A Study on MANET: Along with Recent Trends, Applications, Types, Protocols, Goals, Challenges

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 3rd ACM Workshop on Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN'05), held in conjunction with the 12th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS'05), November 7, 2005, in Alexandria, Virginia.This year we received a total of 39 submissions on various aspects of ad-hoc and sensor network security. The program committee selected 6 as regular papers that cover a variety of topics, including trust establishment in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs), security of vehicular ad-hoc networks, secure group communication, key pre-distribution for sensor networks, jamming attacks against sensor network MAC protocols, and defense against Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks. This year we continue the tradition of SASN'03 and SASN'04 to encourage the presentation and discussion of work-in-progress on ad-hoc and sensor network security. Among the 39 submissions, the program committee selected 7 papers to present in work-in-progress sessions, covering topics on anonymous routing for MANETs, key distribution for inter-group multicast in ad-hoc networks, improved topology assumptions for threshold cryptography in MANETs, RFID security, tracing in mobile wireless sensor networks, time synchronization attacks in sensor networks, and coordinated deployment for improving secure communications and sensing coverage in wireless sensor networks. In addition, the program includes a panel on Advances in Sensor and Ad-hoc Network Security and an invited keynote talk by Radha Poovandran (University of Washington) on Information Assurance in MANETs and Wireless Sensor Networks. We hope that these proceedings will serve as a valuable reference for security researchers and developers.

An ad-hoc Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is a network without infrastructure connectivity where different types of hosts (nodes) exist; such as PDAs (personal digital assistants), laptops and cellular phones. These nodes are equipped with short range transmitters and receivers, and antennas which may be Omni directional (broadcast), highly directional (Point-to-point), or a combination of the two. A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile hosts that move in different directions and speeds without the need to maintain connectivity with existing network infrastructure. Different routing protocols have been designed since the existence of ad hoc networks. This work presented below proposes a new routing protocol for ad hoc networks which aims to reduce network overhead, power consumption, Multi-user Interference (MUI), and provide link reliability. In recent years, a vast research has been seen going on in the field of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). Due to limited resources in MANETs, to design an efficient and reliable routing strategy is still a challenge. An intelligent routing strategy is required to efficiently use the limited resources. Also the algorithms designed for traditional wired networks such as link-state or distance vector, does not scale well in wireless environment

Power control algorithms for mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) basically, is a collection of mobile hosts incorporating wireless interfaces that forms a transitory autonomous network. They do not base on fixed infrastructure or central administration, rather work on the principle of self-organized interconnections among mobile nodes. Fundamentally, in MANET when nodes come inside the transmission range of neighboring nodes', they can be detected by each other and can communicate directly. However for communication outside this range they have to depend on some other nodes to relay the messages .This is where routing protocols have to play a very important role. Literature for improving the performance of routing protocol is available in abundance. Among these comes, the hierarchical/cluster-based routing protocols that claim to reduce control overheads. Clustering in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) has proved to be advantageous compared to the traditional networks. However the highly dynamic and unstable nature of MANETs makes it intricate for the cluster based routing protocols to split a mobile network into clusters and determination of cluster heads for each cluster. Although much previous research has concentrated on cluster-head selection in MANETs, not much effort has been done on the security side of cluster-head selection. This paper emphasize that secure cluster head selection in MANETs has an intense effect on network performance. Specifically, we stress that in ad hoc network where all the participants are self controlled, security is an essential aspect and the effective cluster-head selection can improve network throughput. We propose a secure and effective cluster-head Selection scheme using a cross-layer approach that integrates cluster-head discovery and selection functionality with network ad hoc routing mechanisms and the lower layer drivers built-in the system. Besides, proposed scheme handle the disconnections in ad hoc network due to the effects of topology changes and battery depletion. This scheme allows clients to switch to better cluster-head nodes as network topology changes. Hence, provides better performance to network.

Service discovery is an integral part of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). While several service discovery protocols such as Service Location Protocol [1] and Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)[2] have been developed, most of them are designed for infrastructure based networks and thus not suitable to be used in MANETs. This paper proposes Mobile Agent Based Service Discovery (MASD) for Ad Hoc network. It is a policy driven agent based mechanism that facilitates cross platform service discovery in ad-hoc environments. The various agents are chosen in MASD which executes the predefined policies. Our approach achieves a high degree of flexibility in adapting itself to changes in ad-hoc environments and is aware of common problems associated with structured compound formation in mobile Ad Hoc environments. Mechanism consists of grouping mobile nodes into clusters while a gateway in each cluster is responsible for routing. We evaluated the performance of the scheme by running simulations on Glomosim simulator. Also the motion of agents is taken care of by PMADE (Platform for Mobile Agent Distribution and Execution).The results obtained shows that MASD is quite effective for successful service discovery in MANETs.

