A study on machining characteristics of A286 stainless steel material for turning, milling and drilling operations

Post-irradiation tritium recovery from lithium ceramic breeder materials

This file includes data used in the calibration of statistical models for the different random variables affecting stainless steel members.
\nThis data was used in the analysis carried out and reported in the publication: 
\n\tArrayago I., Rasmussen K.J.R., Real E.
\n\tStatistical analysis of the material, geometrical and imperfection characteristics of structural stainless steels and members
\n\tJournal of Constructional Steel Research 175, 106378, 2020.
\n\tDOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2020.106378
\n\t
\nMeasured and nominal values are listed for geometry-related data.
\nMeasured values are listed for material, imperfection and residual stress data.

Despite the inadequate biocompatibility, medical-grade stainless steel materials have been used as body implants for decades. The desired biological response of surfaces to specific applications in the body is a highly challenging task, and usually not all the requirements of a biomaterial can be achieved. In recent years, nanostructured surfaces have shown intriguing results as cell selectivity can be achieved by specific surface nanofeatures. Nanoporous structures can be fabricated by anodic oxidation, which has been widely studied for titanium and its alloys, while no systematic studies are so far available for stainless steel (SS) materials. This paper reviews the current state of the art in the anodisation of SS; correlations between the parameters of anodic oxidation and the surface morphology are drawn. The results reported by various authors are scattered because of a variety of experimental configurations. A linear correlation between the pores’ diameter anodisation voltage was deduced, while no correlation with other processing parameters was found obvious. The analyses of available data indicated a lack of systematic experiments, which are recommended to understand the kinetics of pore formation and develop techniques for optimal biocompatibility of stainless steel.

Evaporation properties of Monel and stainless-steel alloy materials that are widely applied in microwave vacuum electron devices have been studied by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ToFMS) as their evaporants has an immediate impact on their lifetime and reliability. The composition and sizes of evaporants of Monel and stainless steel have been determined. Minor evaporation of Mn, Cu, and Cr in Monel and stainless steel occurred at ∼800°C, which is much lower than the melting points of Mn, Cu, and Cr, and evaporation of Mn, Cu, and Cr increased with increasing temperature. Experimental results show that ToFMS is a very fast testing method for researching metallic material evaporation. At 900°C, substantial changes occurred in the surface microstructures of Monel and stainless steel as high porosity and many grain boundaries were observed. With increasing treatment time, grain boundaries gradually became larger, decreasing material strength and leading to outgassing or even air leakage. Such phenomena have been analyzed based on relevant theory, and appropriate feasible methods for use of metallic materials have been discussed from the perspective of vacuum device design and process control.

Transformer oil insulation breakdown voltage testing is usually carried out at high AC voltage using the SPLN 49-1 1982 standard. The electrodes used are hemispherical electrodes with a distance between the electrodes of 2.5mm. The breakdown voltage value of transformer oil insulation that meets the standards according to SPLN 49-1 of 1982 is 30 kV/2.5mm. In this research, a new Shell Diala B brand transformer oil insulation breakdown voltage test was carried out using the SPLN 49-1 1982 testing standard. The novelty of this research is using various electrode shapes and different electrode materials to test the breakdown voltage of the transformer oil's liquid insulation. The method used in this research is an experimental method where the test is adapted to the SPLN 49-1 standard of 1982. The electrodes used are ball, needle, and plate electrodes. Based on test results at a distance between electrodes of 2.5 mm, it was found that the breakdown voltage characteristics of stainless steel, brass, copper, and aluminum electrode materials varied and did not meet the SPLN 49-1 1982 standard, namely 30 kV/2.5 mm.

Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a technology that enables the in-situ manufacturing of large-scale components efficiently for the construction industry. However, uncertainties persist regarding the characteristics of WAAM materials, such as anisotropic mechanical properties and their correlation with metallographic structure and fracture morphology, printing paths, and heat treatment. More experimental data is also required to establish design methods for the application of WAAM stainless steel in construction. To bridge these knowledge gaps, a comprehensive series of tensile tests was therefore conducted on WAAM stainless steel. Four deposition plates were fabricated using WAAM technique with different printing paths, and tensile coupons were extracted in three directions from each plate. Tensile tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of the material. Optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were then employed to examine the metallographic structure of the material and the fracture morphology of the coupons. The results showed that the WAAM material had good yield and ultimate strengths but slightly lower ductility than conventional stainless steel. Anisotropy was observed in some but not all printing paths, and Young's modulus, ultimate strain and fracture strain exhibited the highest values in the 45° specimens. The grain size of the plate was influenced by its printing path. Mechanical properties were associated with the metallographic structure and fracture morphology. Compared to the heat-treated counterpart, the non-heat-treated material exhibited higher yield and ultimate strengths but lower ductility.

Bathtime for small parts

Material response and local stability of high-chromium stainless steel welded I-sections

Slurry coating technique, as one of the most popular deposition methods, is widely used to produce various material coatings. This method includes two processes: spraying, brushing or dipping of slurry, and sintering heat treatment of the coated specimen. Superalloys and stainless steels are the most common materials used as either coating materials or substrate materials because of their excellent corrosion, wear, high-temperature and mechanical properties. This research is aimed at investigating the influence of the sintering heat treatment in the slurry coating process developed at Kennametal Stellite Inc. on the microstructure, hardness and wear behavior of superalloys and stainless steels. Low-carbon Stellite 22, cobalt-based Tribaloy T-400C, martensitic AISI 420 and AISI 440C stainless steels are studied in this research. The microstructure, hardness and wear resistance of these alloys before and after the heat treatment are investigated, stressing the influence of the heat treatment on these material characteristics. The hardness and wear tested are conducted on these alloys at both room temperature and at elevated temperatures. The worn surfaces of each specimen are analyzed using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with backscatter electron imaging (BEI) and energy dispersive X ray (EDX) spectrum. It is demonstrated that the heat treatment alters the microstructures of these alloys differently; it increases the hardness but affects the wear resistance more complexly than hardness. At room temperature, the wear resistance of these alloys is governed by their microstructures. However, at high temperatures, oxidation, resulting in formation of oxide films on the specimen surface, influences the wear resistance significantly.

Stainless steel material (stainless steel) is used in the home industry and the military industry, and also in the nuclear industry. Steel material is divided into five types, namely austenite, ferrite, martensite, duplex and precipitation hardening. Ferritic stainless steel is an attractive alternative in vehicle production because of its corrosion resistance. Different metals have different characteristics from one another, so the welding process of dissimilar metals requires certain techniques. The purpose of this study is to determine the tensile strength of welds in bimetallic welding between low carbon steel plates and stainless-steel plates and to know the hardness of welds in bimetal welding between low carbon steel plates and stainless-steel plates using GTAW welding. The research method used: this research is part of the testing of technical materials conducted by the destructive test method with the category of science and technology development in the field of Mechanical Engineering. There is a trend of increasing tensile strength, yield strength and hardness of bimetallic welding of low carbon steel plates and stainless-steel plates using GTAW welding, that the greater the welding amperes will increase tensile strength, yield strength and hardness. The highest tensile strength was 41.18 Kg / mm2 and the highest yield strength was 41.16 Kgf / mm2 at 60 amperes and the highest hardness was 571.01 BHN at 55 amperes with the corresponding amperage range from the usage table 45 - 65 amperes. In the HAZ area when compared to the parent material, the HAZ area hardness is higher than the parent material and lower than the weld filler.

This paper summarizes the trend in development of China’s stainless steel industry, as well as the contribution made by TISCO to the development and progress in domestic stainless steel industry. With the development of pressure vessel industry toward large-scale, high-temperature, it brings new demands on the purity, high pressure, high temperature performance, and corrosion resistance of the stainless steel. This paper is approaching the application of stainless steel in the industry of pressure vessels, and introducing several new materials of stainless steel which TISCO has developed according to above-mentioned requirements.

