A study on replacement of lime by Egg-shell powder for stabilizing clay

In this work, calcium carbonate derived from eggshell, in a form of eggshell powder (ESP) with an average particle size of 13.96 μm, was used as bio-reinforcing filler for poly (butylene succinate), (PBS). The effect of ESP content on mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of ESP filled PBS was investigated. The ESP/PBS composites were prepared at various ESP contents of 10, 20, 30 and 40 wt.%. It was found that incorporation of ESP into PBS matrix resulted in an improvement of Youngs modulus but it resulted in a decrease of tensile stress at break, yield strength and impact strength of the composite. In addition, increasing ESP content did not significantly influence decomposition temperature and melting temperature of PBS matrix. On the other hand, with increasing ESP content, crystallization temperature of the composite decreased but degree of crystallinity increased. Fracture surface morphology of the PBS composites obtained from scanning electron microscope indicated agglomeration and poor distribution of ESP within the composite matrix. Partial adhesion between ESP surface and PBS matrix was observed as well.

Since construction and maintaining a highway is often costly, cost control effectiveness is crucial. While there are number of stabilization techniques, using agricultural waste product, including plastic and eggshell, to stabilize soil is one of the most economical and friendly. The aim of this study was to predict the compressive strength of environmentally friendly lateritic modified with eggshell and plastic powder. For this purpose, muilt condition optimization of plastic and eggshell as stabiilizers via surrigate model was used. Latin hypercube samping was used for pairing generation, and a batching ration of 1:4 with water cement ratio of 0.4 was employed. The results indicated that a significant positive change has been noticed in the engineering characteristics of the clayey soil after adding both of ESP (eggshell powder) and PW (plastic waste). These beneficial changes depend on ESP, PW contents and the curing duration. The curing duration significantly improved the engineering characteristics of the stabilized soil samples. It was established that in all the conditions, the eggshell had a significant influence on the California bearing ratio (CBR), optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD). The estimated deviations of the optimized and experimental values were found to be 1.70%, 7.74% and 0.52% for ID number 19 for the CBR, OMC and MDD, respectively. For ID number 58, the deviations were found to be 9.0%, 5.34% and 1.38% for the CBR, OMC and MDD, respectively. In the case of ID number 63, similar deviations were found to be 7.5%, 8.13% and 1.74% for the CBR, OMC and MDD, respectively. From the results, it can be seen that ID number 19 was very close to the optimum value with a deviation of 1.70%, 3.74% and 0.52% for the CBR, OMC, and MDD, respectively, which implies that the optimization process can be said to be realistic. This research enhances the understanding of how ESP and PW influence the engineering properties of lateritic soil.

This study examines the chemical compositions of eggshell powder (ESP) and lime as the soil stabilisers and compared with the compositions of cement and fly-ash to understand the optimal distribution of chemical stabilisers maximising the bearing capacity and structural integrity of subgrade soil. The different proportions of eggshell powder (ESP) (2%, 4%, 6% and 8% of total soil mass) were mixed with a fixed proportion of lime (6% of total soil mass) to analyse the optimum proportion of eggshell maximising the soil structural integrity. Similar proportions of fly-ash (2%, 4%, 6% and 8% of total soil mass) were mixed with cement (4% of total soil mass) to analyse the comparative effects of ESP-lime and fly-ash-cement on the soil stability. The soil samples were collected from three different points of unpaved roads in Ganderbal district of Jammu & Kashmir State in India that experiences the seasonal variations resulting in uneven moisture distribution throughout the year. The CBR tests of both treated (chemical stabilisation) and untreated soils were performed followed the code of practices in Indian standards that is IS: 2720 1985. The combination of 4% ESP and 6% lime resulted in highest CBR value at 19.06%; and the combination of 4% fly-ash and 4% cement had the CBR value of 18.73%. The increase in bearing capacity of subgrade soil mixed with ESP and lime supports the pavement structure with less thickness resulting in the reduction of budgetary allocation for road construction, maintenance and rehabilitation operations.

