A survey on Symmetric and Asymmetric Key based Image Encryption

Secure routing of information is one of the major concerns of specialist working in the field of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) as sensor nodes gather information from the physical world and transmit to base stations for authorized users to access via the internet. In a WSN, sensor nodes are deployed most of the times in unattended locations where there is the possibility of authorized or unauthorized access. This and others have brought the need to secure transmitted information from intruders. Though there are many ways to provide security to a network, cryptography has been identified as the best way for these main three security requirements which include: data confidentiality, authentication, and integrity (CIA). In this paper, we present an overview of the present challenges in a WSN and outline a number of countermeasures to solve these challenges. To tackle the challenge of security encountered in existing WSN systems, we propose an efficient and robust encryption and decryption algorithms for secure communication. The major key feature of this algorithm is that it combines both substitution and transposition cipher techniques in order to achieve the encrypted text. The algorithm is the outcome of the inspection of various existing algorithms in this field.

Cryptography is the practice of securing information through the use of codes, ciphers, and other methods of encryption. It is an essential aspect of modern communication, enabling the secure transmission of data over networks and protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access. Cryptography has been used throughout history to protect messages from interception and decipherment. In ancient times, cryptography was used by military leaders and diplomats to communicate confidential information. Over time, cryptographic techniques have become more sophisticated, and modern cryptography now employs complex algorithms and mathematical principles.Today, cryptography is used in various applications, including online banking, e-commerce, secure messaging, and government communication. Cryptography also plays a critical role in securing sensitive information such as medical records, personal data, and intellectual property.As technology continues to evolve, the importance of cryptography will only increase. Cryptography ensures the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of data, and it is an essential tool for protecting digital assets and maintaining trust in the online world. Literature Review: Cryptography has been a subject of interest in computer science and mathematics for decades. The literature on cryptography is vast and covers a wide range of topics, including encryption algorithms, key management, and protocols for secure communication. One of the earliest and most well-known encryption algorithms is the Caesar cipher, which was used by Julius Caesar to encode his messages. Since then, numerous encryption techniques have been developed, including symmetric-key cryptography and public-key cryptography.Symmetric-key cryptography involves the use of a single key for both encryption and decryption, while public-key cryptography uses two keys, one for encryption and one for decryption.In recent years, research on post-quantum cryptography has gained significant attention due to the potential threat quantum computers pose to current encryption methods. Post- quantum cryptography aims to develop algorithms that are resistant to quantum attacks.

Wireless sensor networks are new technologies that are used for various purposes such as environmental monitoring, home security, industrial process monitoring, healthcare programs and etc. Wireless sensor networks are vulnerable to various attacks. Cryptography is one of the methods for secure transmission of information between sensors in wireless sensor networks. A complete and secure encryption system must establish three principles of confidentiality, authentication and integrity. An encryption algorithm alone cannot provide all the principles of encryption. A hybrid encryption algorithm, consisting of symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms, provides complete security for a cryptographic system. The papers presented in this area over the last few years, and a new secure algorithm present with regard to the limitations of wireless sensor networks, which establishes three principles of cryptography. The details of the algorithm and basic concepts are presented in such a way that the algorithm can be operational and showed a very high efficiency in compare to the current proposed methods.

Because data digitisation is so common, it is necessary to encrypt messages while they travel over unprotected channels. The communication is encrypted before it is sent. Encryption cannot function without both a technique and a key. It is crucial to take additional measures to safeguard the privacy and confidentiality of the receivers when transmitting sensitive images over an unsecured network such as the internet. Regardless of the fact that there is no standardisation for these algorithms Combining standard public key cryptosystems like RSA and El-gamal with chaos-based cryptosystems like Chebyshev polynomials can improve security in a manner similar to AES, DES, RSA, etc. Although AES and other classical algorithms have been standard for some time, many security experts now recommend chaos-based encryption approaches for media files due to their computational efficiency. Because existing algorithms are unsuited for real-time picture encryption due to their poor encryption speeds and the high processing needs of secure encryption methods, researchers have proposed bespoke algorithms for image encryption. One of the better techniques is chaotic encryption, which uses cypher text that is unpredictable enough to greatly decrease the likelihood of decipherment when applied to images. Consequently, research into digital picture encryption algorithms based on chaotic technology has become an important tool for modern digital image encryption. We go over all the new features and improvements in picture encryption. With an eye towards evaluating them and giving academics and practitioners the context they need to understand the methods' current position, this study aims to introduce and summarise the currently used photo encryption algorithms and metrics. This study rates the different photo encryption algorithms based on their strengths and weaknesses after examining them. Furthermore, the assessment matrices used to evaluate the performance and security of the encryption algorithms in recent studies have been validated by comparative analysis.The article also reviews these metrics in detail and provides upper and lower bounds for a set of efficiency, quality, and security evaluation criteria for image encryption algorithms.

