A Super Encryption Approach for Enhancing Digital Security using Column Transposition - Hill Cipher for 3D Image Protection

In the last decade, the communication of images through the internet has increased. Due to the growing demands for data transfer through images, protection of data and safe communication is very important. For this purpose, many encryption techniques have been designed and developed. New and secured encryption schemes based on chaos theory have introduced methods for secure as well as fast communication. A modified image encryption process is proposed in this work with chaotic maps and orthogonal matrix in Hill cipher. Image encryption involves three phases. In the first phase, a chaotic Henon map is used for permuting the digital image. In the second phase, a Hill cipher is used whose encryption key is generated by an orthogonal matrix which further is produced from the equation of the plane. In the third phase, a sequence is generated by a chaotic tent map which is later XORed. Chaotic maps play an important role in the encryption process. To deal with the issues of fast and highly secured image processing, the prominent properties of non-periodical movement and non-convergence of chaotic theory play an important role. The proposed scheme is resistant to different attacks on the cipher image. Different tests have been applied to evaluate the proposed technique. The results of the tests such as key space analysis, key sensitivity analysis, and information entropy, histogram correlation of the adjacent pixels, number of pixel change rate (NPCR), peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), and unified average changing intensity (UCAI) showed that our proposed scheme is an efficient encryption technique. The proposed approach is also compared with some state-of-the-art image encryption techniques. In the view of statistical analysis, we claim that our proposed encryption algorithm is secured.

This study aims to advance cryptographic security through a comprehensive evaluation of the Enhanced Hill Cipher algorithm in comparison with the Transposition Cipher. Cryptographic security is essential in safeguarding sensitive information against cyber threats, including data breaches, unauthorized access, and tampering. As digital communication and data storage become increasingly vital in various sectors, the need for robust encryption techniques has grown significantly. The Hill Cipher, introduced by Lester S. Hill, uses matrix multiplication over a finite field to encode plaintext into ciphertext. However, its susceptibility to known-plaintext attacks due to the fixed nature of its key matrix structure limits its practical application in modern cryptography. The Enhanced Hill Cipher algorithm addresses these shortcomings by incorporating larger key matrices (e.g., 3×3, 4×4) and dynamic key generation, which increase encryption complexity and resistance to cryptanalysis. Additionally, the Enhanced Hill Cipher includes key expansion, padding schemes, and matrix manipulation techniques to further strengthen security. The Transposition Cipher, on the other hand, encrypts plaintext by rearranging the order of characters based on a specific key. While this provides a degree of security, it lacks the complexity of substitution-based ciphers, making it vulnerable to frequency analysis and brute-force attacks. This study conducts a rigorous evaluation of these algorithms through computational simulations and statistical analysis using the GPower test (α = 0.05, power = 0.80). Performance metrics such as encryption strength, decryption efficiency, computational overhead, and resistance to attacks are analyzed. Results show that the Enhanced Hill Cipher algorithm surpasses the Transposition Cipher in terms of security, computational efficiency, and resilience to cryptanalysis. This research provides valuable insights for strengthening data protection frameworks in real-world applications. This study aims to advance cryptographic security through a comprehensive evaluation of the Enhanced Hill Cipher algorithm in comparison with the Transposition Cipher, seeking to identify strengths and weaknesses in both systems. Utilizing datasets and computational simulations, this research rigorously assesses the performance of the Enhanced Hill Cipher algorithm and the Transposition Cipher. Encryption and decryption methodologies are meticulously examined, with a focus on key metrics such as security robustness, resilience to attacks, and computational efficiency. Statistical analysis is conducted using the GPower test with parameters set at α=0.05 and power=0.80 to ensure the reliability of findings. The findings reveal that the Enhanced Hill Cipher algorithm surpasses the Transposition Cipher in terms of cryptographic security, exhibiting heightened resistance to various attacks and demonstrating superior computational efficiency. This study concludes that the Enhanced Hill Cipher algorithm represents a substantial progression in cryptographic security, offering enhanced protection for sensitive data against a range of potential threats compared to the Transposition Cipher. Cryptography plays a vital role in securing sensitive information by converting plaintext into ciphertext, ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity in communication systems. The Hill Cipher, a classical encryption technique, relies on matrix multiplication and modular arithmetic for encryption and decryption. However, it is vulnerable to known plaintext attacks and key predictability issues. The Enhanced Hill Cipher Algorithm addresses these limitations by incorporating key expansion, increased matrix dimensions, and dynamic key generation, thereby strengthening encryption complexity and resistance to attacks. In contrast, the Transposition Cipher rearranges characters based on a specific key, providing simplicity and ease of implementation but limited protection against frequency analysis and brute-force attacks. This research aims to conduct a thorough evaluation of the Enhanced Hill Cipher and Transposition Cipher, comparing their encryption strength, computational efficiency, and vulnerability to cryptanalysis. Experimental analysis reveals that the Enhanced Hill Cipher outperforms the Transposition Cipher in terms of encryption strength and complexity, making it a more secure choice for modern communication systems.

