the accepting, detached stance of mindfulness lessens self-judgment. Conversely, if one stops judging and berating oneself long enough to experience a degree of self-kindness, the impact of negative emotional experiences will be lessened, making it easier to maintain balanced awareness of one’s thoughts and emotions. Similarly, realizing that suffering and personal failures are shared with others lessens the degree of blame and harsh judgment placed on oneself, just as a lessening of selfjudgment can soften feelings of uniqueness and isolation^ (Neff 2003a, p. 224–225). In other words, I defined selfcompassion as a state of mind involving increased selfkindness and reduced self-judgment, increased common humanity and reduced isolation, increased mindfulness and reduced over-identification, and proposed that these elements mutually influence each other. It should be noted that each pair of opposing components focus on a different dimension of self-to-self relating—how individuals emotionally respond, cognitively understand, or pay attention to their suffering. In every moment of failure or distress, individuals have a choice to be caring and understanding toward themselves (self-kindness) or cold and critical * Kristin D. Neff kristin.neff@mail.utexas.edu

Object relations and reality testing in schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and healthy controls: differences in profiles and clinical correlates

Post-fault modeling for dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors (DTP-PMSMs) under the open-phase fault is presented in this article. By using the positive and negative sequence components for the dual three-phase system, the stator currents under the open-phase fault can be treated as a combination of the positive and negative sequence currents. By artfully constructing the negative sequence components in terms of the different initial angles and amplitudes, the single-phase open-circuit fault and certain dual-phase open-circuit fault can be represented. Based on the conventional and modified vector space decomposition (VSD), only the positive sequence components are projected into the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha \beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> subspace, namely, the torque-producing subspace, and the negative sequence components are transformed into the harmonic subspace. With the conventional proportional–integral (PI) current regulators, the dc components of the positive and negative sequence currents can be readily controlled under the open-phase fault. Experiments based on a DTP-PMSM prototype verify the effectiveness of the proposed open-phase fault modeling using VSD and negative sequence components.

CCD cameras are commonly used for many imaging applications, as well as in optical instrumentation applications. These cameras have many excellent characteristics for both scene imaging and laser beam analysis. However, CCD cameras have two characteristics that limit their potential performance. The first limiting factor is the baseline drift of the camera. If the baseline drifts below the digitizer zero, data in the background is lost, and is uncorrectable. If the baseline drifts above the digitizer zero, than a false background is introduced into the scene. This false background is partially correctable by taking a background frame with no input image, and then subtracting that from each imaged frame. ('Partially correctable' is explained in detail later.) The second characteristic that inhibits CCD cameras is their high level of random noise. A typical CCD camera used with an 8-bit digitizer yielding 256 counts, has 2 to 6 counts of random noise in the baseline. The noise is typically Gaussian, and goes both positive and negative about a mean or average baseline level. When normal baseline subtraction occurs, the negative noise components are truncated, leaving only the positive components. These lost negative noise components can distort measurements that rely on low intensity background. Situations exist in which the baseline offset and lost negative noise components are very significant. For example, in image processing, when attempting to distinguish data with a very low contrast between objects, the contrast is compromised by the loss of the negative noise. Secondly the measurement of laser beam widths requires analysis of very low intensity signals far out into the wings of the beam. The intensity is low, but the area is large, and so even small distortion can create significant errors in measuring beam width. The effect of baseline error is particularly significant on the measurement of a laser beam width. This measurement is very important because it gives the size of the beam at the measurement point, it is used in laser divergence measurement, and it is critical for realistic measurement of M 2 , the ultimate criterion for the quality of a laser beam. One measurement of laser beam width, called second moment, or D4(sigma) , which is the ISO definition of a true laser beam width, is especially sensitive to noise in the baseline. The D4(sigma) measurement method integrates all signals far out into the wings of the beam, and gives particular weight to the noise and signal in the wings. It is impossible to make this measurement without the negative noise components, and without other special algorithms to limit the effect of noise in the wings.

The study intends to trace the dynamics of self-esteem and changes in the structure of self-attitude at different stages of adult life, as well as identify signs of experiencing age-related crises. Self-attitude is considered a multidimensional formation, with its individual components, have different subjective significance in different periods of life. A cross-section was carried out in 507 subjects aged 25-65 years was carried out. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Self-Attitude Study Methodology by Pantileev were used. Normative data for RSES obtained on a sample of adult Ukrainians (N=488) are presented for the first time. The average interval was 22.70±5.43 (with a measuring scale of 0 to 30 points), but the reference point for low self-esteem is different for men and women. Comparison of average results in groups belonging to periods of early, middle, and later adulthood showed that the attitude towards oneself with age becomes more emotionally expressive, concerning both positive and negative components. The indicators of self-blame and inner closedness grow along with the growth of the positive self-attitude (self-confidence, self-management, self-acceptance). The heterogeneous age dynamics of components of self-attitude, pronounced peaks, and dips in different periods are shown. Based on the clustering of empirical data, we described seven types of self-attitude in adulthood: illusory, confident, accepting, crisis, externally oriented, persistently negative, and inexpressive. Markers of experiencing crisis life periods are the ambivalence of self-attitude – the simultaneous manifestation of positive and negative components, which is regarded as a sign of instability. The obtained results demonstrate that there are potential opportunities for personal growth among cases of low self-esteem.

The role of oil prices in the forecasts of South African interest rates: A Bayesian approach

Optimizing SNR for indoor visible light communication via selecting communicating LEDs

An emulation platform for mimicking unbalanced loads and sources