In the modern world, the security of the digital image is vital due to the frequent communication of digital products over the open network. Accelerated advancement of digital data exchange, the importance of information security in the transmission of data, and its storage has emerged. Multiple uses of the images in the security agencies and the industries and the security of the confidential image data from unauthorized access are emergent and vital. In this paper, Bose Chaudhary Hocquenghem (BCH) codes over the Galois field are used for image encryption. The BCH codes over the Galois field construct MDS (maximum distance separable) matrices and secret keys for image encryption techniques. The encrypted image is calculated, by contrast, correlation, energy, homogeneity, and entropy. Histogram analysis of the encrypted image is also assured in this paper. The proposed image encryption scheme's security analysis results are improved compared to the original AES algorithm. Further, security agencies can utilize this work for their confidential image data.

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) encompasses interconnected Sensor Nodes (SNs) that interact wirelessly to collect and transfer data. Security in the context of WNS refers to protocols and measures implemented for the overall functionality of the network, along with protecting the availability, confidentiality, and integrity of data against tampering, unauthorized access, and other possible security risks. An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) utilizing Deep Learning (DL) and Feature Selection (FS) leverages advanced methods to enhance effectiveness in the detection of malicious activities in a network by enhancing relevant data features and leveraging the power of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). This study presents a Dynamic Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm within a DL-based IDS (DAOADL-IDS) in WSNs. The purpose of DAOADL-IDS is to recognize and classify intrusions in a WSN using a metaheuristic algorithm and DL models. To accomplish this, the DAOADL-IDS technique utilizes a Z-score data normalization approach to resize the input dataset in a compatible format. In addition, DAOADL-IDS employs a DAOA-based FS (DAOA-FS) model to select an optimum set of features. A Stacked Deep Belief Network (SDBN) model is employed for the Intrusion Detection (ID) process. The hyperparameter selection of the SDBN model is accomplished using the Bird Swarm Algorithm (BSA). A wide experimental analysis of the proposed DAOADL-IDS method was performed on a benchmark dataset. The performance validation of the DAOADL-IDS technique showed an accuracy of 99.68%, demonstrating superior performance over existing techniques under various measures.

In recent years, several encryption schemes have been proposed to protect data from unauthorized access. It is not suitable to use traditional encryption algorithms for image encryption which were proposed for textual data. The encryption schemes used for images are computationally expensive and power hungry, hence not suitable for mobile phone devices. In this paper, an image encryption scheme is proposed which includes pixels shuffling in rows and columns using two key vectors and then Zeta Function is used to further scramble the image. The proposed cipher is a hybrid model based on Rubiks Cube Principle and Zeta Function, resulting in a fast, accurate and energy efficient image encryption scheme which is one of the key requirements of low computing devices especially mobile phones.

In this paper we present a secure broadcast scheme for wireless sensor networks. The proposed scheme provides data confidentiality, data authentication, data integrity, and data freshness with low overhead and simple operation. Since it allows delayed and lost packets, the secure broadcast is supported. Furthermore, it eliminates the requirement of frequent key renewal to overcome a special limitation of the stream ciphers. Due to the simplicity, efficiency, and security, the proposed scheme is a competitive solution to provide secure broadcast in wireless sensor networks.

Secure communication is an important aspect of any network and it has largely remained unexplored in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Security becomes a major challenge because of ad-hoc and resource constrained nature of sensor networks. In this paper we present a scalable and distributed security protocol, DSPS, for WSN that fits in between the network and the transport layers. DSPS satisfies the essential requirements of secure communication such as data confidentiality, data authentication, data integrity and data freshness. Basic building blocks of our security protocol are key generation-distribution and signatures. The key is a 56-bit random number generated initially by a key server, which is then securely distributed to all the nodes in the cluster. This key is used for encryption. DSPS also supports security critical transactions by dynamically generating a key, which can be shared between two nodes. The simplicity of DSPS allows compatibility with most of the routing protocols.

In the digital age of today, organizations look up to secure, scalable, and efficient encryption techniques ensuring the protection of multimedia data and confidential communication. This paper offers a comparative study on symmetric cryptographic algorithms—DES, AES, and Blowfish—evaluated for their performance in image encryption and decryption. The analysis considers key size, rounds, encryption/ decryption speed, and overall security, demonstrating how these algorithms safeguard image data from unauthorized access. Experimental surveys highlight the strengths of AES in robustness, Blowfish in speed and flexibility, and DES in legacy use, but with vulnerabilities. The system-level evaluation provides insights into how cryptographic algorithms can be applied in real-world applications such as military communication, medical imaging, and secure internet transmission. Overall, the study demonstrates the critical role of encryption algorithms in enhancing confidentiality, maintaining integrity, and enabling secure multimedia communication—making it appropriate for environments seeking modernized image security frameworks.Overall, the solution demonstrates the power of Blowfish as a secure and performance-optimized algorithm—making it appropriate for systems seeking modernized encryption capabilities