Hill Cipher is one of the methods used in Cryptography. In the Hill Cipher algorithm, the key square matrix must have an inverse modulo. One special matrix that definitely has an inverse is the unimodular matrix. The unimodular matrix can be used as a key in an encryption process. The purpose of this research is to show an alternative in securing digital image data. The type of cryptography used is symmetric cryptography. The algorithm presented by generating a unimodular matrix using the Logistic Map. First, to get a unimodular matrix, we use an identity matrix. The sequence of real number in (0,1) of Logistic Map then converted into integer number from 0 to 255. That number then occupies upper triangular entries of the unimodular matrix. We use the Elementary Row Operation to obtain the complete matrix as a key. Then the multiplication of matrix modulo is used as an encryption process. The unimodular matrix generated by the proposed algorithm guarantees a key in the Hill Cipher for all matrix sizes (n > 4) and only need two parameters (password 1 and password 2). We also tested the algorithm in python language on two digital images (grayscale and color) with different sizes. The results show that the encrypted images are very difficult to read by third parties. The time needed is based on password 1, that is the size of the key matrix. So, the unimodular matrix and logistic map work very well with Hill Cipher to encrypt a digital image.

The majority of imaging techniques use symmetric and asymmetric cryptography algorithms to encrypt digital media. Most of the research works contributed in the literature focus primarily on the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm for encryption and decryption. This paper propose an analysis for performing image encryption and decryption by hybridization of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) with Hill Cipher (HC), ECC with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and ElGamal with Double Playfair Cipher (DPC). This analysis is based on the following parameters: (i) Encryption and decryption time, (ii) entropy of encrypted image, (iii) loss in intensity of the decrypted image, (iv) Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), (v) Number of Pixels Change Rate (NPCR), and (vi) Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI). The hybrid process involves the speed and ease of implementation from symmetric algorithms, as well as improved security from asymmetric algorithms. ECC and ElGamal cryptosystems provide asymmetric key cryptography, while HC, AES, and DPC are symmetric key algorithms. ECC with AES are perfect for remote or private communications with smaller image sizes based on the amount of time needed for encryption and decryption. The metric measurement with test cases finds that ECC and HC have a good overall solution for image encryption.

In this digital world, communication systems have witnessed abundant usage of media over the platforms. Among these, providing security in transmission of images is highly important, and attained a lot of research interest due to its high consideration in both the industry and the academic community. This paper proposes a hybrid asymmetric image encryption algorithm using Elliptic curve cryptosystem (ECC), Hadamard transform and Hill cipher algorithms. Based on the Diffie–Hellman public key exchange method a point on the elliptic curve is selected and agreed between both the sender and receiver. The key relies upon the ECC and it is difficult to resolve the ECDLP to get it. The proposed algorithm involves two stages of encryption, primarily, the XOR function is applied on the Elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) shared secret key and the hadamard image. In the subsequent stage, ECC is combined with the hill cipher algorithm. Encryption and decryption uses self-invertible key matrix, hence the process of finding inverse key becomes redundant during decryption which improves the speed of execution. It also enhances the security and efficiency compared to original hill cipher method. The results are compared with other ECC methods proves that the current cryptosystem attains large key space, highly key sensitive, low correlation and can resist against differential and statistical attacks.

