A Survey on Image Segmentation Methods using Clustering Techniques

Image recognition and image processing usually contain the technique of image segmentation. Excellent segmentation results can directly affect the accuracy of image recognition and processing. The essence of image segmentation is to segment each frame of a certain image or a video into multiple specific objects or regions and represent them with different labels. This paper focuses on the segmentation results obtained in image segmentation of images used for intelligent monitoring of Mandarin exams are usually visualized for image analysis. In this paper, we first investigate the performance improvement techniques for semantic segmentation in the image segmentation task for intelligent monitoring of Mandarin exams, improve the pixel classification capability by performing semantic migration, and, for the first time, extend the dataset substantially by style transformation to improve the model’s recognition of advanced features. In addition, to further address the shortcomings of the dataset, this paper improves the performance of image segmentation using synthetic datasets by investigating synthetic dataset image segmentation improvement techniques that reduce the reliance on manually annotated datasets. Image segmentation techniques continue to advance, and there are even thousands of commonly used segmentation methods for image segmentation development to date. Among them, they can be broadly classified as region-based segmentation methods, threshold-based segmentation methods, edge-based segmentation methods, specific theory-based segmentation methods, and deep learning-based segmentation methods. However, the methods used in this paper have all been experimentally demonstrated to improve the effectiveness of the techniques and proved to outperform other existing methods in the same field in the publicly available datasets LSUN, Cityscapes, and GTA5 datasets, respectively.

In medical research and development, the computational domain provides support and calculative power to perform unique and innovative tasks, among which image categorization is a huge and an important issue. In the world of medical science, every day doctors encounter with various types of image-related problems. Pattern classification is a solution to categorize images. In the human body, the brain plays a vital role, and the sudden growth of anomalous tissues in the brain can cause brain cancer. When unusual cells and tissues grow relatively slowly, the resulting tumors are classed as benign, which indicates they are non-cancerous, whereas in malignant tumors, the cells grow very rapidly and cause serious harm to the brain, often leading to death. There are many methodologies for producing medical images of the brain. Among them, magnetic resonance imaging is a very powerful technique for producing digital images of internal slices of the brain. This information is very helpful for medical diagnosis and research. To identify and classify a tumor in the human body, the first process is image acquisition, then image segmentation techniques are used to explore the anomalous tissues. The method proposed in this chapter is motivated by the need for improved and quicker medical image analysis for brain tumors. In this image segmentation approach, Otsu’s method is used along with principal component analysis to select the appropriate features for extraction. The gray level co-occurrence matrix method is used to calculate some valuable texture parameters, and finally, machine learning techniques and kernel functions are used to achieve high accuracy with the help of support vector machines.

In day-to-day life, new technologies are emerging in the field of Image processing, especially in the domain of segmentation. Image segmentation is the most important part in digital image processing. Segmentation is nothing but a portion of any image and object. In image segmentation, the digital image is divided into multiple set of pixels. Image segmentation is generally required to cut out region of interest (ROI) from an image. Currently there are many different algorithms available for image segmentation. This chapter presents a brief outline of some of the most common segmentation techniques (e.g. Segmentation based on thresholding, Model based segmentation, Segmentation based on edge detection, Segmentation based on clustering, etc.,) mentioning its advantages as well as the drawbacks. The Matlab simulated results of different available image segmentation techniques are also given for better understanding of image segmentation. Simply, different image segmentation algorithms with their prospects are reviewed in this chapter to reduce the time of literature survey of the future researchers.

There is a huge diversity of definitions of visually image segments, ranging from simple uniformly colored segments, textured segments, through symmetric patterns, and up to complex semantically meaningful objects. This diversity has led to a wide range of different approaches for image segmentation. In this paper we present a single unified framework for addressing this problem --- Segmentation by Composition. We define a good image segment as one which can be easily composed using its own pieces, but is difficult to compose using pieces from other parts of the image. This non-parametric approach captures a large diversity of segment types, yet requires no pre-definition or modelling of segment types, nor prior training. Based on this definition, we develop a segment extraction algorithm --- i.e., given a single point-of-interest, provide the best image segment containing that point. This induces a figure-ground image segmentation, which applies to a range of different segmentation tasks: single image segmentation, simultaneous co-segmentation of several images, and class-based segmentations.