Infrastructure and ad hoc network architectures are the two major architectures that can use wireless networks. Unlike infrastructure architecture using the centralized base station, mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less architecture which can be connected without any centralized control. In MANET, a mobile device can be connected with another device within the appropriate radio range that is typically 30 MHz to 5 GHz. Therefore, MANET is considered as a self-organizing network where each node acts as a participant and a router. Sector-based routing is a method in MANET which can be used to separate the positions of every node in a network topology. In addition, a specific node called server node can be assigned among the nodes in each sector. The server node is responsible to reserve the path resources and to maintain the information for its associated nodes and links. The performance of sector-based routing depends on the number of nodes available in the sector. Further, the routing approach in sector-based MANET can be considered in various scenarios using server nodes. Our research in this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of the sector-based routing in MANET considering several scenarios. Further, we address the variation of the performance while the number of nodes changes with several routing methods in sector-based MANET. In this paper, we investigate the detailed simulation experiments on a different number of nodes and various scenarios of sector-based routing in MANET. Our findings are as follows. (1) The average collision rate is significantly lower in sector-based routing when compared to MANET. (2) The resource efficiency in sector-based routing is considerably higher. (3) Unlike in a small number of nodes, the higher number of connections can be allowed in a high number of nodes distributed in a sector.KeywordsMANETSector-based routingServer nodeResource efficiency

In this paper, we address the problem of multicast routing in mobile ad-hoc networks from the viewpoint of energy efficiency. In an ad-hoc wireless network, each node runs on a local energy source which has a limited energy life span. Thus, energy conservation is a critical issue in mobile ad-hoc networks. One approach for energy conservation is to establish routes that require lowest total energy consumption. This optimization problem is referred as the minimum-energy multicast routing problem (MEMRP). In this paper, propose new efficient heuristic algorithms for the construction of energy-efficient multicast routes in mobile ad-hoc networks. These algorithms exploit the broadcast nature of the wireless channel, and address the need for energy-efficient operations. Empirical studies show that our algorithms are able to achieve better performance than algorithms that have been developed for MEMRP.

The year 2005 witnesses the third occasion that the Wireless Personal Area and Ad-hoc Networks minitrack is part of the annual HICSS conference. This year there was a substantial increase in submissions (thus a substantial decrease in the acceptance rate), indicating the growing importance of research in this area. The minitrack is also focused on fundamental challenges and issues arising in wireless sensor networks and their applications. Wireless sensor networks differ from other wireless networks in the need for unattended and very low-energy operation, in the possibility of collaboration and distributed sensor calibration, and in the mission oriented nature of most sensor networks. Thus our mini track looks at two very important streams of research. After a strict review process nine papers were selected to be included in the program of the minitrack. The first paper is titled “BT-Crowds: Crowds-style Anonymity with Bluetooth and Java,” presenting an interesting idea on how anonymity can be achieved when sending messages in WPAN environments. Our second paper revisits scatternet formation issues of Bluetooth based ad hoc networks thus the title: “A Dynamic and Distributed Scatternet Formation Protocol for Real-life Bluetooth Scatternets.” The third paper is titled “Secure Dynamic Source Routing” and presents a new variant of the DSR routing protocol with special emphasis on security. In the fourth paper, the discussion concerns “Routing Based Feedback towards Applications in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” where routing notifications are relayed via event channels. “A Location Service Mechanism for Position-Based Multicasting in Wireless Mobile Ad hoc Networks” is the title of the fifth paper in the minitrack. It presents some innovative ideas on how location information can be managed for multicast communications in ad-hoc networks. In the sixth paper, “Sliding Window Protocol for Secure Group Communication in Ad Hoc Networks,” the authors propose a sliding window protocol for determining multiple routes in a multi-communications environment. In the seventh paper titled “Ad Hoc Routing Protocol Avoiding Route Breaks Based on AODV,” the authors propose improvements to the well-known AODV ad hoc routing protocol The eight paper, “Joint Scheduling and Routing Algorithm for Ad Hoc Wireless,” presents an innovative and interesting idea wrapped around an iterative algorithm on power control. In the final paper of the minitrack, “Performance Issues of Ad Hoc Routing Protocols in a Network Scenario used for VideoPhone Applications,” the authors present a simulation based performance analysis of different ad hoc routing protocols using the application pointed to in the title. These papers highlight some of the issues and work towards solutions in Personal Area and ad hoc networks which are among the most active research fields in wireless networking. We believe that the papers will provide opportunities for researchers to come together and discuss and debate the results of the interesting experiments that are described in the papers. We are confident that the minitrack will achieve its goal of bringing together leading researchers, to present new results and discuss synergies between the two areas. We also take this opportunity to thank all the reviewers for their valuable and professional work as well as all the authors who submitted papers and thus helped us to create such a strong minitrack. We would also like to express our sincere gratitude to the conference organizers for their hard work and help.