In the digital age of today, organizations look up to secure, scalable, and efficient encryption techniques ensuring the protection of multimedia data and confidential communication. This paper offers a comparative study on symmetric cryptographic algorithms—DES, AES, and Blowfish—evaluated for their performance in image encryption and decryption. The analysis considers key size, rounds, encryption/ decryption speed, and overall security, demonstrating how these algorithms safeguard image data from unauthorized access. Experimental surveys highlight the strengths of AES in robustness, Blowfish in speed and flexibility, and DES in legacy use, but with vulnerabilities. The system-level evaluation provides insights into how cryptographic algorithms can be applied in real-world applications such as military communication, medical imaging, and secure internet transmission. Overall, the study demonstrates the critical role of encryption algorithms in enhancing confidentiality, maintaining integrity, and enabling secure multimedia communication—making it appropriate for environments seeking modernized image security frameworks.Overall, the solution demonstrates the power of Blowfish as a secure and performance-optimized algorithm—making it appropriate for systems seeking modernized encryption capabilities

Cryptography is one of the most important technological areas which will provide security to the data by using various cryptographic algorithms. The Hill cipher (HC) is a known symmetric encryption algorithm using linear matrix transformation. In spite of the simplicity of Hill cipher algorithm, there are several advantages such as masquerading letter frequencies of the plaintext and high throughput. The traditional Hill cipher founds a serious setback due to the vulnerability against known plaintext–ciphertext attacks. So, to enhance security, a new variant of the Hill cipher method is proposed. The proposed algorithm develops in three stages, firstly, convert the plaintext into 8-bit binary form; in the second stage, we remove the last two bits from MSB positions as they are 0 in the MSB and 1 in the MSB-1 position, respectively, and this reduces the size of the data. Now, apply Radix 64 conversion to each row; in the last stage, we perform the traditional Hill cipher algorithm (modulo 64), where we use the invertible matrix as key, and this produces the ciphertext. The proposed technique reduces the size of ciphertext data after encryption. The security analysis of the modified algorithm using avalanche effect shows three-fold increase than comparing to tradition Hill cipher algorithm. Further, the data size dependence on the performance of the modified Hill cipher algorithm is also addressed and found that the encryption time is increased with increase of data size.

Safeguarding and securing a secret data is something that must be done either in personal, organizational, corporate or governmental data but not a few do not know how to secure data, especially in a message, so this research is conducted to provide a way to encrypt messages. In this research using a collaboration of the Hill Cipher algorithm and Arnold cat map, used to get maximum encryption results on data or messages. In its application, the Hill cipher algorithm will be modified using a bios phoenix sound code and image. Hill Cipher and Arnold Cat Map algorithms are suitable to be combined because it will produce strong enough encryption because the results of text-based encryption from the Hill Cipher algorithm will be encrypted again using the image-based Arnold Cat Map algorithm. This research resulted in the modification of a Hill Cipher algorithm and Arnold Cat Map in the encryption process and description to improve the security of data and information. Keywords — Hill Cipher, Arnold Cat Map, Cryptography, Steganography

Security of information is becoming main criteria while transferring information through communication networks. Nowadays images are used as information source; therefore its security from unauthorized or unintended access is important. Image encryption play an important role in protecting images from hacking and stealing while sending over an unsecured channel. The proposed method is a combination of encryption using Hill cipher algorithm along with Elliptic curve for enhanced security. Elliptic curve cryptographic method is used to make the system to asymmetric from the less secured symmetric key encryption technique; hill cipher algorithm. In our proposed method we use both grayscale images as well as color images regardless its size. Steganography of actual image with a cover image before encryption is an advantage. The cover image is selected as it mocks like an informative to unauthorized access. Least Significant Bit (LSB) steganography method is used here as it provides more security than any other methods.

Hill Cipher is one of the symmetric key algorithms in cryptography, we discussed Encryption and decryption for the alphabet Arabic by Hill cipher encryption and descriptions using the invertible matrix as a key. In this study, we introduce a new method on the Hill Cipher for the alphabet Arabic using a rectangular matrix as a key.

Nowadays, diagnosing patient diseases remotely is a routine and digital medical images analysis as a part of Telecare Medical Information Systems (TMIS) play a fundamental role in early diagnosing and treating most common and serious diseases such as breast cancer. In this context, altering or distorting even a single pixel of a medical image during its transmission over an unsure channel could lead to a wrong diagnosis and harm patient health, induce damaging delays. Therefore the security and privacy of the transmitted medical images must be addressed most seriously. Several techniques are proposed in the literature to address these issues using different techniques such as chaos theory, more recently, elliptic curves cryptography (ECC) or improved classical methods such as linear cryptography. In this paper, we address the security level concern of an image encryption technique combining ECC with Hill cipher (ECCHC) which has been recently proposed by Dawahdeh et al [13]. Our study rises concerns about some weaknesses and flaws of the analyzed encryption scheme against some plain-text and known plain-text attacks. In addition, and not least issue, it is found that the key length used in Dawahdeh et al. scheme is not sufficiently large to be robust against brute force attack. To fix the found flaws and to improve the encryption scheme, a generalized cryptosystem is suggested. In the enhanced version, the key matrix negotiation is redefined to a cipher that combines a modified EC Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES) and the linear multiplication matrix is generalized to key matrix of (2n × 2n), n > 2 to counter efficiently the exhaustive search attack. The effectiveness of the proposed version is evaluated and verified through extensive experimentation and most recent available security tools. Compared with the state-of-the art techniques, the proposed version exhibits excellent security features and can resist to various knowing attacks.

