A systematic literature review and analysis towards developing PPP models for delivering smart infrastructure

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the influencing factors of patients’ financial burden through a case study of hospital on public‒private partnerships (PPP) model (Chaonan Minsheng Hospital of Guangdong Province) and provide some useful information to policymakers for better development of hospitals on PPP model. Design/methodology/approach There are total six indicators that are defined as patients’ financial burden, basing on the policy of “indicators of medical quality management and control on the third level large general hospital (2011 edition),” issued by Chinese Government. In total, 23 potentially influencing factors of patients’ financial burden for hospital on PPP model were chosen from the above policy. The five-year (2007‒2011) data for the above 29 indicators come from statistic department of hospital on PPP model. Grey relational analysis (GRA) was applied to analyze the influencing factors of patients’ financial burden for hospital on PPP model. Findings A clear rank of influencing factors of patients’ financial burden is obtained and suggestions are provided from results of GRA, which provide reference for policymakers of hospital on PPP model. The five main influencing factors of patients’ financial burden for hospital on PPP model, in sequence, are rescuing critical ill patients on emergency, rescuing critical ill inpatients, inpatient bed occupancy rate, working days per bed and medical building area. Originality/value The study on the influencing factors of patients’ financial burden for hospital on PPP model not only provides decision-making for policymaker of hospital and controlling of medical expenditure but also contributes to release patients’ financial burden for hospitals on PPP model.

Risks in Project Finance Initiatives: Current Trends and Future Directions

The Smart and Sustainable City Framework (SSCF) redefines the idea of ‘Smart City’ to having “Smart Thinking, Planning and Design” as fundamental for smart and sustainable city development. The framework focuses on the core values of “Smart People, Smart Place, and Smart Planet” that helps shape the city through innovative solutions with technology embedded as an enabler to create a more liveable, walkable, resilient and happy cities for all. Six elements of the Smart and Sustainable City Framework are discussed, which consists of “Smart Living”, “Smart Environment”, “Smart Mobility”, “Smart Infrastructure”, “Smart Governance”, and Smart Economy”. Smart Cultural Precinct (SCP) with the Cultural Triangle at its core in Central, Hong Kong will be used as a case study to demonstrate the use of the SSCF, together with recommendations for Hong Kong and suggestions for the broader application of the SSCF to help shape better cities.

This study has reviewed the airport privatization scenario in the Indian context. It has examined the circumstances of airport infrastructure under the Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) model. The Government of India (GoI) is justifying the development of airports through PPP mode due to their necessity to provide standard services and efficiency of the projects. However, the deficiency in investments and viability gap are being levy in the form of development. It has synthesized several works of literature. It looks at the historical changes and the ways that evidenced the changes. It has reviewed the developing scenario of airport PPP in India. During the 1990s economic liberation, the activities of PPPs emerged in the airport and aviation of India. India has 24 years history of airport PPPs. This study aims to provide a review of airport PPP experience in India. PPPs in the Indian airport industry are examined in sound regulation. The Government of India has adopted PPP schemes instead of going into full privatization of airports. Since the 2000s, PPP models have been adopted in the development of new airports and the reformation of operational and nonoperational airports. In the year 2006, Indira Gandhi International Airport, (IGIA) in Delhi, and Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (CSIA) in Mumbai were partially privatized. After the successful implication of PPPs, in the airport infrastructure the numbers are growing. In the year 2020, six airports were privatized through the PPP model by Adani Enterprises. To date, there are 21 airports in the pipeline of privatization.

To mitigate the disasters caused by extreme weather induced by climate change in cities, the Chinese government has proposed the implementation of sponge cities in recent years. However, the construction of sponge cities is characterized by significant investments, long project cycles, and many risks. It is difficult to implement the project only by relying on government investment. Therefore, Public-private Partnership (PPP) model is gradually applied to sponge cities' implementation. As a model of urban infrastructure implementation, PPP can significantly reduce stakeholders' risks in some respects and accelerate infrastructure implementation in sponge cities. However, the PPP model has some disadvantages. Therefore, the research purpose of this thesis is how to improve the sustainable development of Sponge City PPP projects by avoiding the defects of the PPP model as much as possible. This thesis mainly analyses the critical success factors in the case of Xiamen Xiang 'an Underground Comprehensive Pipeline Corridor PPP Project to discuss this problem. However, before that, the basic concepts and contents of Sponge City, PPP model and critical success factors of Sponge City PPP projects will first be introduced as the basis for discussion. The critical success factors that this thesis will discuss include value for money evaluation, financial affordability demonstration, operation mode, risk allocation, contract system, project transaction structure and return mechanism, procurement method, performance appraisal, and supervision system.