The clay soil can present various issues as a construction and infrastructure material. Clay soil is susceptible to shrinkage and swelling, limited bearing capacity, poor drainage, and erosion. Several techniques, including soil stabilization, drainage systems, and excavation techniques, may alleviate these issues and control the risks associated with clay soil. There is a growing interest in soil stabilization and developing environmentally friendly alternatives to Portland cement. Alternative utilization of waste with pozzolanic properties as a stabilizing material to replace cement and lime is increasing. In this field, the use of waste materials such as fly ash and eggshell powder is increasing. This study examines the properties of clay soil shear strength treated with a mixture of fly ash and eggshell powder geopolymer. The unconsolidated, undrained triaxial test was performed to determine the shear strength of the treated soil. In addition, the effects of sample variation, such as NaOH molarity, curing duration, and the ratio of eggshell powder to replaced fly ash, were studied. The results demonstrated that 5% eggshell powder might boost the shear strength of treated soil. In addition, increasing the NaOH molarity resulted in higher shear strength values, showing that the geopolymer has a more substantial binding effect. However, extending the curing period impacts the shear strength of stabilized soil. This study established the viability of eggshell powder geopolymer as a stabilizing agent for clay soil. Including 5% eggshell powder in the fly ash geopolymer mixture can enhance the shear strength of the soil.

To investigate the effect of eggshell powder on the water-absorption capacity of cement mortar, this research employed experimental testing followed by machine learning (ML) modeling techniques. On cement mortar specimens, the eggshell powder was partially substituted for cement and sand in concentrations ranging from 0% to 15% with a 2.5% increment, and water absorption tests were conducted. Experimental tests were used to generate the dataset, which was then used to train ML algorithms and construct ML-based prediction models. The integration of eggshell powder lowered the water absorption capacity of cement mortar, as determined by the test findings. The highest reduction in water absorption was seen at 5% eggshell powder as a cement replacement, resulting in up to 41.7% decrease, and 7.5% eggshell powder as a sand replacement, resulting in up to 45.8% decrease in water absorption compared to the control sample. In addition, the constructed ML models exhibited good agreement with the actual results and may be utilized to determine the water absorption of cement mortar incorporating eggshell powder. Nevertheless, based on the R2 value, the disparity between experimental and predicted results, and error analysis, it was determined that the random forest model was more accurate than the decision tree model.

The cost of cement used in concrete works is on the increase and unaffordable, yet the need for hydraulic cement concrete and other cement concrete based infrastructures keeps growing with increasing population, thus the need to find alternative binding materials that can be used solely or in partial replacement of cement. The use of waste materials with pozzolanic properties in concrete production is a becoming a worldwide practice. The assessment of the pozzolanic activity of cement replacement materials is becoming increasingly important because of the need for more sustainable cementing products. In this study, a mixture of coconut shell ash and eggshell powder is used as partial replacement of hydraulic cement in ranges of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The concrete specimens were prepared at 1: 3: 2.5 mix ratio of cementitious material, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. The mix ratio satisfied the minimum cement content of 148.32kg/m3 (250Ib/yd3) and the minimum cementitious material content of 267 kg/m3 (450Ib/yd3) for roller compacted concrete pavement. The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength tests were carried out to assess the strength characteristics of ternary concrete mixture containing coconut shell ash and eggshell powder and the feasibility of using coconut shell ash and eggshell powder as partial replacement of cement in industrial plant access concrete roads and parking lots. The results indicate that a mixture of coconut shell ash and eggshell powder can be used up to 20% by weight for replacement of cement in roller compacted industrial plant access concrete roads and parking lots.

Eggshell powder is obtained from crushed dried eggshell waste. Egg shells contain 97% calcium carbonate. The large calcium content has the potential to be used in cement. This study aims to determine the compressive strength and absorption of mortar by adding 2,5% to 15% eggshell powder with a range of 2,5%. The method of manufacture and test compressive strength and absorption of the mortar refers to SNI 03-6825-2002 and SNI 15-2049-2004. The total of mortar cubes are 84 pieces with dimensions 50 mm. Each variation has 8 mortar cubes for compressive strength and 4 mortar cubes for absorption. The range of initial flow values used are 105%-115%. Mortar cubes soaked for 26 days and test of mortar conducted at 28 days. The highest value of mortar compressive strength occurred in addition 12,5% eggshell powder (13,49 Mpa) with increased percentage of 22,04% from the normal mortar. The smallest value of mortar absorption occurred in addition 12,5% eggshell powder (8,76%).