The healthcare industry has undergone a transformation due to the widespread use of advanced communication technologies and wireless sensor networks such as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Health Information Exchange Technology (HIET), Internet of Healthcare Things (IoHT) and Health IoT (HIoT). These technologies have led to an increase in the transmission of medical data, particularly medical imaging data, over various wireless communication channels. However, transmitting high-quality color medical images over insecure internet channels like the Internet and communication networks like 5G presents significant security risks that could threaten patients’ data privacy. Furthermore, this process can also burden the limited bandwidth of the communication channel, leading to delayed data transmission. To address security concerns in healthcare data, researchers have focused a lot of attention on medical image encryption as a means of protecting patient data. This paper presents a color image encryption scheme that integrates multiple encryption techniques, including alternate quantum random walks, controlled Rubik’s Cube transformations, and the integration of the Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem with Hill Cipher (ECCHC). The proposed scheme divides various plaintext images by creating a regular cube by layering planes of a fixed size. Each plane is rotated in an anticlockwise direction, followed by row, column and face swapping, and then DNA encoding is performed. The image cube encoded with DNA is combined with the chaotic cube through DNA addition, and a couple of random DNA sequences are chosen for DNA mutation. After undergoing DNA mutation, the encoded cube is then decoded using DNA. The proposed method has the theoretical capability of encrypting 2D images of unlimited size and number by utilizing an infinitely large cube. The proposed image encryption scheme has been rigorously tested through various experimental simulations and cyberattack analysis, which shows the efficiency and reliability of the proposed encryption scheme.

Graph labeling can be implemented in solving problems for various fields of life. One of the application of graph labelling is in security system. Information security is needed to reduce risk, data manipulation, and unauthorized destruction or destruction of information. Cryptographic algorithms that can be used to build security systems, one of the cryptographic algorithms is Hill Cipher. Hill chipper is a cryptographic algorithm that uses a matrix as a key to perform encryption, decryption, and modulo arithmetic. This study discusses the use of Super (3n+5,2)- edge antimagic total labeling to construct the Hill Chiper algorithm. The variation of the edge weight function and the corresponding edge label on the graph, will make the constructed lock more complicated to hack

Data exchange has been rapidly increased recently by increasing the use of mobile networks. Sharing information (text, image, audio and video) over unsecured mobile network channels is liable for attacking and stealing. Encryption techniques are the most suitable methods to protect information from hackers. Hill cipher algorithm is one of symmetric techniques, it has a simple structure and fast computations, but weak security because sender and receiver need to use and share the same private key within a non-secure channel. Therefore, a novel hybrid encryption approach between elliptic curve cryptosystem and hill cipher (ECCHC) is proposed in this paper to convert Hill Cipher from symmetric technique (private key) to asymmetric one (public key) and increase its security and efficiency and resist the hackers. Thus, no need to share the secret key between sender and receiver and both can generate it from the private and public keys. Therefore, the proposed approach presents a new contribution by its ability to encrypt every character in the 128 ASCII table by using its ASCII value direct without needing to assign a numerical value for each character. The main advantages of the proposed method are represented in the computation simplicity, security efficiency and faster computation.

Information, which includes transactions, knowledge, communications, databases, and infrastructure, is an organization's asset and should be protected. Information and communications are protected using cryptographic algorithms, which make sure that only the intended recipients of the information may read and process it. The category of algorithms that use both symmetric and asymmetric algorithms is known as hybrid cryptography. In this study, a hybrid RSA and hill cipher is created, that operates with an appropriate invertible matrix to create a safeguarded data transfer technique. Combining the benefits of symmetric and asymmetric cryptography would produce a quick and secure cryptographic algorithm. The approach is tested using a genetics-based application where a file of the genome sequence is considered as input to encrypt.