The Indonesian government have been accelerating infrastructures development. The objective is to fulfil the need for business sectors and to increase investments. The government use the Public Private Partnerships (PPPSs) model due to the limited financial resources derived from the State Budget (APBN). The PPPSs model, however, poses risks for the certainty of projects. The termination of projects would create the impact on subsequent plans related to the projects and also return of the investments and debts by investors and creditors. This article provides overview and argumentation of the legal devices that have been established by Indonesian Government to mitigate the risks of PPPSs projects based on the formal and substantive rules to be applied as standards for the object, subject, and of legal relationships in PPPSs. Keywords: infrastructure; public private partnerships; risks; substantive law; formal law. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/115-12 Publication date: November 30 th 2021

With rampant urbanization and industrialization, the quest to become a Smart City is in vogue. Elaborate designs, ideas, and solutions to existing problems are being devised. However, in this race, city planners often neglect the most critical factor related to one’s existence on the Earth, i.e., Sustainability. Designing smart and sustainable cities is a challenge whose solutions are not easy. Also, developing a proposed smart city is a time-consuming process as it involves its foundations, analyzing the needs, latest technology, infrastructure, and topography. This paper aims to analyze the patterns followed by cities worldwide in the quest to make smart cities. This shall also show how newer cities can become innovative based on the work already done by the existing cities through the concept of Inheritance. In order to do this, a dataset comprising 102 cities is analyzed based on six metrics. A combination of the Principal Component Analysis and K-means Clustering technique is used to assist with the analysis of this unlabeled dataset. It is thereby shown that these 102 cities can be identified as belonging to 4 clusters and the cluster properties can then be inherited by any new city poised to become a future smart city.

A rising number of people agree that the actions conducted in India as part of the Smart Cities project should be utilized to create models for environmentally sustainable smart cities. The circumstances in developing nations differ from those in industrialized nations, which have historically worked toward sustainable cities and are currently working toward smart sustainable cities. The Smart cities standards as they stand now seem to place more of an emphasis on governance challenges, social and economic development and the use of contemporary information and communication technology (ICT). Background: Sustainable indicators are the measures that are used to gauge the effectiveness of environmental strategies. These activities are connected to certain goals and outlined in a sustainability plan. Reducing waste during production, for instance or the carbon footprint. Their execution serves as a gauge for whether things are moving in the proper way. Methods: This study emphasizes on 20 top smart cities of India using GIS Mapping techniques and geospatial data science. Results: These indicators are often used to assess if the city of India is accomplishing its goals. If there is a deviation, remedial action may be taken. Sustainability indicators, then, assess both the performance of the city’s growth and its plan execution. Conclusions: But it's crucial to choose the appropriate parameters and make sure they're directly related to the suggested goals. If not, they will basically stop working.

The vision of an intelligent city remains ambiguous, with multiple concepts indicating a gradual alignment over time between the ideas of a smart city and a sustainable city. Intelligent cities are considered an evolved concept of urban development, as they combine artificial intelligence and machine learning to form systems that can learn, adapt, and make decisions. A systematic literature review methodology is utilised to define the theoretical scope and to answer the research question. The analysis targeted comprehensive literature covering published topics on intelligent cities over the past twenty years, employing a reproducible and straightforward method to reduce bias by providing verifiable data processing details. The methodology includes identifying studies, explaining the selection process, conducting analysis and synthesis, and deriving conclusions. Eighty-six "intelligent city" papers were analysed by theme, methodology, and results. The literature on intelligent cities covers various topics, such as urban mobility, infrastructure development, risk management, AI integration, sustainability, ecosystems, community involvement, challenges, technological innovations, and inclusive governmental changes.

Building a smart city that follows sustainability goals enhances the quality of life and preserves environmental, human, and social capital. Yet, existing smart sustainable city projects have concentrated on the technological dimensions of smart cities such as using big data or smart devices to follow sustainability goals. Currently, there is no comprehensive category of smart sustainable city indicators in the literature. This paper aims to discover these indicators by considering the common features of sustainability and smart city concepts. Two rounds of the content analysis technique were employed to investigate semantic, lexical, and conceptual relationships between smart city and sustainability indicators. This paper employed the Sustainable Development Indicators suggested by OECD and the Smart City Index Master by Cohen as the two main groups of indicators. The findings offer a novel set of indicators that enables policymakers and researchers to consider the smartness and sustainability of their projects simultaneously. This includes socio-cultural, economic, environmental, and governance categories with 28 associated indicators. The outcome of this paper offers a unique combined category of smart sustainable city indicators by considering the key elements of sustainability and smart city concepts. Academics and policymakers can also employ this set of indicators as a guideline to build a smart sustainable community.

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area (GBA) achieves the goal of integration and sustainable development of all regions through the creation of comprehensive smart cities. Leveraging the smart city effect plays a crucial role in the development of the GBA. However, the key to creating a good smart city in each region lies in whether the regions public finance system can be effectively utilised to achieve the fundamental objective of promoting smart city development through the key role of digital technology for governance, infrastructure and innovation. This study examines findings on local development disparities in the GBA and their impact on infrastructure, public services, and industrial innovation, and proposes measures to improve cross-regional fiscal coordination. The measures are developed through case studies and policy comparisons, with a focus on Shenzhens intelligent transport. Recommendations include the establishment of a joint municipal financing mechanism, the promotion of inter-city cooperation, and the enhancement of private sector participation through a public-private partnership model. The paper highlights the importance of establishing institutionalised fiscal relations to ensure the building of equitable and efficient smart cities in the GBA.

