A Survey of Ocean Simulation and Rendering Techniques in Computer Graphics

The purpose of this volume is to present current work of the Intelligent Computer Graphics community, a community growing up year after year. Indeed, if at the beginning of Computer Graphics the use of Artificial Intelligence techniques was quite unknown, more and more researchers all over the world are nowadays interested in intelligent techniques allowing substantial improvements of traditional Computer Graphics methods. The other main contribution of intelligent techniques in Computer Graphics is to allow invention of completely new methods, often based on automation of a lot of tasks assumed in the past by the user in an imprecise and (human) time consuming manner. This volume contains both invited and selected extended papers from the last 3IA Conference (3IA2008), together with an introduction presenting the area of Intelligent Computer Graphics and various Computer Graphics areas where introduction of intelligent techniques permitted to resolve important problems. We hope that this volume will be interesting for the reader and that it will convince him (her) to use, or to invent, intelligent techniques in Computer Graphics and, maybe, to join the Intelligent Computer Graphics community.

Introduction. In recent years, graphical methods belonging to the class of projective methods have become very popular in psychological research, they enable a person to project reality himself and interpret it in his own way. Purpose setting. The expanding use of graphic methods and procedures has not yet led to the creation of works summarizing the experience of their use, to the formation of a general approach to the psychological analysis of different types of images. Methodology and methods of the study. The material for the analysis was the results of three series of experimental work, in which more than four thousand and more than three thousand drawings were obtained and analyzed according to the methods: constructive drawing of a person from geometric figures, psycho-geometrics by Susan Dellinger, Rorschach, etc. Results. The conducted analysis showed that the ratio of various elements in constructive drawings is not accidental, which allowed us to identify seven main types, which correspond to typological characteristics. The typological characteristic is based on the frequency of occurrence of a certain type among the respondents, as well as expert and subjective validity obtained as a result of a large number of conversations and observations during the survey. The article analyzes the long-term results of the study of students» personality typology using projective (graphic) methods. Conclusion. Based on a comparison of the results obtained using the graphical methods described by us, we came to the following conclusions. The use of graphic techniques significantly enriches the entire process of professional consultation, complements the individual characteristics of students who have chosen certain areas of professional activity. The study of individual psychological prerequisites for professional self-determination of a person using graphic methods has certain positive prospects: it allows a deeper analysis of the characteristics of an individual and develops more adequate recommendations for improving the effectiveness of professional self-determination of both youth and adults. Due to the projective nature of most graphic procedures, their results, as our research shows, are less susceptible to mind control, and this is a very important tool in favor of their application, since graphic diagnostic methods work «through a projection» onto the grid of psychological personality types, along with appropriate methods of the standard psychodiagnostic procedures for assessing personal qualities (MMPI, Cattell, Eysenck, etc.).

Computer graphics tools and techniques enable researchers to investigate cultural heritage and archaeological sites. They can facilitate documentation of real-world sites for further investigation, and enable archaeologists and historians to accurately study a past environment through simulations. This chapter explores how light plays a major role in examining computer-based representations of heritage. We discuss how light is both documented and modelled today using computer graphics techniques and tools. We also identify why both physical and historical accuracy in modelling light is becoming increasingly important to study the past, and how emerging technologies such as High Dynamic Range (HDR) imaging and physically-based rendering is necessary to accurately represent heritage.

Recent advances in acquisition technologies, such as LIDAR and photogrammetry, have brought back to popularity 3D point clouds in a lot of fields of application of Computer Graphics: Civil Engineering, Architecture, Topography, etc. These acquisition systems are producing an unprecedented amount of geometric data with additional attached information, resulting in huge datasets whose processing and storage requirements exceed usual approaches, presenting new challenges that can be addressed from a Big Data perspective by applying High Performance Computing and Computer Graphics techniques. This chapter presents a series of applications built on top of Point Cloud Manager (PCM), a middleware that provides an abstraction for point clouds with arbitrary attached data and makes it easy to perform out-of-core operations on them on commodity CPUs and GPUs. Hence, different kinds of real world applications are tackled, showing both real-time and offline examples, and render-oriented and computation-related operations as well.

In late years, the techniques of the CFD for the free-surface flow are developing rapidly. On the other hand, study of the computer graphics (CG) to express a complicated natural phenomenon is conducted actively, and the methods to get realistic CG of natural phenomena with fluid motion, such as a cloud, a flame and a current, have been proposed. The representative of these methods in CG is the particle system. In this study, the simple motion rule of particle in the particle system is improved by introducing the MPS (Moving Particle Semi-implicit) method, which is a solver of the Navier-Stokes equation, to combine the Lagrangian physical model of fluid with the Lagrangian tool of CG. Furthermore, the sub-particle scale expression of mists is described by the Monte Carlo simulation of the mist particles, based on the concept of the DDM (discrete droplet model). Finally the physical CG of a falling water is shown.