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) comprises of self-organizing autonomous mobile nodes. MANETs are open and decentralized. Therefore they are vulnerable to malicious entities. MANETs are multi-hop wireless network where all nodes supportively maintain network connectivity without a centralized infrastructure. Since MANETs are infrastructure less and independent, the secure communication is the main issue. Therefore they are vulnerable to malicious entities. Here the location identity and traffic can be traced out by an outside observer. Anonymity means secure communications by hiding node identities and preventing traffic analysis attacks by outside observers. This paper proposes Position based Anonymous Routing Scheme in MANETs (PARS).Here the routing is based on Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol. The objective is an anonymous routing protocol for the network. The proposed one is a zone based anonymous GPSR based protocol that can provide source, destination and route anonymity. Performance of the proposed system is compared with that of GPSR and AODV using Network Simulator. Index Terms: Anonymous routing, position-based routing, random forwarder, zone partition. I. Introduction Mobile Ad hoc Networks are collection of independent mobile nodes that can communicate by radio waves. It is an infrastructure less self-organizing network. The nodes that are in radio range can communicate by single hop or by multi hop with the help of intermediate nodes. The network is open and decentralized and fully distributed. So they are perfect choice for communication and information sharing. MANETs are susceptible to malicious entities that aim to alter and analyzed the traffic analysis by communication eaves dropping or attacking routing protocols. MANETs are characterized by their distributed operation, multi hop routing, dynamic topology and shared physical medium. Nodes in a MANET are independently free to move in any direction. Due to the lack of a centralized coordinator security is the major concern here. Wireless communication can endure interferences or malicious interceptions; whereas multi-hop communication assumes that each node will perform properly its functions to support network services. Further, self-organization increases the complexity of security management operations as access control, node authentication, secure routing and cryptographic key distribution. There is no fixed infrastructure and the topology is frequently changing due to node mobility or environmental changes. Therefore, it is very hard to maintain a stable and efficient end-to-end route in an ad-hoc network. Each node in MANET is energy constrained. There is verylimited physical security in MANET. The type of attacks can be Active attacks or Passive attacks. The common security issues are Passive attacks which include eaves dropping and information disclosure. Active attacks include Do Sand Data modification. There are other more specific problems with mobile ad hoc network such as vulnerability of channels and nodes, Byzantine black hole and Byzantine wormhole attack. The security issue also includes attacks that may inject erroneous routing information and diverting network traffic thus making routing inefficient. There are many methods to reduce the impact of these attacks, which include a secure routing using public and private key s to get a certification authority and use of digital signatures and prior it rust relationships. Routing is the process of communication from one node to the other host in a network. Routing is the process off or warding packet towards its destination using most efficient path. Routing efficiency is measured in terms of Number of hops, traffic, security, etc. Routing protocols in MANETs are divided as reactive proactive and hybrid. Reactive Protocol maintains the routes in on demand manner. In route discovery phase it floods the route request (RREQ) packets throughout the network. Dynamic source Routing (DSR), ad hoc on- demand distance vector routing (AODV) are some of the examples of reactive protocols. In proactive approach every node in the MANET continuously maintains the complete routing information of the entire network. This is accomplished by flooding network periodically with network status information. Global State Routing (GSR), Hierarchical State Routing (HSR) and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing (DSDV) are some of the examples of proactive

The mobile ad hoc networking field has produced several important theoretical results, but in terms of real world implementation and industrial deployment, such net works are suffering scarce exploitation and low interest from the industry and users. This, as discussed in the arti cles of the April 2007 issue of this Series, was mainly due to a lack of realism in the research approach/objectives that produced tons of scientific papers but only a very lim ited number of real deployments, with limited involvement of real users and no killer application. However, by learning the lessons of mobile ad hoc net working and exploiting the theoretical results in realistic networking scenarios, the scientific community has been able to design a set of novel mobile ad hoc networking paradigms that are currently penetrating the mass market. Mesh networks, where the multihop ad hoc networking paradigm is extended to include some infrastructure ele ments to provide a cost-effective wireless broadband exten sion of the Internet, is currently a reality, and we can find mesh network installations in many cities and campuses. While a more comprehensive analysis of those paradigms derived by Mobile Ad Hoc Networking, this issue presents two papers that survey the research in two of those paradigms: the vehicular networks and the opportunistic networks.