The rapid urbanization of cities worldwide has propelled the concept of Smart City development to the forefront of urban planning discussions. This paper provides a comprehensive review of technological integration in urban planning within the context of Smart City development. The paper examines the evolution of Smart Cities, emphasizing the crucial role of technology in enhancing the quality of urban life. The review begins by outlining the key components of Smart Cities, such as smart infrastructure, data analytics, Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence. It explores how these components are integrated into urban planning processes to create more efficient, sustainable, and livable cities. The paper delves into case studies from various global cities, showcasing successful implementations of technology-driven solutions in areas like transportation, energy management, and public services. Furthermore, the review highlights the challenges associated with technological integration in Smart City development, including issues related to data privacy, security, and digital equity. It discusses the importance of establishing robust governance frameworks and public engagement strategies to address these challenges and ensure the responsible deployment of technology in urban environments. The role of collaboration between the public and private sectors is emphasized throughout the review, emphasizing the need for partnerships to leverage resources and expertise effectively. The paper also explores emerging technologies that are likely to shape the future of Smart Cities, such as 5G connectivity, blockchain, and edge computing. In conclusion, this paper underscores the transformative impact of technological integration on urban planning and Smart City development. By providing insights into successful implementations, challenges, and future trends, it contributes to the ongoing discourse on creating intelligent and sustainable urban environments for the benefit of present and future generations.

The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the implementation of Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) in cities. The concept of smart city in the context of sustainable development will be presented. Smart city is an innovative concept that integrates digital infrastructure in carefully planned cities to ensure accessibility, environmental friendliness and efficient use of resources. The link between smart city and sustainable city is reflected in the concept of smart sustainable cities. It describes a city whose development is supported by modern technologies and co-created by its residents. In this article, we seek answers to the question of how non-financial reporting can be useful in the development of a smart, sustainable city. In today’s world, the concept of smart, sustainable cities is becoming a key goal for cities striving for sustainable development. Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues play an extremely important role in this concept, which provides the basis for efforts to create smart and sustainable cities. We will also address how ESG methodology can support city managers in various areas, such as managing urban transportation, organizing waste disposal, or introducing electronic citizen services. In addition, we will discuss the role of smart cities in improving the quality of life of their residents, where ESG, by optimizing environmental, social and economic management solutions, can significantly contribute to the further development of cities. We will present some examples of Polish cities and their approaches to ESG risk management.

Developing a city into a Smart and Sustainable City (SSC) requires an adequate smart infrastructure and integrated platform. The smart infrastructure aims at responding intelligently to business and public-sector needs, user demands and other infrastructures. It connects the city’s physical, social, business, and digital infrastructures in a way that allow the city to integrate, analyze, gather, optimize, and make decisions based on detailed operational data. In turn, the integrated platform is a digital platform from which all needed information and knowledge could be created. Such a platform should be designed in a way not only to facilitate the aggregation of city data and information analysis, but also to facilitate collaboration between different city levels and to better understand how the city is functioning in terms of services, resource consumption, and lifestyle. This paper aims at exploring in details the main components that should be considered when embarking onto the journey of developing a city into a smarter one in relation to its infrastructure, data manipulation and sharing, and connectivity issues. It constitutes a contribution to knowledge by showing the complexity of SSC performance as a multidimentional system-of-systems and highlighting the elements to be considered when developing a SSC.

Smart cities and villages refer to making cities and villages more beautiful and fuller of all the requirements that can make the lives of the people living in the cities and villages more comfortable and satisfactory. On 25th June 2015, this initiative was launched by the Central government, and the time limit for completion was 5 years, but due to the pandemic situation, it was further extended by the central government, and this year, all the states are required to submit their respective report about the progress in this regard. In India, 70% of the total population lives in Villages and only 30% are part of urban areas. In India, villages should be a combination of smart and digital villages. If the work is done at the grassroots level, it will 436solve many problems, such as migration, employment, poverty, education, and medical facilities. Sustainability of the environment is one of the basic requirements for humankind globally. In 2015, the United Nations introduced Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to address environmental and economic issues and challenges and to provide and promote better and more sustainable pathways for the future generation globally. It is not a matter of concern for a group of countries, but every single species is affected by environmental issues. Owing to the dense population, infrastructure, buildings, and commercialization, cities are more prone and susceptible to the effects of climate change and natural disasters. While increasing the sustainability of urbanization processes is necessary to protect the environment, reduce the risk of disasters, and address climate change, building urban resilience is essential to preventing losses in terms of people, society, and the economy. Goal 11 of the SDGs deals with Sustainable Cities and Communities. Focusing more on urbanization in such a way that comprehensively controls and plans the development of cities and villages using different technologies and sciences to make them smart cities and villages. By ensuring that smart cities and villages will help us in many ways, they can control the migration of the human population from one city to another in search of employment and basic needs. In India, the government should focus on creating smart villages rather than smart cities. Around 69% of the population lives in the villages, and they do not have the basic amenities like electricity, clean drinking water, roads, transportation, and a source of employment.