Maths in computer graphics and design: Mathematical methods in computer graphics and design, Academic Press, UK (1980) 148pp, £9.80

A number of authentication techniques have been proposed in the recent times that are based upon graphical methods. Text based passwords are most commonly used for authentication, however, they are highly vulnerable to several kinds of attacks. Graphical techniques are coming up as an attractive alternative to the conventional methods of authentication. In this paper we have proposed a graphical method of authentication that employs graphical coordinates along with a novel introduction of time interval between successive clicks. The user needs to recall the coordinates and the time interval of the successive clicks. This leads to the incorporation of the advantages of the recent graphical methods along with the added security achieved through the use of time interval. The proposed scheme has a much higher password space than the other contemporary graphical authentication schemes. The scheme is robust, secure and very convenient to use.

New developments in interactive computer graphics make it possible for mathematicians to approach old subjects in fresh ways. Occasionally the new approaches reveal additional insights into things already well understood from other viewpoints. This note give several examples of projects developed in collaboration with undergraduate students at Brown University in courses related to differential geometry. In each case, computer graphics techniques are used to investigate some geometric phenomenon, and in each case the difficulties encountered by the program reveal some feature of geometric interest.KeywordsComputer GraphicAlgebraic SurfaceProjection DirectionInteractive Computer GraphicQuartic SurfaceThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This paper presents an interactive graphics tool for the structural analysis of one‐dimensional element models, such as trusses, frames, and grillages. The focus is on the creation of a graphical user interface for a previously developed analysis solver. This graphical interface is entirely implemented in the MATLAB environment and features intuitive resources so that modeling and verification of results become easy tasks for students and engineers. The management of mouse events and the adopted solutions to basic computer graphics issues that arise from interactive modeling in two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional canvases are discussed, including the strategies to pick objects in spatial coordinates and to identify crossing elements. The result is a new educational software that proved to be a very useful application in structural analysis and introductory computer graphics courses for engineering. The article also presents examples of using the software as an educational tool.

Syntactic Methods in Computer Graphics

Advanced Methods in Computer Graphics

We propose an adaptive beam division method for a visual simulation of high frequency electromagnetic wave propagation. In order to guarantee the correctness of visualization and calculate electromagnetic wave power within beam (transformation from beam data to volume data) with low computational cost, an adaptive beam division technique is introduced into the beam data structure. By implementation of the proposed method, one can transform beam data to volume data more correctly with lower computational cost and visualize the high frequency electromagnetic wave propagation by a so-called ray-casting algorithm, which is one of the most useful methods in computer graphics.

As a practical method,digital-discrete data reconstruction uses both discrete and continuous methods for data interpolation and approximation. Today,a significant development in discrete mathematics is digital technology. Digital methods contain a flavor of graphical presentation and artificial intelligence. It is very interesting to explore the relationship between digital methods and graphical and intelligence methods. In this chapter,we introduce the subdivision method and the moving least squares method. These two methods are popular smooth data fitting methods in computer graphics. The subdivision method is an intuitive method for smooth shape design; the moving least squares method is a mesh-free method for data fitting. Our purpose is to provide a potential link from main stream techniques to digital functions. We also present the extension of digital functions to more general cases in artificial intelligence,especially in partial information searches and image segmentation. This expansion uses lambda-connectedness,which shares the same mathematical foundation as gradually varied functions. We include the algorithms for segmentations and fitting for image objects. This chapter also contains future research topics of the digital-discrete method.

These notes are an expanded and updated version of a paper on Contouring of Scattered Data presented at the IMA conference on Mathematical Methods in Computer Graphics and Design, held in Leicester in 1978. [Sabin 1980] The view is taken (as in the original paper), that the contouring problem has two loosely coupled aspects. The first is deciding what surface to contour, the second how to draw the contour lines across it.

Advancement in information and communication technology has led to tremendous development in graphics techniques. Evolving multimedia tools are used to generate high quality Computer Graphics (CG) images. These images have wide applications in domains like video gaming, augmented reality, and virtual reality and many other. Computer graphic images are also used illegally in criminal activities. This article proposes an effective transfer learning approach to classify CG and Photographic (PG) images available in small scale dataset. Initially, pre-trained models such as AlexNet, GoogleNet, ResNet50, VGG-18 and SqueezeNet were modified and fine-tuned appropriately. Based on the validation accuracy, SqueezeNet was adapted as learning model for extracting deep features for classification. To evaluate the performance of squeezeNet, Columbia dataset and Photo realistic dataset were used. Finally, the performance of the proposed model was compared with state-of-the- art transfer learning approaches to prove its efficacy. Accuracy of 93.75% was attained using SqueezeNet for the folding ratio 80:20 when the input data is augmented.