Experimental and analytical study of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete modified with egg shell powder and nano-silica

Waste disposal is one of the issues that plague the society. Philippines is an agricultural country due to its strategic location in the tropics. Because of this nature, the agriculture sector tends to produce a huge amount of waste that if not disposed properly could pose a threat to the society and to the environment. With the advancement of technology, it has been a challenge for researchers to improve the quality of construction materials that is used in the industry. Studies have been performed on the possibilities of incorporating agricultural wastes to various construction materials as a form of waste diversion. In order to address the problem with agricultural wastes as well as to improve the property of construction materials, a study on coconut waste and eggshell waste was conducted as a constituent in concrete brick production. In this study, the density, compressive strength as well as the water absorption of concrete bricks with coconut charcoal powder (CCP) and eggshell powder (ESP) as replacement for fine aggregates and cement was conducted. Different mix ratios (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10% CCP with a constant value of 5% ESP in each mix ratio) were carried out and the results were compared to a control sample. From the results of the density test, the concrete bricks with 5% CCP and 5% ESP was the lightest at a density of 1678.184 kg/m3, it also showed the least water absorption at 8.58% and exhibited the highest compressive strength at 17.5 MPa.

The level of production and consumption of chicken eggs in Indonesia continues to increase. This condition will be in line with the amount of eggshell waste that has not been utilized properly. Egg shells are rich in calcium and have the potential to be used as a calcium source in the form of powder or flour through fortification into various foods. As for right now, there is no literature study available that addresses the impact of eggshell powder addition as a calcium fortification affects the characteristics and level of acceptance of various food products This literature review used the scoping review method, and the articles used in this review were obtained through searches using Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and PubMed. The results of this literature review show that eggshell powder is suitable to be added to food products as a source of calcium. Adding eggshell powder can greatly increase the calcium content of a variety of foods. Aroma, taste, and texture are the organoleptic characteristics that are mainly impacted by the addition of eggshell powder. The addition of eggshell powder is generally contradictory to the degree of liking and acceptability of the product. The degree of product acceptance and liking tends to decrease as eggshell powder concentration increases. Thus, it is imperative to perform suitable calculations concerning the highest concentration of eggshell powder applied to preserve the food product's unique qualities and attributes while preventing a decline in the product's degree of acceptance or liking. Keywords: calcium, eggshell, fortification

The growing generation of solid waste, particularly from the bakery sector, presents considerable environmental and disposal challenges in India. The use of eggshell powder (ESP), a calcium-rich byproduct of bakery waste, as a sustainable stabilising agent for clayey soils is examined in this study. To assess the geotechnical performance of clay samples, different amounts of ESP (15%, 20%, and 25% by dry weight) were applied. Thesoil's index properties, compaction behaviour, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCC) and California BearingRatio (CBR) were evaluated in a laboratory. According to the findings, adding ESP improved the CBRandUCC values while considerably lowering the liquid and plastic limits. Optimal performance was observedat 20% ESP, where the CBR increased by approximately 20% and the UCC improved by nearly 90%comparedtountreated clay, indicating enhanced load-bearing capacity and durability. According to these results, ESPmaybe a more economical and environmentally friendly substitute for traditional stabilisers while also encouragingwaste reduction and long-term soil enhancement. This approach aligns with circular economy principles andencourages environmentally responsible construction practices.

This study investigates the potential of using eggshell powder and quarry dust as alternative stabilizing agents for improving the engineering properties of lean clay soil. The objective is to develop a sustainable and cost-effective solution for subgrade enhancement in road construction, particularly in regions with limited access to traditional materials like lime or cement. contributes to chemical stabilization by providing calcium for cementitious reactions and improving soil structure, while quarry dust improves mechanical interlock and particle gradation. A comprehensive experimental program was conducted to evaluate changes in Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, California Bearing Ratio, unconfined compressive strength, swell potential, and durability under wet-dry and freeze-thaw conditions. The results showed a marked improvement in strength, compaction efficiency, and moisture resistance, with a significant reduction in plasticity and swell behavior. The optimal mix of 6% eggshell powder and 30% quarry dust achieved the highest UCS and CBR values while demonstrating excellent durability. These findings highlight the feasibility of utilizing agricultural and construction waste materials in soil stabilization, offering both engineering benefits and environmental advantages for sustainable infrastructure development.