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is special types of mobile wireless network where the groups of mobile devices form a temporary network without any kind of an infrastructure. It is very usefully due to its self maintenance, self organizing and by reason of mobility of wireless communication. Two major issues are found in such kind of network performance and security. In mobile ad-hoc network there are so many attacks which reduced the performance of network. In this paper we have focus only active attacks in network layer. Ad Hoc On-Demand Vector Routing protocol is a reactive routing protocol for ad hoc networks that maintain routes only between nodes which want to communicate by using routing messages. AODV provide loop free routes during link breakages. SAODV is a secure routing protocol based on trust model for mobile ad-hoc network. For provide security and increase performance in MANET, we have applied SAODV protocol and our solution uses Hybrid Cryptography Technique (DES, RSA Algorithms) on SAODV. This paper presents comparison based on simulation of AODV, SAODV routing protocol of MANET with Different parameters like energy, packet delivery ratio and throughput. The proposed cryptographic routing algorithm is implemented through the NS2 network simulation environment. The outcome of our proposed method the energy is low; packet delivery ratio and throughput are high as compare to traditional method.

Now a days, mobile users like to use their own consumer electronic devices anywhere and at anytime to access multimedia data. Consumer electronic devices have evolved depending on user needs. Users want to use compact and portable devices such as cellular phones, laptop computers, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), etc. anywhere and at anytime to download multimedia data or to access realtime traffic. The mobile Ad Hoc networks have several salient characteristics, such as Dynamic topologies, Bandwidth-constrained, Variable capacity links, Energy-constrained operation and Limited physical security. Due to these features, mobile Ad Hoc networks are particularly vulnerable to denial of service attacks launched through compromised node. The communication in mobile AdHoc networks comprises of two phases, the route discovery and the data transmission. In a hostile environment, adversarial nodes can try to disrupt communication in both the two phases. However, consumer electronic devices generally operate on limited battery power and therefore are vulnerable to security threats like data flooding attacks. Flooding attack is a novel and powerful attack against on-demand Ad Hoc routing protocols. At present, FAP (Flooding Attack Prevention) is the single scheme proposed to resist such attack. But it may not give quality of service. In this paper, we present a Period Based Defense mechanism against data flooding attack in wireless AdHoc network. This is the new technique to defend the flooding attack. This scheme is based on the periods and uses a blacklist to efficiently prevent the data flooding attack. The main aim of this paper is to enhance the throughput of burst traffic. As a result of which, many data packets are forwarded at a high rate for the whole duration. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme enhances the throughput of burst traffic.

Fuzzy logic based cross-layer design to improve Quality of Service in Mobile ad-hoc networks for Next-gen Cyber Physical System

On behalf of the Mobihoc Organizing Committee, it is my pleasure to welcome you to Annapolis, Maryland for the 4th Annual ACM Workshop on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. We definitely have come a long way from the first offering of this Workshop as a satellite workshop of MobiCom in 2000! This year we had 192 submissions (50% more than last year) from which 27 papers were selected to form the main program. We have continued the tradition of holding a poster session during cocktail and reception hours. This will be an excellent opportunity for young researchers to present their ideas and get feedback from the experts in an informal and convivial setting. We received 19 poster submissions and accepted 10; moreover, we invited 8 more posters from the regular submission pool, for a total of 18 posters.We have been fortunate to lure Dr. Martin Vetterli from the Ecole Politechnique Federale de Lausanne, Suisse, to give the keynote address on "Distributed Processing and Communications: on the Interaction of Source and Channel Coding in Mobile Networks". The topic could have not been more timely. It cuts at the very heart of the most critical issue in ad hoc networks today -- the interaction between layers and the tradeoffs the designers are continually faced with. In Martin's case, it is the tradeoff between communications and processing in the fascinating problem of multi sensor signal (eg, sound and video) processing and fusion.The technical program is of exceptional quality and very well balanced, starting from two tutorial on radio models and antennas, and covering topics from the physical layer (directional antennas) to the middleware (security and resource management). The papers are a good reflection of the emerging applications in ad hoc networking. There is no question that the ad hoc network technology is making rapid advances not only in the traditional military field but also in civilian and commercial applications. In fact, several start ups are now focusing on ad hoc network products, even in the midst of the general dot.com meltdown. I hope you will join me in Annapolis to hear about these new and stimulating trends.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to their wireless nature and can be deployed as multi-hop packet networks. It is a wireless network and has dynamic topology due to its node mobility. Networks are being used in various areas and the demand of users nowadays has motivated the emergence of the heterogeneous MANET. Compared to homogeneous MANET, heterogeneous MANET is more open to other types of network for example wireless LAN, cellular network and fixed network. In MANET, the concern is more to configuration and one of the important elements in configuration is routing. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the routing protocols in MANET which can compromise with MANET characteristics. The aim of this research is to assess the performance of AODV in different mobility speed for homogeneous MANET and heterogeneous MANET through the simulation method. The simulation scenarios derived from the HetMAN architecture (as been discussed in previous work) have been developed in the OMNeT++ network simulator. The results achieved from the test have been evaluated using the metrics assigned; throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The tests show that, as the speed increase, the throughput and PDR decrease for both homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET. From the test also, we can conclude that the performance in homogeneous MANET is better than in heterogeneous MANET.