Image segmentation is an important step in image processing. Major advances in the field of medical imaging have provided physicians with powerful and non-invasive techniques to probe the structure, function, and pathology of the human body. This information requires significant innovations in all aspect of image processing. Manual tracing of object boundaries generally suffers from poor reproducibility of results and it is also tedious and time consuming. Further, manual segmentations are often restricted to two dimensional (2D) slice-wise processing, which often suffers from inconsistency across segmented slices. Quantitative analysis of medical images requires reproducible, accurate, and efficient segmentation methods. By making use of medical image segmentation approaches accurate, repeatable, quantitative data must be efficiently extracted in order to support the spectrum of biomedical investigations and clinical activities, from diagnosis to radiotherapy as well as to surgery. Purpose of this review is to identify the set of methods that have been used for medical image segmentation over the past three decades, and to provide an opportunity to view the transitions that have occurred as this research area has developed. In this paper, various approaches of medical image segmentation, available algorithms for deformable models are reviewed and their advantages, disadvantages, and limitations are discussed.

7 - A survey on neutrosophic medical image segmentation

The progress in the realm of image segmentation has helped farmers to use nominal inputs for higher production within limited time. Preliminary identification of diseases on fruits is limited to naked eyes since the majority of these symptoms can only be identified by microscopic visuals. Image segmentation plays a vital part in distinguishing their infected parts from the disinfected ones. In this paper, clustering is used as an approach in image segmentation to cautiously discover the affected parts of the fruits by segmenting the affected areas from the non-affected parts. Four clustering techniques—IS-KM, IS-FEKM, IS-MKM, and IS-FECA—were employed for this purpose. The quality of segmentation was evaluated using few performance measures like SC, RMSE, MSE, MAE, NAE, and PSNR. The result obtained using IS-FECA is more reasonable compared to the other methods. Roughly each value of performance parameters confers better results for IS-FECA-based image segmentation method, which means proper separation of diseased parts in fruits from their un-affected ones is attainable.

Image segmentation has an important role in many image processing applications. Several methods exist for segmenting an image. However, this technique is still a relatively open topic for which various research works are regularly presented. With the recent developments on complex networks theory, image segmentation techniques based on graphs has considerably improved. In this paper, we present a new perspective of image segmentation, by applying three of the most efficient community detection algorithms, Louvain, infomap and stability optimization based on the louvain algorithm, and we extract communities in which the highest modularity feature is achieved. After we show that this measure is invariant to non-structural change on image, which mean that the image segmentation is also invariant to rotation. Finally we evaluate the three proposed algorithms for Berkeley database images, and we show that our results can outperform other segmentation methods in terms of accuracy and can achieve much better segmentation results.

The real-time processing is getting more and more important in many image processing applications. Image segmentation is one of the most fundamental tasks image analysis. As a consequence, many different approaches for image segmentation have been proposed. The watershed transform is a well-known image segmentation tool. The watershed transform is a very data intensive task. To achieve acceleration and obtain real-time processing of watershed algorithms, parallel architectures and programming models for multicore computing have been developed. This paper focuses on the survey of the approaches for parallel implementation of sequential watershed algorithms on multicore general purpose CPUs: homogeneous multicore processor with shared memory. To achieve an efficient parallel implementation, it’s necessary to explore different strategies (parallelization/distribution/distributed scheduling) combined with different acceleration and optimization techniques to enhance parallelism. In this paper, we give a comparison of various parallelization of sequential watershed algorithms on shared memory multicore architecture. We analyze the performance measurements of each parallel implementation and the impact of the different sources of overhead on the performance of the parallel implementations. In this comparison study, we also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the parallel programming models. Thus, we compare the OpenMP (an application programming interface for multi-Processing) with Ptheads (POSIX Threads) to illustrate the impact of each parallel programming model on the performance of the parallel implementations.