In recent years, stainless steel is superior in fire and corrosion resistance to ordinary steel, and is widely used as a thin walled member in the structure. Its material characteristics are considerably clarified, but the structural characteristics such as tube branches are not sufficiently studied. In this paper, the structural behaviors of the thin-walled stainless steel tubes with X branch joints are investigated by both the experiment and the FEM analysis. Expanding the concept of a ring-model, yield strength and ultimate strength of the branch joint are estimated.

Binder jetting is a rapidly evolving additive manufacturing technique, challenging the dominance of laser powder bed fusion in metal fabrication. This study focuses on the material properties of austenitic stainless steel 316L produced via binder jet technology. Porosity remains a significant challenge across additive manufacturing methods, adversely affecting material properties and fatigue life. To address this issue, we propose a novel approach employing severe shot peening as a post-processing treatment to enhance the material's characteristics. Microstructural analysis, including electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), coupled with tensile testing, was conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties. Additionally, fatigue behavior was investigated under both axial and flexural bending loading conditions. The results revealed a substantial increase in material strength achievable through the post-treatment. Notably, the fatigue limit of the material in bending fatigue was elevated from 120 MPa to 190 MPa, indicating a significant enhancement in fatigue performance. This study contributes new insights into the enhancement of fatigue resistance in binder jet-manufactured 316L stainless steel through surface modification techniques. The findings underscore the potential of severe shot peening as an effective strategy to improve material properties and expand the applicability of binder jet printing in demanding industrial applications.

With CT specimen models of CFRP with cracks and adhesive interfaces, this study aims at investigating the strength characteristics of heterogeneous composite materials bonded by adhesives through the analyses. Even minor cracks or defects that may occur inside a composite material in the manufacturing process can result in the stress concentration, and this will lead to the material breakage. So, we designed CT specimen models with CFRP alone and CFRP with stainless steel or aluminum by using their material properties of CFRP, stainless steel, and aluminum. The simulation analyses were carried out and their strength characteristics were investigated. It is necessary to prepare a way to relieve stress concentration at the stage of design under the assumption those cracks actually occur at manufacturing process. By combining CFRP with stainless steel or aluminum, both of which have good ductility, we found that the deformation and deformation energy increased and the maximum equivalent stress decreased. It is thought that this material can lower the risk of material breakage by changing some of the impact energy which may damage CFRP, into the deformation energy. This deformation energy brings about the good ductility by utilizing stainless steel and aluminum under the situations where the sudden tension and impact loads are expected or applied. The results revealed that when CFRP was combined with the heterogeneous metal, it was possible for CFRP to be used where otherwise it could not be used alone and provided CFRP with better material property and more diverse process-ability So, this composite material can be prevented from breakage in the process of manufacturing and increase the safe use. As CFRP with the rigidity better than metals can be applied to composites, the composites with CFRP can be improved to have better material property and more diverse process-ability

The present work investigates structural response of tidal stream turbine blades subjected to impact loads from sea animals. A full-scale tidal turbine blade model was developed using a finite element modelling software ABAQUS, while a simplified geometry of an adult killer whale (Orcinus orca) was assumed in simulating impact on the blade. The foil profiles along the turbine blade were based on the NACA 63-8XX series, while the geometric and material properties of the sea animal were calibrated with experimental results. The numerical model simulated the dynamic response of the blade, accounting for radial velocities of the blade corresponding to real life scenarios. Different magnitudes and trajectories of the velocity vector of the sea animal were simulated, in order to investigate their influence on the turbine blade’s plastic deformation. Furthermore, multiple impacts were analysed, in order to monitor the accumulation of plastic strain in the material of the blade. Finally, the potential application of stainless steel material in tidal stream turbine blades for impact resistance was evaluated, through comparison of numerical results obtained from models using stainless steel and mild carbon steel materials.