With the development of modern communication technology, an increasing number of people are choosing to communicate end-to-end over the network. However, the risk of information leakage and data tampering has also increased, and the issue of information confidentiality has become an increasing concern. Among the existing encryption algorithms, symmetric encryption algorithms cannot securely manage the key and share the key between communication parties; ECC and other public key encryption algorithms have problems such as slow encryption and decryption speed, low encryption strength, etc. In addition, key management is still not guaranteed to be very secure; conventional hybrid encryption algorithms need to manage two different types of keys, and key management may be very complicated and prone to key leakage or theft. Based on the problems of the above algorithms, this paper proposes RSA-Co-CP-ABE Architecture, which uses socket communication, encrypts the RSA public key passed from Client to Server with CP-ABE, encrypts the confidential message with the public key passed from Client at Server, and finally sends the encrypted message to Client. This scheme has higher flexibility than the traditional symmetric encryption and public key encryption schemes, and by using CP-ABE encryption, it can realize attribute-based access control. And RSA encryption can make the scheme make a better balance between encryption and decryption efficiency and encryption strength. In addition, because the communication is transmitted in full cipher text during the communication, the scheme can effectively resist tampering or stealing by man-in-the-middle attacks.

Message authentication is the most effective way to protect the data from unauthorized access and corrupted messages being forwarded in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). For this reason, many message authentication schemes have been developed, based on either symmetric-key cryptosystems or public-key cryptosystems. Some have the limitations of high computational and communication overhead and lack of scalability to node compromise attacks. To address these issues, a polynomial-based scheme was recently introduced. However, this scheme and its extensions all have the weakness of a built-in threshold determined by the degree of the polynomial when the number of messages transmitted is larger than this threshold, the adversary can fully recover the polynomial. While enabling intermediate nodes authentication, the proposed scheme allows any node to transmit an unlimited number of messages without suffering the threshold problem. In addition VGuard Security framework is used provide source privacy in the network. Both theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that our proposed scheme is more efficient than the polynomial-based approach in terms of computational and communication overhead for various comparable security levels while providing message source privacy.KeywordsWSN (Wireless Sensor Networks)Source securityMessage authenticationSymmetric-key cryptography

When users store their data on a cloud, they may concern on whether their data is stored correctly and can be fully retrieved. Proofs of Retrivability (PoR) is a cryptographic concept that allows users to remotely check the integrity of their data without downloading. This check is usually done by attaching data with message authenticators that contain data integrity information. The existing PoR schemes consider only the retrievability of unencrypted data and their message authenticators are usually deterministic. In this paper, we propose a PoR scheme that is built over homomorphic encryption schemes. Our PoR scheme can prove the retrievability of homomorphically encrypted data by generating probabilistic and homomorphic message authenticators. Moreover, the homomorphically encrypted data can be processed by the cloud directly and our PoR scheme can verify the integrity of such outsourced computations over ciphertexts. A prototype of our scheme is implemented to evaluate its performance.

This article has been retracted. A retraction notice can be found at https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-219433.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper Computing is a recent emerging cloud model that affords clients limitless facilities, lowers the rate of customer storing and computation and progresses the ease of use, leading to a surge in the number of enterprises and individuals storing data in the cloud. Cloud services are used by various organizations (education, medical and commercial) to store their data. In the health-care industry, for example, patient medical data is outsourced to a cloud server. Instead of relying onmedical service providers, clients can access theirmedical data over the cloud.Design/methodology/approachThis section explains the proposed cloud-based health-care system for secure data storage and access control called hash-based ciphertext policy attribute-based encryption with signature (hCP-ABES). It provides access control with finer granularity, security, authentication and user confidentiality of medical data. It enhances ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE) with hashing, encryption and signature. The proposed architecture includes protection mechanisms to guarantee that health-care and medical information can be securely exchanged between health systems via the cloud. Figure 2 depicts the proposed work's architectural design.FindingsFor health-care-related applications, safe contact with common documents hosted on a cloud server is becoming increasingly important. However, there are numerous constraints to designing an effective and safe data access method, including cloud server performance, a high number of data users and various security requirements. This work adds hashing and signature to the classic CP-ABE technique. It protects the confidentiality of health-care data while also allowing for fine-grained access control. According to an analysis of security needs, this work fulfills the privacy and integrity of health information using federated learning.Originality/valueThe Internet of Things (IoT) technology and smart diagnostic implants have enhanced health-care systems by allowing for remote access and screening of patients’ health issues at any time and from any location. Medical IoT devices monitor patients’ health status and combine this information into medical records, which are then transferred to the cloud and viewed by health providers for decision-making. However, when it comes to information transfer, the security and secrecy of electronic health records become a major concern. This work offers effective data storage and access control for a smart healthcare system to protect confidentiality. CP-ABE ensures data confidentiality and also allows control on data access at a finer level. Furthermore, it allows owners to set up a dynamic patients health data sharing policy under the cloud layer. hCP-ABES proposed fine-grained data access, security, authentication and user privacy of medical data. This paper enhances CP-ABE with hashing, encryption and signature. The proposed method has been evaluated, and the results signify that the proposed hCP-ABES is feasible compared to other access control schemes using federated learning.