Active contour model (ACM) approaches for image segmentation and feature extraction have emerged as very appealing and powerful tools in image processing. The basis of ACM approach is to evolve a curve, called level set, to extract the desired object (s) under some constraints. In this course, various extensions of earlier Osher's level set model have been suggested in the litareture. More recently, a new ACM model referred to selective binary and Gaussian filtering regularized level set (SBGFRIL) has been put forward as a fruitful combination of geodesic active contour model (GAC) and Chan-Vese (C-V) active contour models. This paper attempts to put forward some appealing performance indices to assess the performances of the suggested SBGFRIL compared with GAC and V-C models. The performance metrics involve the clustering based quality evaluations.

Image segmentation is the first step in many computer vision methods and serves to simplify the problem by grouping the pixels in the image in logical ways. Here we develop a new approach to deal with the problem of image segmentation in the framework of MATLAB programming environment which integrates thresholding, edge extraction and color information and shows good results when applied to some sample images. Further, we describe the merits and demerits of the proposed algorithm. In fact we can use this segmentation technique as an improvement over the in-built MATLAB 'edge detection' function.

Hybrid leader corona virus herd optimizer with multilevel thresholding techniques for foreground and background image segmentation

Image segmentation is the method of partitioning an image into a group of pixels that are homogenous in some manner. The homogeneity dependents on some attributes like intensity, color etc. Segmentation being a pre-processing step in image processing have been used in the number of applications like identification of objects to medical images, satellite images and much more. The taxonomy of an image segmentation methods collectively can be divided among two categories Traditional methods and Soft Computing (SC) methods. Unlike Traditional methods, SC methods have the ability to simulate human thinking and are flexible to work with their ownership function, have been predominantly applied to the task of image segmentation. SC techniques are tolerant of partial truth, imprecision, uncertainty, and approximations. Soft Computing approaches also having advantages of providing cost-effective, high performance and steadfast solutions. In this survey paper, our emphasis is on core SC approaches like Fuzzy logic, Artificial Neural Network, and Genetic Algorithm used for image segmentation. The contribution lies in the fact to present this paper to the researchers that explore state-of-the-art elaboration of almost all dimensions associated with the image segmentation. The idea is to encapsulate various aspects like emerging topics, methods, evaluation parameters, the problem associated with different type of images, databases, segmentation applications, and other resources so that, it could be advantageous for researchers to make effort in developing new methods for segmentation. The paper accomplishes with findings and concluding remarks.

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is population based stochastic algorithm to form clusters with the help of fitness functions. PSO clustering algorithm is widely used in pattern recognition methods such as image segmentation where PSO defines less number of clusters compared to conventional clustering approaches. Level Sets image segmentation aided with the clustering gives fast convergence towards the desired boundaries of the object to be segmented. Here in this paper a novel approach of image segmentation using PSO clustering applied to Level sets is been presented where PSO performs better than KFCM by generating more compact clusters and larger inter cluster separation. The proposed method is successfully implemented on the images and results obtained show the effectiveness of the approach.

For the task of image recognition, it is unpractical to process an image as a whole, since it is highly inefficient and most of the times challenging for the users. Image segmentation techniques are used to divide one image into multiple regions or clusters, it consists in assigning regions to each of the image pixels using different metrics such as pixel colour value, gray-scale intensity, edge finding algorithms, among others. The most diverse image segmentation algorithms have already been proposed and are currently used. However, there are three main categories of segmentation to which the existing algorithms can be assigned and we are going to discuss in this survey: region-based segmentation, data clustering, and edge-based segmentation. With this document, we study diverse commonly used segmentation algorithms, analyse their behaviour as well as their benefits and disadvantages, and present comparative experimental results when applied to a test image.