In this study, polylactic acid (PLA) was proposed as a material for producing bioplastics due to the desirable properties, including high processability, low cost, and good transparency. However, the degradation of PLA as a bioplastic remains a significant challenge. To address this problem, PLA was modified by blending with a bio-filler, in the form of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) prepared from eggshell powder (ESP). The CaCO3 filler in form of ESP was incorporated into PLA using the solution casting method. The parameter being varied was the ESP loading, ranging from 0 wt% to 20 wt%. The results showed that the inclusion of eggshell-derived filler in PLA increased tensile strength and Young’s modulus by 10%, from 24.12 to 26.61 MPa, and 162%, from 3022 to 7932 MPa, respectively. The degradability of composite was done through burial test, which the weight of PLA/ESP-20wt% was decreased by 11.11 wt% after 3 weeks. This suggests that eggshell waste has the potential to serve as an effective filler to improve the mechanical strength and degradation of PLA.

The present study utilized machine learning (ML) techniques to investigate the effects of eggshell powder (ESP) and recycled glass powder (RGP) on cement composites subjected to an acidic setting. A dataset acquired from the published literature was employed to develop machine learning-based predictive models for the cement mortar’s compressive strength (CS) decrease. Artificial neural network (ANN), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), and linear regression (LR) were chosen for modeling. Also, RreliefF analysis was performed to study the relevance of variables. A total of 234 data points were utilized to train/test ML algorithms. Cement, sand, water, silica fume, superplasticizer, glass powder, eggshell powder, and 90 days of CS were considered as input variables. The outcomes of the research showed that the employed models could be applied to evaluate the reduction percentage of CS in cement composites, including ESP and RGP, after being exposed to acid. Based on the R2 values (0.87 for the ANN, 0.81 for the KNN, and 0.78 for LR), as well as the assessment of variation between test values and anticipated outcomes and errors (1.32% for ANN, 1.57% for KNN, and 1.69% for LR), it was determined that the accuracy of the ANN model was superior to the KNN and LR. The sieve diagram exhibited a correlation amongst the model predicted and target results. The outcomes of the RreliefF analysis suggested that ESP and RGP significantly influenced the CS loss of samples with RreliefF scores of 0.26 and 0.21, respectively. Based on the outcomes of the research, the ANN approach was determined suitable for predicting the CS loss of mortar subjected to acidic environments, thereby eliminating lab testing trails.

Taking into account the fact that by fortifying chocolate, more nutritious and healthier chocolates are obtained, in this work we set out to obtain an assortment of milk chocolate with the addition of chicken eggshell powder and to evaluate its mineral intake. Practically, the purpose of this experiment is the superior valorization of eggshell waste from household activities as a mineral fortification for milk chocolate. Four types of milk chocolates were prepared with the addition of 0, 1, 2 and 4% chicken eggshell powder, which were analyzed from the point of view of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. The results obtained from the analysis of chocolates show an increase in the mineral concentration of milk chocolate with the increasing addition of eggshell powder: 265 � 1.724 mg/100g Ca; 124-140 mg/100g Mg; 2.947 � 3.231 mg/100g Fe; 0.569 � 0.612 mg/100g Mn; 2.407 � 2.460 mg/100g Zn and 0.940 � 0.988 mg/100g Cu. Under the conditions of the present experiment, a consumption of 50 g of chocolate with 1 - 4% eggshell powder covers a good part of the recommended daily mineral requirement: 31.47 - 86.20% Ca - for women and men; 15.21 - 22.66% Mg for women and men; 8.19 - 20.19% Fe - for men and women; 12.46 - 17.08% Mn - for women and men; 10.97 - 15.38% Zn - for men and women respectively; 52.50 - 54.89% Cu - for women and men. A possible increase in the mass of eggshell used for the mineral fortification of chocolate is possible, but this may decrease the sensory quality of the chocolate, especially in terms of texture and taste. The obtained results confirm the fact that milk chocolate fortified with 4% eggshell has a higher mineral intake than nonfortified chocolate, especially from the point of view of Ca and Mg content.